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The purpose of this study is to analyze the nonhomogeneous model on the mixed convection of Al2O3–Fe3O4 Bingham plastic hybrid nanofluid in a ventilated enclosure subject to an externally imposed uniform magnetic field. Entropy generation and the pressure drop are determined to analyze the performance of the heat transfer. The significance of Joule heating arising due to the applied magnetic field on the heat transfer of the yield stress fluid is described.

The ventilation in the enclosure of heated walls is created by an opening on one vertical wall through which cold fluid is injected and another opening on the opposite vertical wall through which fluid can flow out.

This study finds that the inclusion of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with the Al₂O₃-viscoplastic nanofluid augments the heat transfer. This rate of enhancement in heat transfer is higher than the rate by which the entropy generation is increased as well as the enhancement in the pressure drop. The yield stress has an adverse effect on the heat transfer; however, it favors thermal mixing. The magnetic field, which is acting opposite to the direction of the inlet jet, manifests heat transfer of the viscoplastic hybrid nanofluid. The horizontal jet of cold fluid produces the optimal heat transfer.

The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of the inclined cold jet of viscoplastic electrically conducting hybrid nanofluid on heat transfer from the enclosure in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. The combined effect of hybrid nanoparticles and a magnetic field to enhance heat transfer of a viscoplastic fluid in a ventilated enclosure has not been addressed before.

The purpose of this paper is to study current practices in adopting blockchain technology amongst export companies in West Sweden and to capture their CEOs’ knowledge of and attitudes towards blockchains.

Factors enabling or hindering the adoption of blockchains were identified from a comprehensive literature review and a survey of 72 chief executive officers (CEOs) of export-oriented firms in West Sweden, all with turnovers exceeding €2m, regarding their knowledge of and attitudes towards blockchains.

Blockchain technology is not currently perceived to provide benefits that would outweigh the costs of introducing it into West Sweden’s export firms. Nevertheless, the findings suggest that such technology, though currently too immature to meet today’s industrial requirements, could experience more widespread use if certain key factors (i.e. lower cost, traceability, improved security or trustworthiness and new blockchain-enabled business models) are prioritised.

Answered by 72 CEOs, the survey achieved a response rate of 6%, meaning that the findings are only exploratory. Even so, they offer new insights into CEOs’ attitudes towards blockchain technology.

The CEOs reported comparatively limited knowledge of and experience with implementing blockchains, the lack of which has hampered their large-scale implementation in multi-actor supply chains.

Negative sentiment amongst CEOs towards blockchain technology may lower on-the-job satisfaction amongst tech personnel aspiring to develop and implement blockchain applications in their firms.

Knowledge of and attitudes towards blockchain technology amongst top-level managers, as well as about factors enabling or hindering its adoption, guide managers in crafting strategies for implementing blockchains in their organisations and maximising the benefits therein. Unlike past studies focussing on technological aspects or views of experts and middle-management, the study was designed to capture the views of CEOs.