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Article
Publication date: 8 June 2020

Chloe Amanda Mann, Dara Mojtahedi and Chelsea Leadley

This study aims to determine whether cases of acid attacks within the UK could be differentiated based on the offence characteristics and motivations.

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to determine whether cases of acid attacks within the UK could be differentiated based on the offence characteristics and motivations.

Design/methodology/approach

The study used a multi-dimensional scalogram analysis (MSA) to examine the similarities and differences between the behaviours that were acted out during the 30 cases.

Findings

Results found a clear division amongst acid attack offenders through multiple variables, mainly pertaining to whether the attack was predicated and the motivation. This was found to be comparable with instrumental and expressive actions.

Practical implications

The findings have potential to contribute to psychological theory to categorise and define acid attack offences. This would also greatly assist in suspect prioritisation and other aspects of police investigations.

Originality/value

Reports of acid attacks within the UK are rising. The motivations behind these offences are predominantly related to gang violence and acts of revenge. However, the current literature around acid attacks has largely focussed on the victim perspective, with little research around offenders and their actions.

Details

Safer Communities, vol. 19 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1757-8043

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 7 July 2021

Taha Hocine Douara, Salim Guettala, Tarek Hadji and Ahmed Attia

The purpose of this study is to contribute with experimental study of the effects of binary and ternary combinations of river sand (RS), crushed sand (CS) and dune sand (DS) on…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to contribute with experimental study of the effects of binary and ternary combinations of river sand (RS), crushed sand (CS) and dune sand (DS) on the physical and mechanical performances of self-compacting concrete (SCC) subjected to acidic curing environments, HCl and H2SO4 solutions.

Design/methodology/approach

Five SCCs were prepared with the combinations 100% RS, 0.8RS + 0.2CS, 0.6RS + 0.2CS + 0.2DS, 0.6RS + 0.4DS and 0.6CS + 0.4DS. The porosity of sand, fluidity, deformability, stability, compressive strength and sorptivity coefficient were tested. SCCs cubic specimens with a side length of 10 cm were submerged in HCl and H2SO4 acids, wherein the concentration was 5%, for periods of 28, 90 and 180 days. The resistance to acid attack was evaluated by visual examination, mass loss and compressive strength loss.

Findings

The results showed that it is possible to partially substitute the RS with CS and DS in the SCC, without strongly affecting the fluidity, deformability, stability, compressive strength and durability against HCl and H2SO4 attack. The two combinations, 0.8RS + 0.2CS and 0.6RS + 0.2CS + 0.2DS, improved the compactness and the resistance to acid attacks of SCC. Consequently, the improvement in SCC compactness, by the combination of RS, CS and DS, decreased the sorptivity coefficient of SCC and increased its resistance to acid attacks, in comparison with that made only by RS.

Originality/value

The use of RS is experiencing a considerable increase in line with the development of the country. To satisfy this demand, it is necessary to substitute this sand with other materials more abundant. The use of locally available materials is a very effective way to protect the environment, improve the physico-mechanical properties and durability of SCC and it can be a beneficial economical alternative. Few studies have addressed the effect of the binary and ternary combination of RS, CS and DS on the resistance to acid attacks of SCC.

Details

World Journal of Engineering, vol. 19 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1708-5284

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 June 1997

Inder Singh, A.K. Bhattamishra and D.K. Basu

Stainless steels are very unique in that they offer a wide range and combination of resistance to corrosion, resistance to oxidation at high temperature and good mechanical…

1037

Abstract

Stainless steels are very unique in that they offer a wide range and combination of resistance to corrosion, resistance to oxidation at high temperature and good mechanical properties at room temperature. With rapid industrialization all over the world, these very properties have led to extensive use of stainless steels in different industries. Austenitic stainless steels containing molybdenum exhibit corrosion resistance in both sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Stainless steel undergoes severe attack in sulphuric acid having concentrations in the range of 20‐85 per cent, whereas they are immune to nitric acid in any concentration. However, sensitized stainless steels are prone to intergranular attack in acids, even in nitric acid. Further, the attack is aggravated in the presence of aggressive ions. Study of the behaviour of stainless steels in a mixture of acids (nitric and sulphuric acid) is lacking in the literature. This paper, therefore, discusses the performance of AISI‐316 and 316‐L in sulphuric acid and nitric acid and a mixture thereof at room temperature. It is observed that the steels are quite resistant to sulphuric acid and nitric acid, but in the acid mixture they are not so resistant, especially in AISI‐316 SS in respect of corrosion resistance, even in acid mixture containing C1 and Cu++ ions.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 44 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 February 1961

E. Ineson

Stainless steel is rapidly achieving pre‐eminence as a favoured material of construction due, no doubt, to the fact that for many applications in chemical plant it is the only…

Abstract

Stainless steel is rapidly achieving pre‐eminence as a favoured material of construction due, no doubt, to the fact that for many applications in chemical plant it is the only material that can fulfil the stringent requirements as well as ensuring minimum maintenance costs. This article describes the constitution of stainless steels and their physical, mechanical and corrosion properties. Finally, their importance to the chemical plant designer is surveyed.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 8 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

