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What is Occupational Analysis? Occupational analysis is a rigorous analysis and specification of skills and sub‐skills within an occupation. Various analysis methods have been tried, probably starting with the Swedish Sloyd method for organising manual training. From this system, which concentrated on purely manual skills, a revised form, sometimes called “course construction”, was developed in the US.

“Le patrimoine représente l'héritage des biens, naturels et humains, matériels et immatériels, qu'une génération transmet aux suivantes. II comporte implicitement un aspect qualitatif dès lors qu'il en‐globe les richesses immatérielles produisant des services d'intérêt collectif, soit culturels ou esthétiques, soit tout simplement biologiques…”

Analyses both the impact of social change and the contribution that the library can make to personal and social development within a changing environment. Notes that the problem of increasingly centralised resources can be countered by the proactive decentralisation of delivery. Concludes that frugality of resources combined with increases in cultural quantity means that the librarian of the future will need to operate the service as a needs‐based access point to the global whole.

L'animation appliquée au tourisme n'est pas une nouveauté; le Club Méditerranée la pratique depuis bientôt 30 ans. Mais le Club mis à part, certaines formes de suggestions, de conseils et d'actions «font partie intégrante du rôle d'hôte de la part d'un hôtelier, restaurateur ou aubergiste à l'égard de ses clients». Dans les petites pensions ou les hôtels de famille, par exemple, la relation personnelle existant entre l'hôtelier et l'hôte constitue une grande part des «besoins» d'information, de suggestion, de contact et de communication liés aux vacances».

A la Section pour les sciences tourismologiques de la Faculté des sciences naturelles‐mathématiques à Belgrade 130 étudiants ont le diplôme jusqu'à la fin de l'année 1978. En considération du fait que les premiers étudiants étaient inscrits en automne de l'année 1972 on peut considérer que ce nombre est satisfaisant. A peu près 100 tourismologistes diplômés ont leur emploi, un certain nombre d'eux fait les études de post‐diplôme et les autres attendent un emploi adéquat. Si nous ajoutons à tout cela qu'il s'agit d'un nouveau profil des cadres et que l'économie hôtelière‐touristique n'est pas dans une situation très favorable quant aux cadres avec une haute éducation — ingénieurs, économistes, juristes —, nous pouvons dire que les résultats sont au‐des‐sus de l'attente. Le fait que les tourismologistes diplômés sont acceptés non seulement dans les agences et dans les hôtels mais encore dans un grand nombre d'institutions différentes: aérodromes, centres de congrès, fédérations tou ristiques, chambres d'économie, organes d'administration, organisations d'exportation, écoles, et même quelques usines, est une chose très favorable.

Deux phénomènes se constatent actuellement.

The interest in entrepreneurship in the public sector is recognized as an emergent phenomenon in the field of entrepreneurship. Existing theoretical work is limited in helping understand how entrepreneurship in public agencies occurs. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

This is a conceptual paper which develops the literature.

Building on the work of Klein et al. (2010) this paper contributes to theoretical development by providing an overview of public sector entrepreneurship (PSE). Although, there are similar features shared by private and PSE, it is proposed that there are significant differences between them, particularly in that public sector enterprise can be seen as entrepreneurship without entrepreneurs.

As a conceptual paper on PSE the literature is predominantly UK based.

This paper brings entrepreneurship from the periphery to the core of the theoretical debates, as it is an under-researched area. Moreover, theoretical development has implications for policy and practice as existing research is disparate.

The paper considers how entrepreneurship and enterprise in the public sector is formulated. The significance of the paper is to highlight the importance of public entrepreneurs in working alongside a multitude of stakeholders to deal with numerous global and internal environment forces ethically amongst on-going budgetary and fiscal constraints. The contribution is the highlighting of the difficulties and concerns when uniting the discourse of market-based entrepreneurship and the discourse of public sector service provision.

This chapter addresses the question how entrepreneurial synergies can be stimulated in places by leadership and network governance in the context of the knowledge economy. The chapter not only analyses the role of leadership in a regional case in the Netherlands, but also assesses to what extend place-based characteristics play a role.

The chapter is based on a case-study-analysis of the region Brainport Eindhoven. Data were collected via 27 interviews in 2 rounds (in 2008 and in 2012), and retrieved from academic literature, case documents and governmental plans.

This chapter shows the importance of knowledge leadership in creating entrepreneurial synergies in the region Brainport Eindhoven. Entrepreneurial synergies is defined here as the creation of governance conditions and a context for effective entrepreneurial activities and regional co-operation between entrepreneurs, to enhance innovation. The socio-spatial quality of this place, path-dependency and the establishment of a regional regime explain the clustering of high-tech firms in a context of pro-active policy support, embedded in a cultural tradition of public–private co-operation. Key-persons of the private sector, science, and government enabled the development by taking initiative, co-operating, framing issues and aligning people around the agenda of Brainport.

The chapter gives insights on how leaders can enhance entrepreneurial synergies rooted in place-based assets and characteristics, by using network power, resources, ‘windows of opportunity’ and by linking ideas, inspiration and individuals from different strands of the triple-helix.

Revealing normative leadership lessons – how leadership is enacted in ‘everyday’ practice – may also allow us to explain, at least to some limited extent, why some localities are able to adapt to the ever changing social and economic conditions of the modern world, and are successful in creating entrepreneurial synergies. Beyond this, deeper critical appreciations provide us with insights into the interplay between leadership, power and resources – and shed light on the questions of why and for whom economy and society are ‘organised’, in different places and at different times.

The chapter offers new insights in the importance of place and the leadership dimension in the context of the continuing debate around the effectiveness of sub-national economic development policy for the so-called ‘knowledge era’.

Il semble très difficile de généraliser une expérience acquise au cours d'une étude d'aménagement touristique dans un pays déterminé, à l'ensemble des pays en voie de développement.