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The purpose of this paper is to prepare poly[allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid)-ran-acrylic acid]s by two different routes. In the first route, poly(allyl amine-ran-acrylic acid)s were produced by radical copolymerization of a mixture of ally amine and acrylic acid, then converted into poly[allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid)-ran-acrylic acid]s by the Mannich reaction with a mixture of formaldehyde and phosphonic acid. In the second route, allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid) monomer was synthesized and copolymerised with acrylic acid. The aim of this work is to produce low-molecular-weight copolymer with the low amount of nitrogen and phosphorous having better scale inhibiting performance than commercial low-molecular-weight poly(acrylic acid)s.

Poly(allyl amine-ran-acrylic acid)s were prepared by radical copolymerisation of a mixture of ally amine and acrylic acid, and the molecular weight of copolymers was regulated by using an effective chain transfer compound and the formed copolymer was reacted with a mixture of formaldehyde and phosphorous acid. Allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid) monomer was prepared and then copolymerised with acrylic acid using radical initiators.

Poly[allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid)-ran-acrylic acid] produced with both routes, especially low-molecular weight ones have better anti-scaling performance than low-molecular-weight commercial poly(acrylic acid).

By using an excess of formaldehyde and phosphonic acid, a limited increase in the conversion of amine groups of poly(allyl amine-ran-acrylic acid) to amino methylene phosphonic acid groups was achieved, so unreacted amine groups were always present in the structure of the final copolymers.

The low-molecular-weight poly[allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid)-ran-acrylic acid] may be used as a better anti-scaling polymer in industry.

The low-molecular-weight poly[allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid)-ran-acrylic acid] is an alternative polymer for scale inhibition in the water boilers.

The low-molecular-weight poly[allyl amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid)-ran-acrylic acid] copolymers containing both carboxylic acid and amino bis(methylene phosphonic acid) are more effective anti-scaling additives than poly(acrylic acid)s in water boilers.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical and in‐depth review of the present status and recent developments in synthetic methodologies, reaction engineering, process design and quality control aspects associated with the manufacture of mono and multifunctional acrylate monomers.

This paper reviews commercially important UV cure mono and multifunctional acrylate monomers. It covers their synthesis, catalyst, and appropriate solvents for azeotropic removal of byproducts. The detail discussion on catalysis, basis of design of reactors and commercial plant and the process engineering associated with the manufacture has been supported through citation of synthesis of various acrylate monomers. The methodologies adopted for determination of physical, chemical and compositional characterisation of acrylate monomers have been presented. In addition, the guidelines regarding the bulk storage and commercial handling of acrylates have been reviewed.

The reaction engineering of esterification reaction between acrylic acid and polyol has been worked out to provide the basis for selection of reactors. The reaction has been modeled as a series – parallel complex reaction for providing explanation for generation of various byproducts/adducts and multiple esters.

The detailed discussion on formation, characterisation and treatment of Michael adducts and purification of acrylate monomers will be relevant for new researchers for further development. A review of guidelines on selection of homogenous and heterogeneous catalysts for synthesis of acrylate monomers has been presented.

Since the related literature on acrylate monomers is scarce, scattered and proprietary, the consolidated coverage in one paper will be useful.

Acrylic resins are formulated into protective coatings in several ways. Most important volumewise are waterborne formulations based either on pure acrylics or on acrylic‐vinyl copolymers. Second most important are solvent‐based enamels and lacquers widely used for product finishes particularly in the automotive and appliance industries. An innovation of a decade or so ago is proving popular in this area, namely two component coatings based on hydroxyl‐containing acrylics and di‐ or polyisocyanates. These combine many of the good features of acrylics and urethanes and provide hard thermoset coatings. Yet they cure at temperatures as low as ambient.

Phosphonic acids are good complexing agents. However, they are not good as inhibitors except for a very few. Synergistic inhibition is offered in the presence of metal cations like Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺ and others in neutral media. The zinc ion is an ideal choice. The part of zinc ions are now replaced by polymers, azoles to prepare eco‐friendly inhibitor formulations. They are also used as corrosion inhibitors in concrete, coatings, rubber blends, acid cleaners, anti‐freeze coolants, etc. Discusses the various applications of phosphonic acids and their action mechanisms.

The purpose of this paper is to synthesise new fatty dicarboxylic acid half ester (NFAHE) C25, which can be used as substitute to dimer/trimer acids commonly used (C36, 54) as basic raw materials for manufacture of polyamides for printing inks or as curing agents for epoxy paints and adhesives. This could be an economically viable synthesis by which the user could manufacture the finished products from relatively low cost raw materials.

Vegetable oils have several double bonds that undergo large number of reactions. Diels‐Alder addition is one of them. Dimer acids have been produced by using these double bonds by reaction of two fatty acid molecules. Maleic acid, acrylic acid has also been used for this purpose. Sorbic acid is a derivative of alcohol and hence a renewable raw material. It is relatively less used by the coating chemists due to its relatively limited availability due to restricted uses.

