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This paper aims to investigate the natural convection fluid flow and heat transfer in a finned/multi-pipe cavity.

The cavity is filled with the CuO-water nanofluid. The Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li model is used to estimate the dynamic viscosity and consider Brownian motion. On the other hand, the effect of the shapes of nanoparticles on the thermal conductivity and related heat transfer rate is presented.

In the present investigation, the governing parameters are Rayleigh number, CuO nanoparticle concentration in pure water and the thermal arrangements of internal active fins and solid bodies. Impacts of these parameters on the nanofluid flow, heat transfer rate, total/local entropy generation and heatlines are presented. It is concluded that adding nanoparticles to the pure fluid has a significant positive influence on the heat transfer performance. In addition, the average Nusselt number and total entropy generation have direct a relationship with the Rayleigh number. The thermal arrangement of the internal bodies and fins is a good controlling tool to determine the desired magnitude of heat transfer rate.

The originality of this paper is to use the lattice Boltzmann method in simulating the nanofluid flow and heat transfer within a cavity included with internal active bodies and fins.

This paper aims to to simulate the flow and heat transfer during free convection in a square cavity using double-multi-relaxation time (MRT) lattice Boltzmann method.

The double-MRT lattice Boltzmann method is used, and the natural convection fluid flow and heat transfer under influence of different parameters are analyzed. The D2Q5 model and D2Q9 model are used for simulation of temperature field and flow field, respectively. The cavity is filled with CuO-water nanofluid; in addition, the thermo-physical properties of nanofluid and the effect of nanoparticles’ shapes are considered using Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li (KKL) model. On the other hand, the cavity is included with an internal active hollow with constant thermal boundary conditions at its walls and variable dimensions. It should be noted that the dimensions of the internal hollow will be determined by as aspect ratio.

The Rayleigh number, nanoparticle concentration and the aspect ratio are the governing parameters. The heat transfer performance of the cavity has direct relationship with the Rayleigh number and solid volume fraction of CuO-water nanofluid. Moreover, the configuration of the cavity is good controlling factor for changing the heat transfer performance and entropy generation.

The originality of this work is using double-MRT lattice Boltzmann method in simulating the free convection fluid flow and heat transfer.

The lattice Boltzmann method is used to simulate the nanofluid flow and heat transfer inside a finned multi-pipe heat exchanger.

The heat exchanger is filled with CuO-water nanofluid. The Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li (KKL) model is used to estimate the dynamic viscosity and considering the Brownian motion in the simulation. On the other hand, the influence of nanoparticles’ shapes on the heat transfer rate is considered, and the best efficient shape is selected to be used in the investigation.

The Rayleigh number, nanoparticle concentration and the thermal arrangements of internal active fins and bodies are the governing parameters. In addition, the impacts of these two parameters on the nanofluid flow, heat transfer rate, local and total entropy generation and heatline visualization are analyzed, comprehensively.

The originality of this work is using of lattice Boltzmann method for simulation of nanofluid flow and heat transfer during natural convection in a heat exchanger. Furthermore, influence of the shape of nanoparticles on the thermo-physical properties of nanofluid is analyzed using Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li correlation.

Environmental taxes have been in place for many years to reduce environmental damage and pay more attention to the environment. However, some of the adverse socio-economic impacts that may result from such taxes and the many challenges facing developing countries have necessitated policy reform. Therefore, identifying and prioritizing the factors related to environmental tax reform (ETR) is necessary to help governments and environmental protection agencies (EPAs) focus on this prioritizing to develop and improve this process. Awareness of the benefits of ETR encourages governments to use this policy to reduce adverse environmental impacts and contribute to economic growth.

The primary purpose of this work is to prioritize and taxonomy the factors related to ETR using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) approach. In the first stage, 25 factors were extracted from the available literature. These factors were divided into five categories for more accessible review. In the second stage, the FAHP as a Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) Technique was used to prioritize and develop the taxonomy of identified factors and the categories of these factors.

The results show that reducing carbon emissions (DF4) is the essential prioritization factor that governments and environmental organizations can achieve if the ETR is implemented. Following that, reducing greenhouse gas emissions (DF1), double benefit (EcF7) and increase sustainability reports (EnF4) can be achieved by implementing ETR.

This study is geographically limited to Iran. In terms of the study population, this study is limited to 25 academic, tax and public policy experts. Moreover, in this study, FAHP is the only approach used. For further research, the results of this study can be compared with that of other multi-criteria techniques like FAHP, fuzzy TOPSIS or BWM.

Ratings of factors related to ETR can guide and help governments identify important factors that affect environmental tax reform, which can, in addition to controlling ecological pollution will, increase the economic benefits of governments.

This study is the first to identify factors related to environmental tax reform and to develop an MCDM technique for prioritizing these factors and finding important ones.

A comprehensive study on the fluid flow and heat transfer in a nanofluid channel is carried out. The configuration of the channel is as like as quarter channel. The channel is filled with CuO–water nanofluid.

The Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li model is used to estimate the dynamic viscosity and consider the Brownian motion. On the other hand, the influence of nanoparticles’ shapes on the heat transfer rate is considered in the simulations. The channel is included with the injection pipes which are modeled as active bodies with constant temperature in the 2D simulations.

