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Book part
Publication date: 12 September 2017

Airport–Airline Arrangements: An Interpretive Review of Industry Practices and Recent Studies

Xiaowen Fu and Hangjun Yang

With significant changes in the aviation industry, various airport–airline arrangements have been formed to achieve alternative objectives. However, no consensus has been…

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Abstract

With significant changes in the aviation industry, various airport–airline arrangements have been formed to achieve alternative objectives. However, no consensus has been reached on such arrangements’ economic effects and the associated optimal public policy. This chapter aims to provide an interpretive review of the common types of airport–airline arrangements, the different modeling approaches used and key conclusions reached by recent studies. Our review suggests that airport–airline arrangements can take diverse forms and have been widely used in the industry. They may allow the airport and its airlines to internalize demand externality, increase traffic volume, reduce airport investment risks and costs, promote capacity investment, enhance service quality, or simply are a response to the competition from other airport–airline chains. On the other hand, such vertical arrangements, especially for those exclusively between airports and selected airlines, could lead to collusive outcomes at the expenses of non-participating organizations. The effects of such arrangements are also significantly influenced by the contract type, market structure and bargaining power between the airport and airline sectors. While case by case investigations are often needed for important economic decisions, we recommend policy-makers to promote competition in the airline and airport segments whenever possible, and demand more transparency or regulatory reporting of such arrangements. Policy debates and economic studies should be carried out first, before intrusive regulations are introduced.

Details

The Economics of Airport Operations
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S2212-160920170000006005
ISBN: 978-1-78714-497-2

Keywords

  • Airline–airport arrangements
  • vertical structures
  • airport
  • air transport
  • R48
  • L52
  • L93

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Article
Publication date: 7 August 2017

Understanding the categories of leader traits in socialization: the case of Haier group’s CEO in China

Liguo Xu, Dalong Pang, Jing Ge and Youmin Xi

The purpose of this study is to explore the categories of leader traits, their generation and their relationships in leaders’ socialization.

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore the categories of leader traits, their generation and their relationships in leaders’ socialization.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors take the case study method, which is the most suitable method to answer research questions on why and how to fulfill the study purpose on the basis of the case of Ruimin Zhang.

Findings

Leader traits are classified into four categories with respect to socialization, namely, root trait, driving trait, thinking trait and affair trait. The root trait and the driving trait form from the leader’s insight with the impact of key events, mutually promote and consolidate each other, and together derive the thinking trait and the affair trait on the basis of critical events, culture, family, education, etc. The thinking trait is the premise of the affair trait to be expressed in leadership behavior. The root trait and the driving trait together determine a leader’s growth direction and efficiency and can distinguish leaders from non-leaders. The thinking trait and the affair trait together determine the pattern and effectiveness of leadership behavior and can distinguish effective leadership from ineffective leadership.

Research limitations/implications

This study transcends prior integral leader trait research by categorizing leader traits from the socialization perspective, makes a clear delineation on the interrelationships among categories of leader traits, analyzes their holistic functions on the leaders, reveals the formation and relationship mechanism of leader traits and identifies the types of leader traits that can work as the standards for distinguishing effective leaders from ineffective leaders or non-leaders.

Originality/value

This study promotes the development of the leader trait theory in the classification, formations, relationships and overall effect of leader traits.

Details

Nankai Business Review International, vol. 8 no. 3
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/NBRI-11-2016-0039
ISSN: 2040-8749

Keywords

  • Case study
  • Socialization
  • Leader trait

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Book part
Publication date: 14 December 2018

Regulatory Changes in International Air Transport and Their Impact on Tourism Development in Asia Pacific

Colin C. H. Law, Yahua Zhang and Anming Zhang

This chapter reviews the history of regulation and deregulation in international air transport and discusses the positive impacts of deregulation and open skies on the…

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Abstract

This chapter reviews the history of regulation and deregulation in international air transport and discusses the positive impacts of deregulation and open skies on the tourism sector in the Asia Pacific region. The Hong Kong–Bangkok market was examined, which shows that the granting of the fifth freedom rights has given the two places sufficient air service provisions to build tourism. Future reforms in air transport such as relaxing ownership restrictions and expanding air freedoms rights are explored.

Details

Airline Economics in Asia
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S2212-160920180000007008
ISBN: 978-1-78754-566-3

Keywords

  • Deregulation
  • open skies
  • low-cost carriers
  • freedoms of the air, tourism
  • Asia Pacific
  • air transport
  • L93
  • N75
  • Z32

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Book part
Publication date: 14 December 2018

Airline Deregulation, Market Competition, and Impact of High-speed Rail on Airlines in China

Hangjun Yang, Qiong Zhang and Qiang Wang

In this chapter, we will review the history, deregulation, policy reforms, and airline consolidations and mergers of the Chinese airline industry. The measurement of…

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Abstract

In this chapter, we will review the history, deregulation, policy reforms, and airline consolidations and mergers of the Chinese airline industry. The measurement of airline competition in China’s domestic market will also be discussed. Although air deregulation is still ongoing, the Chinese airline industry has become a market-driven business subject to some mild regulations. Then, we will review the impressive development of the high-speed rail (HSR) network in China and its effects on the domestic civil aviation market. In general, previous studies have found that the introduction of HSR services has a significant negative impact on airfare and air travel demand in China. The rapidly expanding network of HSR has important policy implications for Chinese airlines.

