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The increasing economic importance of knowledge is redefining firm‐market boundaries, work arrangements and the links between education work and learning. This article proposes a new framework: the knowledge supply model, which helps individuals, firms and learning institutions understand the dynamics of change and emerging patterns of knowledge demand and supply in different sectors of the economy. It also assists learning institutions to tailor their products and services to the needs of knowledge consumers. As working and learning become synonymous, firms, workers, educators and intermediaries will have to adopt new roles and develop new strategies. Understanding the dynamics of knowledge demand and supply should assist all actors in navigating knowledge markets of the new economy.

Explores the obstacles facing trans‐national corporations (TNC) considering FDI in Russia. Dunning (1994) suggests that countries’ abilities to attract and exploit the potential economic benefits of inbound FDI vary according to their national political, economic and legal cultures, traditions and infrastructures, together with the economic objectives and policies pursued by host governments. This paper seeks to make use of Dunning’s model, in exploring the obstacles to FDI in modern Russia, and their implications for TNCs. The papers’ findings suggest that Russia’s relative lack of success in attracting FDI and exploiting its potential benefits during the 1990s can be attributed to her national infrastructural factors and government policies, as Dunning’s model suggests. Russia’s ability to attract a larger share of FDI in future seems likely to be constrained by national ambivalence towards the benefits of FDI, together with the political and economic realities of her current situation.

This paper aims to propose a three-phase interpenetrating continua model for the numerical simulation of water waves and porous structure interaction.

In contrast with one-fluid formulation or multi-component methods, each phase has its own characteristics, density, velocity, etc., and each point is occupied by all phases. First, the porous structure is modelled as a phase of continua with a penalty force adding on the momentum equation, so the conservation of mass is guaranteed without source terms. Second, the adaptive unstructured mesh modelling with P1DG-P1 elements is used here to decrease the total number of degree of freedom maintaining the same order of accuracy.

Several benchmark problems are used to validate the model, which includes the Darcy flow, classical collapse of water column and water column with a porous structure. The interpenetrating continua model is a suitable approach for water wave and porous structure interaction problem.

The interpenetrating continua model is first applied for the water wave and porous structure interaction problem. First, the structure is modelled as phase of non-viscous fluid with penalty force, so the break of the porous structure, porosity changes can be easily embedded for further complex studies. Second, the mass conservation of fluids is automatically satisfied without special treatment. Finally, adaptive anisotropic mesh in space is employed to reduce the computational cost.

It is recognised that training is required for staff working with people with a diagnosis of personality disorder, as it poses challenges requiring particular skills and abilities (National Institute for Mental Health in England, 2003a). The proposal to train graduate primary care mental health workers (GPCMHWs) to work with the client group met with some scepticism by senior clinicians. However, the experience of providing training and supervision to the graduate primary care mental health workers to work with clients with personality disorder in Camden and Islington has proved positive. Several characteristics of the GPCMHWs identified in the training literature might contribute to this positive experience. Those factors include cognitive ability, motivation to learn, age, and attitudes. Initial findings from the evaluation of the training shows that graduate workers respond positively to the training, showing improvements in self‐rated knowledge and skills relating to working with the client group, and an eagerness to learn more. The relevance of this to the personality disorder capabilities framework are described.

With continuous learning being so essential to corporate wellbeing in the future, the learning organization concept is seriously taking root. Examines how learning organizations are created.

In the next millennium there will be more large firms in the hospitality industry, and these large firms will get larger. But despite the fact that we have had such chains for nearly 50 years, we know remarkably little about the operational management of chains. This article considers the importance of chain operations and reviews alternative theoretical perspectives on how such chains should be managed. It proposes a new model of multi‐unit management based around six key activities – integration, location, configuration, organisation, implementation and adaptation.

The operational analysis of catering operations is constrained by the lack of an internationally accepted taxonomy and the seemingly infinite variety of operations. The development of catering operations is described and a flow chart of ten distinct stages that constitute any such operation is proposed. These stages provide the basis for a possible taxonomy. It is suggested that currently there are ten generic catering systems that can be clearly identified, each of which has a unique combination of some or all of the ten stages. Such analysis is the highest level of a hierarchy of possible analyses, i.e. Level 1. The second level of analysis considers the range of subsystems in use to achieve the function of each stage. The range of alternative technologies varies from two to five in each stage. The theoretical number of combinations of subsystems is in the thousands, but many are mutually incompatible with each other. There are therefore approximately 100 types of operation in the industry when considered at Level 2. Finally, there is a third level of analysis that considers the specific application of the basic technology applied to any given operation. It is at this level that there is the almost apparent infinite variety of operations that appears to typify the industry. These three levels and the ten stages are then combined into an analytical model which is called the Catering/System Pentahedron. The pentahedron enables the classification of any given catering operation and establishes a means of evaluating innovation and proposals for performance improvement within operations.