The Rayleigh number, nanoparticle concentration and the thermal arrangements of internal pipes are the governing parameters. The hydrothermal aspects of natural convection are investigation using different approaches such as average Nusselt number, total entropy generation, Bejan number, streamlines, temperature fields, local heat transfer irreversibility, local fluid friction irreversibility and heatlines.

The originality of this work is investigation of fluid flow, heat transfer, entropy generation and heatline visualization within a nanofluid-filled channel using a finite volume method.

The study aims to study the nanofluid flow and heat transfer in a T-shaped heat exchanger. For the numerical simulations, the lattice Boltzmann method is used.

The end of each branch of the heat exchanger is considered a curve wall that requires special thermal and physical boundary conditions. To improve the thermal performance of the heat exchanger, the CuO–water nanofluid, which has better heat transfer performance with respect to pure water, is used. The dynamic viscosity of nanofluid is estimated by means of KKL model. Several active fins and solid bodies are implanted within the heat exchanger with different thermal arrangements.

In the present work, different approaches such as heatline visualization, local and total entropy generation analysis, local and total Nusselt variation are used to detect the impact of different considered parameters such as Rayleigh number (10³ < Ra < 10⁶), solid volume fraction of nanofluid (φ = 0,0.01,0.02,0.03 and 0.04 vol. per cent) and thermal arrangements of internal bodies (Case A, Case B, Case C and Case D) on the fluid flow and heat transfer performance.

The originality of this work is to analyze the two-dimensional natural convection and entropy generation using lattice Boltzmann method.

This paper aims to perform the lattice Boltzmann simulation of natural convection heat transfer in cavities included with active hot and cold walls at the side walls and internal hot and cold obstacles.

The cavity is filled with double wall carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs)-water nanofluid. Different approaches such as local and total entropy generation, local and average Nusselt number and heatline visualization are used to analyze the natural convection heat transfer. The cavity is filled with DWCNTs-water nanofluid and the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity are measured experimentally at different solid volume fractions of 0.01 per cent, 0.02 per cent, 0.05 per cent, 0.1 per cent, 0.2 per cent and 0.5 per cent and at a temperature range of 300 to 340 (K).

Two sets of correlations for these parameters based on temperature and solid volume fraction are developed and used in the numerical simulations. The influences of different governing parameters such as Rayleigh number, solid volume fraction and different arrangements of active walls on the fluid flow, heat transfer and entropy generation are presented, comprehensively. It is found that the different arrangements of active walls have pronounced influence on the flow structure and heat transfer performance. Furthermore, the Nusselt number has direct relationship with Rayleigh number and solid volume fraction. On the other hand, the total entropy generation has direct and reverse relationship with Rayleigh number and solid volume fraction, respectively.

The originality of this work is to analyze the two-dimensional natural convection using lattice Boltzmann method and different approaches such as entropy generation and heatline visualization.

The purpose of this paper is to carry out a comprehensive review of some latest studies devoted to natural convection phenomenon in the enclosures because of its significant industrial applications.

Geometries of the enclosures have considerable influences on the heat transfer which will be important in energy consumption. The most useful geometries in engineering fields are treated in this literature, and their effects on the fluid flow and heat transfer are presented.

A great variety of geometries included with different physical and thermal boundary conditions, heat sources and fluid/nanofluid media are analyzed. Moreover, the results of different types of methods including experimental, analytical and numerical are obtained. Different natures of natural convection phenomenon including laminar, steady-state and transient, turbulent are covered. Overall, the present review enhances the insight of researchers into choosing the best geometry for thermal process.

A comprehensive review on the most practical geometries in the industrial application is performed.

This paper aims to investigate the three-dimensional natural convection and entropy generation in the rectangular cuboid cavities included by chamfered triangular partition made by polypropylene.

The enclosure is filled by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-H₂O nanofluid and air as two immiscible fluids. The finite volume approach is used for computation. The fluid flow and heat transfer are considered with combination of local entropy generation due to fluid friction and heat transfer. Moreover, a numerical method is developed based on three-dimensional solution of Navier–Stokes equations.

Effects of side ratio of triangular partitions (SR = 0.5, 1 and 2), Rayleigh number (103 < Ra < 105) and solid volume fraction (f = 0.002, 0.004 and 0.01 Vol.%) of nanofluid are investigated on both natural convection characteristic and volumetric entropy generation. The results show that the partitions can be a suitable method to control fluid flow and energy consumption, and three-dimensional solutions renders more accurate results.

The originality of this work is to study the three-dimensional natural convection and entropy generation of a stratified system.

This study aims to investigate the three-dimensional natural convection and entropy generation in a cuboid enclosure filled with CuO-water nanofluid.

The lattice Boltzmann method is used to solve the problem numerically. Two different multiple relaxation time (MRT) models are used to solve the problem. The D3Q7–MRT model is used to solve the temperature field, and the D3Q19 is used to solve the fluid flow of natural convection within the enclosure.

The influences of different Rayleigh numbers (10³ < Ra < 10⁶) and solid volume fractions (0 < f < 0.04) on the fluid flow, heat transfer, total entropy generation, local heat transfer irreversibility and local fluid friction irreversibility are presented comprehensively. To predict thermo–physical properties, dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity, of CuO–water nanofluid, the Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li (KKL) model is applied to consider the effect of Brownian motion on nanofluid properties.

The originality of this work is to analyze the three-dimensional natural convection and entropy generation using a new numerical approach of dual-MRT-based lattice Boltzmann method.