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Revised dietary scales shown in Table 1, were introduced in November 1985 and they are not radically different from their predecessors. However, analysis reveals a numbers of significant changes in the balance of nutrients and food components. The daily meals now provided less energy from fat, and more from complex carbohydrates; they are lower in saturated fat and higher in unsaturated fats; and there is an increase in fibre.

The development of policies governing the provision of food to those who become the responsibility of the prison system, has been subject to controversy throughout the centuries. Today the management of food services in Her Majesty's prisons has reached a high level of efficiency, both in terms of food quality and quantity, and good value for money for the tax payer.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the performance of European listed infrastructure before, during and after the global financial crisis and the significance of European infrastructure in a mixed asset portfolio. The paper examines the level of correlation of European infrastructure with other major assets classes and substantiates the potential diversification benefits of including European infrastructure within a mixed asset portfolio.

The study uses monthly investment return indices obtained from Thomson Reuters DataStream over a ten year period (2001‐2010). The paper analysed the European listed infrastructure investment return characteristics including average annual return, annual risk, Sharpe indices, mean variance portfolio and maximum return portfolio and computes the efficient portfolio frontiers using the risk solver optimization tool.

This study shows that despite the global financial turmoil, a robust performance was seen by certain infrastructure sub‐sectors particularly European generation utilities, which posted positive annualised returns during the global financial crisis and European “ports” emerged as the overall best performing sub‐asset class during the post‐GFC period. Using the monthly return indices over the ten year period, European infrastructure investment was found to play a significant role in the optimality of multi asset portfolios.

The originality of the paper stems from the analysis of the performance and significance of European listed infrastructure in a multi‐asset portfolio over unique periods which tested the resilience of European listed infrastructure performance over different financial climates including the global financial crisis period. This paper presents European listed infrastructure as an indication of rewarding investment outlets for investors in quest of exposure to the infrastructure industry and for those seeking to enhance investment portfolio performance.

This study aims to examine the use of the metaverse in tourism and hospitality to comprehend better how the technology might shape customer journey management, especially relative to information provision, experiences and customer benefits.

This explanatory research used a two-stage approach of media analysis and practitioner interviews to analyse the interactions among tourism information provision, customer experiences and customer benefits in the metaverse. It conceptualized and mapped the consumer journey of the emerging metaverse experience, focusing on the ideas and practices of metaverse design pioneers in tourism and hospitality.

Based on the media analysis and interviews with 27 designers, the metaverse – information – experiences – benefits (MIEB) model was proposed, containing three parts (information characteristics, customer experiences and customer benefits) and 31 supporting items grouped into nine components.

One of the unique contributions of this research is the MIEB model for applying the metaverse in customer journey management (pre-, during- and post-trip). The findings contribute to the current literature with this model based on the practical perspectives of metaverse designers and provide insights on how to incorporate the MIEB model in applying the metaverse in tourism and hospitality management. The findings also address existing literature gaps of insufficient research on metaverse management and design through all stages of the customer travel journey and by paying attention to stakeholders’ viewpoints, including the media and designers of metaverse applications. Engaging in semi-structured interviews with pioneers of the metaverse to gain insights into the design of tourism experiences was also different from other metaverse tourism research, although this is not claimed as a significant point of innovation.

Cyber-enabled crimes are on the increase, and law enforcement has had to expand many of their detecting activities into the digital domain. As such, the field of digital forensics has become far more sophisticated over the years and is now able to uncover even more evidence that can be used to support prosecution of cyber criminals in a court of law. Governments, too, have embraced the ability to track suspicious individuals in the online world. Forensics investigators are driven to gather data exhaustively, being under pressure to provide law enforcement with sufficient evidence to secure a conviction.

Yet, there are concerns about the ethics and justice of untrammeled investigations on a number of levels. On an organizational level, unconstrained investigations could interfere with, and damage, the organization's right to control the disclosure of their intellectual capital. On an individual level, those being investigated could easily have their legal privacy rights violated by forensics investigations. On a societal level, there might be a sense of injustice at the perceived inequality of current practice in this domain.

This paper argues the need for a practical, ethically grounded approach to digital forensic investigations, one that acknowledges and respects the privacy rights of individuals and the intellectual capital disclosure rights of organizations, as well as acknowledging the needs of law enforcement. The paper derives a set of ethical guidelines, and then maps these onto a forensics investigation framework. The framework to expert review in two stages is subjected, refining the framework after each stage. The paper concludes by proposing the refined ethically grounded digital forensics investigation framework. The treatise is primarily UK based, but the concepts presented here have international relevance and applicability.