Details

Airline Economics in Asia
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S2212-160920180000007006
ISBN: 978-1-78754-566-3

Keywords

  • Airline deregulation
  • market competition
  • high-speed rail
  • China
  • airline mergers
  • market-driven business
  • L43
  • L92
  • L93

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Book part
Publication date: 14 December 2018

Air Transport and High-speed Rail Interactions in China: Review on Impacts of Low-cost Carriers, Rail Speed, and Modal Integration

Wenyi Xia, Kun Wang and Anming Zhang

This chapter reviews three main issues in the interactions between air transport and high-speed rail (HSR) in China, namely the interaction between low-cost carriers…

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Abstract

This chapter reviews three main issues in the interactions between air transport and high-speed rail (HSR) in China, namely the interaction between low-cost carriers (LCCs) and HSR, HSR speed effect on airlines, and airline–HSR integration. Studies on these three aspects of airline–HSR interactions have yet been well reviewed, and our chapter aims to fill in this gap. In this chapter, we comprehensively survey literature on the topics, especially studies on Chinese markets that have recently witnessed major HSR developments (and have planned further large-scale HSR expansion in the coming years). Our review shows that, first, compared to full-service carriers, LCCs face fiercer competition from HSR. However, the expansion of HSR network in China can be better coordinated with LCC development. Second, HSR speed exerts two countervailing effects on airline demand and price (the “travel-time” effect and “safety” effect, respectively). Specifically, an HSR speed reduction can have a positive effect on airlines due to longer HSR travel time, but a negative effect on airlines due to improved perception on HSR safety. Third, airline–HSR integration can be implemented through cooperation between airlines and HSR operators and through co-location of airports and HSR stations and can have important implications for intermodal transport and social welfare.

Details

Airline Economics in Asia
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S2212-160920180000007007
ISBN: 978-1-78754-566-3

Keywords

  • High-speed rail (HSR)
  • air transport
  • low-cost carriers (LCCs)
  • modal integration
  • train speed
  • China
  • D43
  • L93
  • R41

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Article
Publication date: 24 February 2012

Turning trash papers into gold: Entrepreneurship and international coordination of China's paper queen, Zhang Yin

Fu‐Lai Tony Yu

The purpose of this paper is to examine how a Chinese entrepreneur, Zhang Yin, exercises international entrepreneurship in her paper recycle business – Nine Dragons Paper…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine how a Chinese entrepreneur, Zhang Yin, exercises international entrepreneurship in her paper recycle business – Nine Dragons Paper company, and has become one of the most successful female business women in the world.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses an in‐depth case study or storytelling approach to explain the economic success of a Chinese female entrepreneur, Zhang Yin and her Nine Dragons Paper company. The illustration of Zhang's global coordination is divided into three parts: first, from Shenzhen, China to Hong Kong; second, from Hong Kong to Los Angeles; and finally, from the USA back to her home country, China.

Findings

This case illustrates and concludes that the business success of a paper recycling enterprise, namely Nine Dragons Paper, is attributable to the global coordination efforts of its founder, Zhang Yin, who is able to identify profit opportunities around the globe. With correct foresight, Zhang Yin is able to overcome cultural barriers, and venture into foreign markets. Her international entrepreneurship and global coordination enable world resources to be allocated in the most efficient way.

Research limitations/implications

Austrian economics, using storytelling approach, can be a very useful tool in interpreting entrepreneurial behavior and business strategies.

Practical implications

The case provides us with an understanding of how the entrepreneur can earn profit by being alert to opportunities.

Originality/value

The case is the first of its kind to illustrate the international coordination function of a female Chinese entrepreneur and her paper recycle business.

Details

Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, vol. 4 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17561391211200957
ISSN: 1756-1396

Keywords

  • China
  • Entrepreneurs
  • Women
  • Zhang Yin
  • Business development
  • Recycling
  • Paper industry
  • Nine Dragons Paper
  • Globalization
  • Woman entrepreneur
  • International coordination

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Book part
Publication date: 23 August 2017

Building a Global Responsive Organization: The Case of the Haier Group

Xinbo Sun, Yi Cao, Suxiu Li and Xin Li

This chapter outlines the philosophic underpinnings of the self-management paradigm developed over the past three decades by China’s Haier Group, a global leader in white…

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Abstract

This chapter outlines the philosophic underpinnings of the self-management paradigm developed over the past three decades by China’s Haier Group, a global leader in white goods. The successful transformation of Haier from a small resource-poor firm to a dominant global giant is often attributed to the self-management culture established in the company by its legendary leader Zhang Ruimin. This management paradigm is a function of the humbleness displayed by Mr. Zhang Ruimin and rooted in his strong belief in the traditional Chinese philosophy of I-Ching and Daoism. We show how the hexagram of Qian (“qian”: humbleness, modesty) from I-Ching is linked to Mr. Zhang’s humble approach and analyze how the six parts of the hexagram of Qian are related to the six development stages of the Haier Group. These insights are used to give some thoughts to the leadership challenge associated with the creation of a dynamic and responsive global organization.

