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This article has been withdrawn as it was published elsewhere and accidentally duplicated. The original article can be seen here: 10.1108/eb014263. When citing the article, please cite: BERNARD J. LA LONDE, JOHN R. GRABNER, JAMES F. ROBESON, (1971), “Integrated distribution systems: a management perspective”, International Journal of Physical Distribution, Vol. 1 Iss: 1, pp. 43 - 49.

This article has been withdrawn as it was published elsewhere and accidentally duplicated. The original article can be seen here: 10.1108/eb014361. When citing the article, please cite: Bernard J. La Londe, Douglas M. Lambert, (1975), “Inventory Carrying Costs: Significance, Components, Means, Functions”, International Journal of Physical Distribution, Vol. 6 Iss: 1, pp. 51 - 63.

This article has been withdrawn as it was published elsewhere and accidentally duplicated. The original article can be seen here: 10.1108/EUM0000000000348. When citing the article, please cite: Lisa M. Ellram, Bernard J. La Londe, Mary Margaret Weber, (1989), “Retail Logistics”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Materials Management, Vol. 19 Iss: 12, pp. 29 - 39.

This article has been withdrawn as it was published elsewhere and accidentally duplicated. The original article can be seen here: 10.1108/eb014336. When citing the article, please cite: C.K. Walter, Bernard J. La Londe, (1975), “Development and Tests of Two Stockout Cost Models”, International Journal of Physical Distribution, Vol. 5 Iss: 3, pp. 121 - 132.

The purpose of this monograph is to examine the types of data that are required in the design and analysis of physical distribution systems, and to establish a method for obtaining such data to successfully accomplish the objectives of a distribution study. The development of the data base includes determining: (1) data specification; (2) data collection; (3) data analysis; and (4) data validation. All of these stages in data base construction are analysed and evaluated in this paper. This discussion will probably be of most importance to those managers contemplating a computer‐oriented study; an attempt has been made in the monograph to provide a managerial as opposed to a technical overview of data base requirements.

The paper focuses on three main issues. First, an attempt is made to define more clearly alternative approaches to the development of integrated distribution systems. There follows a discussion of some of the primary reasons or causes for increased management interest in effective distribution during the 1950s and 1960s.

Inventory carrying costs represent one of the highest costs of distribution. Although they are a necessary input to the design of logistical systems, such costs are ignored by many companies and when they are used usually represent estimates or industry benchmarks. The authors present a methodology designed to provide managers with a practical framework for determining the costs of carrying inventory.

For more than two decades, industrial leaders in many countries, especially the trading nations such as the United States and Canada, have recognised the significant contribution that physical distribution can make toward the total corporate mission. In many companies formal departments have been created in order to manage the distribution activities. However, acceptance of the physical distribution concept is still growing and the associated responsibilities are becoming broadened in the current international climate of economic uncertainty. In an effort to develop a current profile of the distribution executive and his broadened responsibilities, detailed questionnaires were mailed to distribution executives in Canada and the United States. Specifically, the research sought answers to the following questions: (1) How is the distribution function positioned within the firm? (2) What is the scope of responsibility of distribution management? (3) Does the distribution management function involve distinctive career patterns, educational requirements, or job requirements? (4) What are the perceived educational needs of the distribution manager? (5) What does the physical distribution executive perceive as the major factors affecting his future role in the corporation?

The results from a survey of top retailing executives regarding current logistics practices and trends are described. The focus is on customer service factors, the use of a supply chain management approach in retailing channels, and the impact of information technology on retail logistics today and in the future. Information technologies discussed include electronic data interchange, point of sale and barcoding. The article concludes that based on the importance that retailers attach to customer service, supply chain management and information technology, the 1990s will likely be an exciting and challenging time in the management of the retail logistics function.

In calculations of inventory control costs, the effects of stockouts are often assumed or avoided because of the lack of accounting data for reasonable measurements. The authors describe the development of stockout cost models incorporating decisions made by consumers in an actual retail situation. Equations for calculating the revenue differences are based on the consumer decision alternatives. The results of a consumer survey, combined with retail prices for the product lines in question, enable the financial effects of stockouts to be calculated.