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Ant Colony Optimization and Particle Swarm Optimization represent two widely used Swarm Intelligence (SI) optimization techniques. Information processing using Multiple-Valued Logic (MVL) is carried out using more than two discrete logic levels. In this paper, we compare two the SI-based algorithms in synthesizing MVL functions. A benchmark consisting of 50,000 randomly generated 2-variable 4-valued functions is used for assessing the performance of the algorithms using the benchmark. Simulation results show that the PSO outperforms the ACO technique in terms of the average number of product terms (PTs) needed. We also compare the results obtained using both ACO-MVL and PSO-MVL with those obtained using Espresso-MV logic minimizer. It is shown that on average, both of the SI-based techniques produced better results compared to those produced by Espresso-MV. We show that the SI-based techniques outperform the conventional direct-cover (DC) techniques in terms of the average number of product terms required.

Exponential growth in interest of workplace spirituality has led to the development of numerous theories based on various religious faiths. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the underlying dimensions of workplace spirituality in Islam by developing a scale to measure it and to present a subset of knowledge on workplace spirituality from both western and Islamic perspectives.

The authors collected data from 223 employees working at Islamic-based institutions in Indonesia. They tested the validity and reliability of the proposed indicators of Islamic workplace spirituality using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.

This study enhances the literature in the field of human resources development, especially in the area of workplace spirituality, by empirically assessing the extent of spirituality in the Islamic workplace. The findings revealed 13 indicators that define Islamic workplace spirituality in the Indonesian business organizational context.

This study was limited to Indonesia. In order to apply the 13 indicators in a broader, more global context, researchers need to conduct similar studies on a number of institutions worldwide.

Scholars and professionals may use the research findings to justify their efforts in designing, developing, and implementing appropriate learning and performance improvement interventions, so that Islamic spirituality can increase continuously among employees.

This study provides guidelines to the human resources managers of Islamic-based institution to assess the degree of spirituality of each job applicants during job selection.

This study is one of the first attempts to examine and measure Islamic spirituality in the workplace, not only in Indonesia, but also worldwide. The 13 indicators, drawn from religious psychology, provide a new scale to measure spirituality.