Details

The Responsive Global Organization
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-831-420171006
ISBN: 978-1-78714-831-4

Keywords

  • Humble
  • self-management
  • philosophy
  • Daoism
  • I-Ching
  • hexagram

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Book part
Publication date: 12 September 2017

Two-Sidedness and Welfare Neutrality in Airport Concessions

Tiziana D’Alfonso and Valentina Bracaglia

Airport economics literature has recently included the supply of concession services among the factors that might affect airport pricing. In particular, there is only…

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Abstract

Airport economics literature has recently included the supply of concession services among the factors that might affect airport pricing. In particular, there is only little empirical analysis on whether: (i) the supply of airport concession services can stimulate the demand for travel (two-side complementarity) and (ii) the demand for airport concession services is independent of traveling activities (welfare neutrality). In this chapter, we survey papers that have addressed two-side complementarity and welfare neutrality in airport concessions. Our goal is to discuss the different assumptions that have shaped the models and to collect evidences, facts and empirical findings that may support analytical hypotheses. We argue that the notions of two-side complementarity and welfare neutrality might be interrelated – especially when airports invest in concessions in the area accessible to non-passengers. Welfare gains should be assessed on a case by case basis, depending on the type of airport in terms of ownership, size (and the relative mass of connecting passengers compared to origin–destination passengers), and the source of concession revenues. Our arguments might be particularly relevant to policy makers who need to understand (i) whether the supply of concessions reduces or increases the benefits of airport (aviation) price regulation and (ii) whether the effective control of market power may require the regulation of the prices of both the businesses.

Details

The Economics of Airport Operations
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S2212-160920170000006003
ISBN: 978-1-78714-497-2

Keywords

  • Airport pricing
  • concessions
  • welfare neutrality
  • complementarity
  • L93
  • L1

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Article
Publication date: 7 January 2019

A statistical method for build orientation determination in additive manufacturing

Yicha Zhang, Ramy Harik, Georges Fadel and Alain Bernard

For part models with complex shape features or freeform shapes, the existing build orientation determination methods may have issues, such as difficulty in defining…

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Abstract

Purpose

For part models with complex shape features or freeform shapes, the existing build orientation determination methods may have issues, such as difficulty in defining features and costly computation. To deal with these issues, this paper aims to introduce a new statistical method to develop fast automatic decision support tools for additive manufacturing build orientation determination.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed method applies a non-supervised machine learning method, K-Means Clustering with Davies–Bouldin Criterion cluster measuring, to rapidly decompose a surface model into facet clusters and efficiently generate a set of meaningful alternative build orientations. To evaluate alternative build orientations at a generic level, a statistical approach is defined.

Findings

A group of illustrative examples and comparative case studies are presented in the paper for method validation. The proposed method can help production engineers solve decision problems related to identifying an optimal build orientation for complex and freeform CAD models, especially models from the medical and aerospace application domains with much efficiency.

Originality/value

The proposed method avoids the limitations of traditional feature-based methods and pure computation-based methods. It provides engineers a new efficient decision-making tool to rapidly determine the optimal build orientation for complex and freeform CAD models.

Details

Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 25 no. 1
Type: Research Article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-04-2018-0102
ISSN: 1355-2546

Keywords

  • Additive manufacturing
  • Machine learning
  • Build orientation determination
  • Statistical method

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Book part
Publication date: 31 May 2016

The Effects of Mergers on Airline Performance and Social Welfare

Jia Yan, Xiaowen Fu, Tae Hoon Oum and Kun Wang

This chapter reviews the key results obtained in previous studies of airline mergers. It is found that the effect of mergers on airfares is dependent on the network…

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Abstract

This chapter reviews the key results obtained in previous studies of airline mergers. It is found that the effect of mergers on airfares is dependent on the network configurations of merging airlines. Fare increases are frequently observed on overlapped routes. However, if the networks of two merging airlines are complementary, the expanded network after the merger leads to cost savings, increase in travel options, and improvement in service quality. Therefore, in a deregulated market, with few entry barriers, relaxing merger regulations is likely to improve welfare. However, most welfare evaluations do not incorporate quality changes or dynamic competition effects. Empirical investigations are primarily ex post analysis of mergers that have already passed antitrust reviews. The relationship between market concentration and welfare might be nonlinear and market specific. Therefore, airline mergers and alliances should be reviewed case by case. Methodological improvements are needed in future studies to control for the effects of complicating factors inherent in ex post evaluations.

Details

Airline Efficiency
Type: Book
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S2212-160920160000005006
ISBN: 978-1-78560-940-4

Keywords

  • Airline merger
  • network effects
  • airline performance
  • L5
  • L9
  • R4

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