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The purpose of this paper is to report on the simulation of an on-load tap-changer (OLTC) in a power transformer. During design and test of the electrical insulation the influence of the environment on the OLTC is normally neglected. The authors investigate how large these influences are.

The environment of the OLTC is taken into account by modeling tap leads in detail as well as transformer windings. The electric fields are computed and resulting breakdown voltages are estimated by using the streamer criterion. The results are compared to the ones of an OLTC without transformer and leads.

For the investigated typical example the influence of the transformer and the tap leads on the internal OLTC insulation is small enough to neglect them during design optimization and test procedures.

New is the execution of a finite element simulation and breakdown evaluation of such a complex geometric structure as the complete system consisting of OLTC combined with tap leads and windings. Furthermore, standard design and test procedures used by OLTC manufacturers are justified.

This paper aims to highlight differences in women's experiences of advancement to partnership in accountancy firms in Germany and the UK and consider the ways in which such differences may be constituted by the institutional context in which they occurred.

This research is based on 60 semi-structured interviews with women partners in Germany and the UK. Techniques adopted from grounded theory were applied.

This qualitative research is context-specific and given its cross-national, interdisciplinary nature is limited to the extent that findings cannot be generalised beyond the studied scope.

The study points to cross-national differences in women's career advancement in accountancy firms. The findings support extant research suggesting that structured performance evaluation and hiring systems – while not without flaws – are likely more gender-neutral. In addition, the study highlights the potential of headhunters and recruitment agents as an important tool for women to navigate their way out of career culs-de-sac.

This research provides unique insights into women partners' experiences of career advancement and, through its interdisciplinary nature, demonstrates the usefulness of employing institutional frameworks in qualitative in-depth studies of this kind.