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Those engaged in the Arts are becoming ever more concerned about professional management and are increasingly seeking management training programmes. During organisation and planning skills training courses, it became apparent that there were many differences between the way arts managers approached the issues concerned, and the way others at other training events had dealt with them. These differences are described, together with the implications for both the training of arts managers and managers in general.

Introduction Le tourisme qui fut d'abord le privilège de la classe riche au cours du XIXe siècle et qui se limita à la pratique de l'alpinisme, aux longs séjours d'été dans quelques stations thermales, lacustres, balnéaires ou montagnardes, aux séjours d'hiver sous les climats plus doux des bords de la Méditerranée, devint un phénomène de masse à partir de la deuxième guerre mondiale. La clientèle, les types de tourisme, les moyens de transports, les régions fréquentées se sont diversifiés et ont augmenté à un tel rythme et avec une telle ampleur que de nouvelles et nombreuses professions sont apparues.

The key purpose of the paper is to consider the challenges facing local authorities in supporting sustainable rural settlements in their efforts to be enterprising and sustainable in confronted with increasingly severe downward pressure on local authority finances due to the recession; the long-term trend of increased adult social care costs linked to a challenging demographic profile across rural England; and increasing expectations around service delivery arising from more discerning “e-enabled” users of public services.

This paper offers a structured reflection on the responses of a qualitative study of village sustainability, based on case studies of the inhabitants of three villages in Lincolnshire, England. The paper draws on responses by 70 voices to a series of workshops held in village halls and pubs.

Significant work needs to be done at the local level, to support the transition from long-standing, organic practice within communities to the creation of an infrastructure which can support the delivery of more services by communities themselves.

Workshop-based approaches to gathering responses can allow for biased responses, and this study is limited to the views of self-selecting actors in three villages.

The paper examines the barriers and opportunities facing local communities and introduces the concept of community to community learning.

Pendant l'année académique 1978–1979 nous avons effectué une étude sur l'emploi obtenu des élèves qui ont fait leurs études de technicien d'entreprises touristiques dans les écoles espagnoles.

This paper aims to consider the challenges facing small rural businesses in Mexico in their efforts to be enterprising and sustainable when confronted with severe exogenous pressures. Extant literature on farm diversification has a developed economy focus (Pyysiäinen et al., 2006; McElwee, 2008; McElwee and Smith, 2013), but relatively little has been published in developing economies.

This paper considers diversification activities of Mexican farmers. It uses case studies, workshops and interviews to determine the barriers facing farmers and farm advisors.

Farm businesses, particularly those located in drought-prone regions, have benefited from government-sponsored support, but this support needs to now be targeted to develop the entrepreneurial potential of individuals and collectives.

Carried out in one region of Mexico only, and thus, the findings may not be transferable to other regions.

Recruitment of well-qualified, honest farm advisors with entrepreneurial skills is necessary. Farmers need to be given additional training and support to develop both technological and entrepreneurial skills.

Encouraging and supporting rural enterprises in Mexico helps to provide opportunities for regions to be economically and socially sustainable.

A first attempt to look at farmers ' diversification strategies using an entrepreneurial framework.

The purpose of this paper is to explore enterprise diversification amongst wetland farmers in Zambia as a way of reducing poverty and improving sustainability. This paper identifies ways in which such entrepreneurial activities can be supported and applied more widely.

A qualitative study of Zambian farmers, based on a series of workshops and interviews held in Zambia with farmers and farm business advisers.

Despite adopting new technologies most farmers are restricted to the local market where their increased production holds down prices. However, a very small number of farmers are able to progress to production and marketing for markets in major urban centres hundreds of kilometres away, and considerably more are able to use the capital accumulated from wetland farming to diversify their household enterprises to reduce poverty and improve the sustainability and resilience of their livelihoods.

No work has previously been undertaken in diversification strategies of small-scale farmers in Zambia.

Socio‐economic decline in rural areas is a pervasive and debilitating phenomenon in terms of regional development, particularly when former models of economic growth which once stimulated business generation and regeneration can no longer be counted on to do so. In these austere times, models of social and community enterprise are becoming more important. This corresponds to the emergence of theories of community‐based entrepreneurship and social enterprise as explanatory variables. Such theories are used to label enterprising behaviour enacted within our communities, even when the theoretical arguments underpinning these re‐conceptualisations require to be stretched to permit this. Often the resultant explanations are not entirely convincing. The purpose of this paper is to challenge existing conceptualisations of community‐based entrepreneurship and social enterprise.

Using a case study methodology, the paper reports on the activities of the Buchan Development Partnership (BDP) – a community‐based project situated in the Buchan area of Aberdeenshire, Scotland – demonstrating how individual and community enterprise can be utilized to develop enterprising individuals and communities by growing enterprises organically. The case articulates this process, as it occurred in a rural development partnership using a narrative‐based case study methodology to examine activities and growth strategies.

The case bridges issues of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial process, community and regional development and tells a story of community regeneration through the process of “Community Animateurship”.

Research, practical and social implications are discussed but in particular the need to adopt a more holistic “bottom up” approach.

This case challenges existing conceptualisations of community‐based entrepreneurship and social enterprise.

Discusses the need to re‐examine the education and training systems for adaptability to issues of institutional change and economic advancement and development, with special reference to Africa. Reports the outcomes of a consultative study involving persons associated with ILS education and training around the globe. The paper was presented at SCECSAL 13 on the 27 July to 1 August 1998 held in Nairobi, Kenya.

What is Occupational Analysis? Occupational analysis is a rigorous analysis and specification of skills and sub‐skills within an occupation. Various analysis methods have been tried, probably starting with the Swedish Sloyd method for organising manual training. From this system, which concentrated on purely manual skills, a revised form, sometimes called “course construction”, was developed in the US.

“Le patrimoine représente l'héritage des biens, naturels et humains, matériels et immatériels, qu'une génération transmet aux suivantes. II comporte implicitement un aspect qualitatif dès lors qu'il en‐globe les richesses immatérielles produisant des services d'intérêt collectif, soit culturels ou esthétiques, soit tout simplement biologiques…”