Article
Publication date: 1 February 1955

J. Dodd

Much progress has been made in the field of corrosion technology in the last few years and many new corrosion‐resisting materials have been developed, including improved types of…

Abstract

Much progress has been made in the field of corrosion technology in the last few years and many new corrosion‐resisting materials have been developed, including improved types of plastics and metals such as zirconium, titanium and tantalum. Plastics are finding extensive use as lining materials for chemical plant operating at moderate temperatures, but the poor thermal conductivity of most plastics makes them unsuitable for the transfer of heat. The recently developed metals and their alloys are extremely expensive to produce and fabricate and, so far, their use has been confined to certain specialised applications, although full‐scale production of zirconium is being carried out in America, mainly because of the low capacity of the metal for absorbing thermal neutrons. At the moment, however, these metals, because of their high cost, cannot compete commercially on a large scale with the older well‐established corrosion‐resisting alloys such as the high‐silicon iron alloys. The excellent corrosion resistance of the high‐silicon iron alloys, even at high temperatures, and their high thermal conductivity have established them as almost standard alloys for acid concentration and cooling plant construction. The following article outlines their composition and properties.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 2 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

Article
Publication date: 1 March 1960

F.G. COX

Tantalum has a resistance to aqueous corrosion that may be compared closely with that of glass. The principal use of the metal is in the construction of chemical plant where its…

Abstract

Tantalum has a resistance to aqueous corrosion that may be compared closely with that of glass. The principal use of the metal is in the construction of chemical plant where its excellent corrosion‐resistant properties have assured a place for it in special applications, particularly where corrosion resistance needs to be combined with a high degree of heat transfer. This sphere of application is expanding rapidly.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 7 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

Article
Publication date: 1 June 2015

Fernando Benedicto Mainier and Raphaela de Melo Baêsso e Silva

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the corrosion inhibitor performance in acid medium through the determination of Fe2+ ions present based on reaction kinetics of steel with…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the corrosion inhibitor performance in acid medium through the determination of Fe2+ ions present based on reaction kinetics of steel with the acid. The use of corrosion inhibitors has been an excellent technique for protecting carbon steel pipes acidizing operations in oil wells. The inhibitor forms a chemical barrier on the metal surface that prevents or reduces attack by the acidic media.

Design/methodology/approach

The experimental study provides a methodology to evaluate the performance of corrosion inhibitors in an acid medium, preferentially of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The process consists essentially of total immersion coupons of carbon steel, with continuous stirring, controlled temperature and quantitative determinations of iron ions from the dissolution of steel. The additions of commercial corrosion inhibitor base of ethoxylated amines of high molecular weight in an acid medium showed excellent performance at a temperature ranging from 25 to 45°C.

Findings

This paper presents the mechanisms of protection, performance graphs and calculations of the activation energies of the addition of corrosion inhibitors in an acidic medium.

Originality/value

The originality of this essay is to evaluate and correlate the performance of corrosion inhibitors with the activation energy in experimental conditions.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 62 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 August 1975

R.A. Umpleby

The unique chimney design for Drax power station resulted in problems with conventional linings. Low exit flue gas temperatures made it necessary for the chimney flues to be…

Abstract

The unique chimney design for Drax power station resulted in problems with conventional linings. Low exit flue gas temperatures made it necessary for the chimney flues to be protected from deposited acid attack. A cheap plastic material was initially used to protect the flues, but it failed during precommissioning tests. An alternative protection had to be found in the short period before the chimney became operational. N.E. Region Scientific Services Department together with a manufacturer have developed a new fluoroelastomer plastic lining. The new lining has been installed in two of the flues in the Drax chimney and its performance is being monitored. Life expectancy predictions have been made, based on theoretical treatments of experimental data.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 22 no. 8
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

Article
Publication date: 1 March 1963

J.F. Holmes

Most of this concluding article is concerned with surveying the corrosion of lead and its alloys in acids and alkalis of all types. As a considerable proportion of the lead…

Abstract

Most of this concluding article is concerned with surveying the corrosion of lead and its alloys in acids and alkalis of all types. As a considerable proportion of the lead consumed each year by industry is used for making grids for lead‐acid batteries, special attention has also been given to corrosion problems in this field. The newer applications for lead include its use in nuclear energy plant as a shielding material, and as a reactor coolant, and the corrosion problems arising under such conditions are discussed.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 10 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

Article
Publication date: 1 August 1963

An important section of the corrosion industry is that concerned with the installation of flooring and walls in buildings and structures liable to chemical attack and, as will be…

Abstract

An important section of the corrosion industry is that concerned with the installation of flooring and walls in buildings and structures liable to chemical attack and, as will be seen later, this covers a very wide field indeed. To the conventional materials such as silica cements, plasticised sulphur and bituminous compounds have now been added the more recently developed resinous cements and coatings, the newest of these being the epoxy and polyester resin base types. As a guide to the developments in this field we review below the products, both standard and new, of a number of firms specialising in this type of work.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 10 no. 8
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

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