Search results

The purpose of this paper is to develop an efficient termination control strategy of air-vented dryer in term of energy saving, improving smoothness and reducing microscopic damage of fiber.

A simple, low cost termination control strategy is developed by testing the instantaneous humidity of exhaust air and then deducing the drying degree of fabric in process. The practicability evaluation of this novel strategy was investigated by using both experimental and mathematical approaches. The effect of termination control strategy on drying efficiency and fabric apparent properties were also discussed.

Termination control strategy significantly affects drying time, energy consumption, smoothness and microscopic of fiber. Specially, a novel termination control strategy that the combination of equilibrium moisture content of fabric in ambient environment and relative humidity of exhaust air in exhaust duct is workable and can save 25.2 percent of energy consumption, 26.7 percent of the drying time and improve 0.7 grade of the appearance smoothness, as well as significantly reduce the microscopic damage of fiber compare to the original control strategy of dryer. This indicates possible ways to minimize drying energy consumption and dryer damage by reducing unnecessary migrate out of the water from the clothes.

The paper is helpful in not only the development of new drying product but also the optimization of appearance smoothness of fabric after drying and reduce the microscopic damage of fiber.

A novel termination control strategy of dryer is applied to improve drying efficiency of dryer and reduce fabric damage.

THE issue of AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING for October, 1931, contained descriptions of the Rolls‐Royce racing engine and the Schneider Trophy seaplane.

Wet or dry blasting from Anglia. Cleaning industry equipment specialist Anglia Cleaning Equipment has both wet and dry blast cleaning systems, ideal for shipping and marine applications.

In the manufacture of Republic aircraft the use of forged parts has increased from one 12 × 12 in. component in the P47 Thunderbolt to a total of 436 forged units in recent designs.

Transparent insulation materials (TIMs) have been developed for application to building facades to reduce heating energy demands of a building. The purpose of this research is to investigate the feasibility of TI‐applications for high‐rise and low‐rise office buildings in London, UK, to reduce heating energy demands in winter and reduce overheating problems in summer.

The energy performance of these office building models was simulated using an energy simulation package, Environmental Systems Performance‐research (ESP‐r), for a full calendar year. The simulations were initially performed for the buildings with conventional wall elements, prior to those with TI‐systems (TI‐walls and TI‐glazing) used to replace the conventional wall elements. Surface temperatures of the conventional wall elements and TI‐systems, air temperature inside the 20 mm wide air gaps in the TI‐wall, dry‐bulb zone temperature and energy demands required for the office zones were predicted.

Peak temperatures of between 50 and 70°C were predicted for the internal surface of the TI‐systems, which clearly demonstrated the large effect of absorption of solar energy flux by the brick wall mass with an absorptivity of 90 percent behind the TIM layer. In the office zones, the magnitude of temperature swings during daytime was reduced, as demonstrated by a 10 to 12 h delay in heat transmission from the external façade to the office zones. Such reduction indicates the overheating problems could be reduced potentially by TI‐applications.

This research presents the scale and scope of design optimisation of TI‐systems with ESP‐r simulations, which is a critical process prior to applications to real buildings.

ONLY two months ago (June issue) this journal advocated the more general utilisation of robots in manufacturing industry coupled with a reduction in working hours so that all possible should have a share in what work remains available for humans to do.

The importance of hydraulic fluid cleanliness is appreciated by every user of large modern hydraulic systems and the introduction of higher operating pressures, plus improved response from the systems, have made freedom from contamination even more important. An important paper on this subject was given to The Institute of Marine Engineers in February by D. L. Kitch, CEng, MIMechE, RNES, (Ministry of Defence, Bath). His paper covered design, manufacture, operation and maintenance aspects. We base the following upon these sections of the paper dealing mainly with contamination control in hydraulic systems, and although the author has marine systems in mind, what he had to say is applicable to most hydraulic systems on land also.

Attempts to maintain the inside of a building in good condition are often thwarted by dampness problems, which can cause unpleasant staining of decorations and a dank, unhealthy atmosphere. This may further result in extensive damage particularly to timberwork, as wet or dry rot attacks appear.

The purpose of this paper is to remark the importance of sustainable technologies in the façade renewal of existing buildings in order to fit their energetic performance to different climatic inputs, following the new European Energy Standards for energy savings.

Technical data and typical examples of upgrading interventions in the direction of the passive solar gaining, natural cooling and other relevant sustainable technologies for building envelopes are presented and critically examined.

The energy failure in existing buildings is mainly due to the poor insulating efficiency of the façades. Making use of hi‐tech envelopes, not only the energetic balance, but also the architectural value of a building can be improved.

Architects and builders can use the advices from this study in determining the advantages of up‐to‐date technologies in the enhancement of the energetic performance of buildings.

Examples presented in this paper indicate how sustainable technologies, that are commonly used in new constructions where the concept starts from a low‐environmental impact, can be also employed in the refurbishment of existing buildings, which is the main challenge for the global reduction of CO₂. An overview on the main technical of intervention can indicate to architects and planners the potentiality for the improvement of the existing buildings, in order to reduce the overall energy balance.

The purpose of this paper is to review the historic development of the requirements for sub-floor (also known as “basementless space” or “crawl space”) moisture management in the USA, UK and New Zealand (NZ) from 1600s to 1969.

The review of 171 documents, including legislation, research papers, books and magazines, identified three time periods where the focus differed: 1849, removal of impure air; 1850–1929, the use of ground cover and thorough ventilation; and 1930–1969, the development of standards.

Published moisture management guidance has been found from 1683, but until the 1920s, it was based on the provision of “adequate” ventilation and, in the UK, the use of impermeable ground cover. Specific ventilation area calculations have been available from 1898 in the UK, 1922 in the USA and 1924 in NZ. These are based on the area of ventilation per unit floor area, area of ventilation per unit length of perimeter wall, or a combination of both. However, it was not until 1937 in the USA, 1944 in NZ and after the period covered by this paper in the UK, that numerical values were enforced in codes. Vents requirements started at 1 in. of vent per square foot of floor area (0.7 per cent but first published in the USA with a misplaced decimal point as 7 per cent). The average vent area was 0.69 per cent in USA for 19 cases, 0.54 per cent in NZ for 7 cases and 0.13 per cent in UK for 3 cases. The lower UK vent area requirements were probably due to the use of ground covers such as asphalt or concrete in 1854, compared with in 1908 in NZ and in 1947 in USA. The use of roll ground cover (e.g. plastic film) was first promoted in 1949 in USA and 1960 in NZ.

Common themes found in the evolution of sub-floor moisture management include a lack of documented research until the 1940s, a lack of climate or site-based requirements and different paths to code requirements in the three countries. Unlike many building code requirements, a lack of sub-floor moisture management seldom leads to catastrophic failure and consequent political pressure for immediate change. From the first published use of performance-based “adequate” ventilation to the first numerical or “deemed to satisfy” solutions, it took 240 years. The lessons from this process may provide guidance on improving modern building codes.

This is the first time such an evaluation has been undertaken for the three countries.