In this paper, the lens of justice theory is used to explore the tension that exists between the needs of digital forensic investigations into cybercrimes on the one hand, and, on the other, individuals' rights to privacy and organizations' rights to control intellectual capital disclosure.

The investigation revealed a potential inequality between the practices of digital forensics investigators and the rights of other stakeholders. That being so, the need for a more ethically informed approach to digital forensics investigations, as a remedy, is highlighted and a framework proposed to provide this.

The proposed ethically informed framework for guiding digital forensics investigations suggests a way of re-establishing the equality of the stakeholders in this arena, and ensuring that the potential for a sense of injustice is reduced.

Justice theory is used to highlight the difficulties in squaring the circle between the rights and expectations of all stakeholders in the digital forensics arena. The outcome is the forensics investigation guideline, PRECEpt: Privacy-Respecting EthiCal framEwork, which provides the basis for a re-aligning of the balance between the requirements and expectations of digital forensic investigators on the one hand, and individual and organizational expectations and rights, on the other.

This paper begins by discussing two contrasting approaches to health care. The first approach is that of principlism, which emphasises four universal principles: respect for autonomy; beneficence; non‐maleficence; and justice. The second approach is the ethics of care that emphasise the importance of the relationship between the cared‐for and the one caring, rather than abstract principles. The problems with both of these approaches are highlighted, before arguing that an approach based on virtue ethics is more appropriate and better suited to health care ethics. Finally, by drawing on the conclusions of research undertaken with chronically ill people, the paper explores what this approach might mean for an approach that stresses dignity as a core value in health care ethics.

Poland is regarded as the country which has made the greatest progress following the economic liberalisation of Eastern Europe. This paper examines the strength of the relationship between the new Western context and the understanding of the methods which Polish enterprises need to address their current difficulties. The study was undertaken by visiting some 50 Polish businesses to analyse their views on progress. The conclusions of the study suggest that there is much scope for continued success in the future, but that this will require an adaptation of Western methods as well as an ability to use them selectively to overcome the constraints of the emerging Polish environment.

The suggestion that there is a causal relationship between diet and delinquent behaviour is not new. In 1893 Egleston, an engineer at Columbia University, attempting to sponsor research into nutrition wrote: ‘As a trustee of a large charitable organization … I have been using proper methods of cooking as a prevention of crime with great success …’ While in this country in 1900 Miles writing about prisons and the treatment of criminals suggested: ‘In these we have people who have somehow or other gone wrong. Most of us fail to reflect why; but few would deny that it might possibly be the food … If it were, then here is our chance. We have them in our hands as we have no other class in this free country: we can help them, if needs be, against their will, until with better health the better will itself may come.’

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the introduction of anonymous trading on the liquidity of New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX)‐listed stocks.

The paper examines the impact of the switch to anonymous trading on effective spreads and adverse selection costs using both univariate and multivariate approaches and data spanning a 240‐day event window period. The paper also compares the NZX's share of trading in cross‐listed stocks before and after the switch to anonymous trading to determine if the change in market architecture improved the NZX's competitiveness vis‐à‐vis the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX).

The paper finds that effective spreads and adverse selection costs increased following the switch to anonymous trading across the broad range of NZX50 stocks, consistent with an increase in information risk in the post‐event period. However, the paper also finds that the switch to anonymous trading improved the NZX's market share in trading in cross‐listed stocks vis‐à‐vis the ASX.

The results show that market liquidity deteriorates in a more opaque environment due to the greater information risk facing investors. This is in sharp contrast to prior research, which reports that similar changes in pre‐trade transparency on other exchanges have improved market liquidity. The results suggest that although institutional investors and the NZX itself might well have benefited from the switch to anonymous trading, liquidity demanders face higher transaction costs as a result.

Investigates the differences in protocols between arbitral tribunals and courts, with particular emphasis on US, Greek and English law. Gives examples of each country and its way of using the law in specific circumstances, and shows the variations therein. Sums up that arbitration is much the better way to gok as it avoids delays and expenses, plus the vexation/frustration of normal litigation. Concludes that the US and Greek constitutions and common law tradition in England appear to allow involved parties to choose their own judge, who can thus be an arbitrator. Discusses e‐commerce and speculates on this for the future.