It was found that sorbic acid reacts easily with unsaturated fatty acids. Its solubility in fatty acids and esters is limited. A common solvent that can be removed easily after the reaction was necessary. Cyclohexanone was found to meet this requirement. The resultant half ester of dicarboxylic acid could be easily converted to polyamides for curing epoxies.

The user can manufacture his own dibasic/tribasic acid as a first step. As a source of methyl esters of fatty acids with iodine value about 110 to 130, vegetable oils such as soyabean oil can be used. Low value acid oils obtained from vegetable oil refining are also suitable. Bio diesel could be used directly. To account for large saturated fatty acids in bio diesel, corresponding trimer may be produced by appropriate addition of sorbic acid to fatty acid.

The process allows a manufacturer to develop low cost formulations for bulk products using simple chemistry that can be integrated in the existing process.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the synthesizing of polyesteramide (PEA) resins using an acid functional acrylic copolymer (ACR) and hydroxy ethyl fatty amide (HEFA) of dehydrated castor oil (DCO) and to study the effect of HEFA on the performance properties of the coating films of PEA resins.

The PEA resins are synthesised by using ACR (synthesised by using butyl methacrylate (BMA) and maleic anhydride (MA)), and HEFA. Different formulations are developed by using ACR and HEFA. The coatings are made using xylene/acetone as a solvent. These coatings are applied on mild steel panels and are cured at 110°C. Various mechanical, optical and chemical properties of the coating films are evaluated.

The study reveals that, HEFA of DCO is used successfully as a cross‐linking agent for the ACR to form the PEA resins. Incorporation of long chain fatty acid (C₁₈) moieties of the fatty amide in the PEA resins backbone is thought to serve as flexibliser, which lead to improved mechanical and chemical properties of the films. The optimum results are obtained from composition three of copolymer A having (3:1) (ACR:HEFA) molar ratio.

The PEA resins synthesised here are made up of ACR (synthesised by using BMA and MA), and HEFA of DCO. Besides, this ACRs can be synthesised from acrylic acid. In addition to this, one can also use HEFA synthesised from other oils.

This method provides a simple solution for the synthesis of PEA resins and resulting to their improved mechanical properties. The developed product is also an environment friendly product.

The method developed here for the synthesis of PEA resins form ACRs and HEFA is unique and can be used as an effective surface coating material. These studies will help to develop low volatile organic compounds product which could find numerous industrial applications in surface coatings for metal surfaces.

Presents the view that higher solids clearcoats (more than 60 per cent solids) appear to be an attractive way for original equipment manufacture and refinish to meet European legislations as of 1998. New inventions in the area of low MW oligomers, alternative crosslinking mechanisms and rheology control agents appear to be capable of meeting the automotive and refinish performance levels. New developments in the area of surfactant free copolymerization open a new horizon to formulate waterborne clearcoats with excellent properties and appearance.

The largest acrylate and methacrylate plant monomer in Europe was recently opened by Christopher Chataway, the Minister for Industrial Development at the Department of Trade and Industry. The plant‐at Seal Sands, Teesside‐is the second largest in the world for the manufacture of acrylate monomers, and was built at a cost of over £22 million for Rohm and Haas (U.K.) Ltd. Construction began in early 1971, and has continued through to the two plants being brought onto stream without any serious problems occurring. The first plant, for methyl methacrylate monomer, was commissioned last May, and is already running beyond the planned design capacity. The second plant, for acrylic acid and other acrylic esters, has been running for several months at design capacity.

The purpose of this paper is to prepare new organic dyes and use them as sensitisers in dye-sensitised solar cells. These dyes were synthesised and purified and then characterised by analytical techniques. Spectrophotometric evaluations of the prepared dyes were carried out in solution and on a nano-anatase TiO₂ substrate to assess the possible changes in the status of the dyes in different environments. Finally, the photovoltaic properties were investigated in dye-sensitised solar cells.

So as to synthesise dyes, N-substituents carbazole were utilised as the fundamental electron donor group and cyanoacrylic acid or acrylic acid as electron acceptor anchoring groups. Purified dyes were dissolved in solution and coated on TiO₂ substrate. Finally, dye-sensitised solar cells were fabricated to determine the photovoltaic behaviour and conversion efficiency of each individual dye.

The results showed that the dyes form j-type aggregates on the nano TiO₂. The oxidation potential of synthesised carbazole dyes is > 0.2 V vs Fc/Fc+; hence, their high performance in dye-sensitised solar cells. Dye 3 exhibited 2.11 per cent of conversion efficiency in comparison to 2.89 per cent for the identical cells with Dye 9 containing cyanoacrylic acid which acted as the best acceptor group.

The novel dyes look as promising as highly light fast, efficient dyes for dye-sensitised solar cells.

Organic dye provides low cost and less hazardous materials for dye-sensitised solar cells.

A series of new organic dyes were synthesised as sensitisers for dye-sensitised solar cells for the first time.

The manufacture of esters for eleostearic acid has been outlined and a number of their properties examined, e.g. monomeric auto‐oxidation and atmospheric oxidation of B‐ acid esters and also permeability to water of thin unsupported films of xeleostearate esters has been investigated.