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A major objective of the Israeli Old Age and Survivors (OAS) programme is focused on: redistribution of income. The effects on income distribution within one generation and across generations are studied. It was found that the programme is very effective. It takes more than 4 per cent of the gross income of the more affluent people in the sample and gives more than 16 per cent of income to the least affluent people. The programme discriminates against men because of their later retirement, higher income and lower survival probabilities. All these results are within one generation. For the inter‐generational transfers, it was found that this generation pays more than it receives from the programme. Interestingly, the reduction of National Insurance tax devoted to the Old Age and Survivors programme, from 5.4 per cent to 3.3 per cent is the one suggested by the model. Unfortunately, it was found that increasing the inter‐generational equality by reducing the tax rate lessens its effectiveness to bring equality within the generation. More research is needed before policy recommendations can be made.

Examines the options for a pension system in Israel in comparison with other pension systems in developed countries. A basic actuarial model is calculated for the evaluation of the feasible funded pensions. For reasonably conservative rates of return and contribution rates a funded system can be maintained. Employs the conceptual framework to analyse proposals for the reform of the pension system. Suggests that a funded pension is preferable.

A combination of two semipermeable microporous hydrophilic polymer films, inserted between two different fabrics (internal and external), proposed for some kinds of protective clothing, when it is necessary to protect the room atmosphere against particles (causing illness) emitted from human body, and to ensure comfort in using.