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Water systems in civil aircraft, stimulated by passenger comfort needs, have grown to be a comprehensive and important part of aircraft engineering. In this article, following a review of the system types, the design features arc discussed in detail and emphasis has been placed on the functional and hygiene requirements, and on the need for simplicity and weight conservation. Attempts have been made to augment air‐borne water supplies by reclamation means, but these have not been too successful. Investigations should therefore continue into the ways and means of improving the utilization of existing ‘fixed’ capacity systems. Installation safety aspects are also discussed.

The construction workforce plays a crucial role in the successful delivery of any construction project and, eventually, the performance of any construction organisation. Effectively managing these workforces becomes crucial. However, past studies have shown that workforce management within the construction industry has been on the back foot, with workers being seen as resources required to deliver construction projects. This situation begs the need for a construction workforce management model that can be tailored to an organisation’s situation and adopted to manage workers and improve organisational performance effectively. To this end, this chapter reviewed existing workforce management theories, models, and practices to develop a suitable approach towards managing the construction workforce. Ultimately, a strategic workforce management with a classical view using a soft workforce management approach that embraces employees’ empowerment and development through trust was proposed. Five major practices that best suit the soft workforce management approach were identified as key constructs in the proposed construction workforce management model.

Attempts to address the question of managerial effectiveness in the UK′s National Health Service, with particular reference to doctors holding managerial positions as clinical directors. Emphasizes a systems framework as a model for analysis of the concept of effectiveness. Identifies and discusses the importance of various managerial inputs (for example, managerial behaviour) and outputs such as objectives in business plans. Highlights the difficulty of establishing outcome measures in a service organization. Contrasts this approach with an alternative subjectivist approach which questions the validity of objective measures of effectiveness. The two approaches are not necessarily incompatible but require a convergence in the philosophical assumptions underpinning analysis. May be relevant to medical managers and other professionals acting as managers in service organizations.

An integrated model of management and managerial behaviour linked to the process of management development is presented. A conceptual base is provided for understanding relationships among areas of general management theory. The contrasting ideas of various writers are rationalised in terms of both organisational and social responsibilities of management. A useful framework for discussion and adaptation, and for identifying future areas of research is provided. Studies can concentrate on both the importance of each area of the model and on their interrelationships.

Introduction A number of authors have commented on the failure of manpower planning to realise the high expectations originally held of its value to organisations. This has been generally true in British local government although there are exceptions as shown by the IMS study undertaken at West Sussex County Council. The need for effective utilisation of local government manpower is paramount, since up to 70 per cent of councils' expenditure can be manpower related. Furthermore a high proportion of work is service orientated (teachers, social workers, etc.) with only limited scope for a reduction in staffing levels through productivity schemes or the adoption of new technology.

Increased managerial effectiveness has been a concern for academics, management trainers and developers. However, the topic has remained relatively unexplored, especially so far as the effectiveness of the senior managers and officials is concerned. Examines results of first‐time study which has been carried out in the Romanian public sector. Finds that senior managers are aware of the needs for their own and others’ effectiveness and desire for development, and that the presence of certain conditions, some specific to Eastern European countries, tend to act as inhibiting factors insofar as the development of the senior managers is concerned. Concludes that effectiveness should be defined as functions of awareness of self and other organizationally shared and unshared values, constraints, demands and choices available to senior managers and their abilities and skills to get the job done. Thus, further understanding of the topic requires attention being paid to managers, their work, organization and social realities as they are and not as one expects them to be.

At this moment in time two sets of values present in society are in conflict with each other. On the one hand we have a powerful technical value system which tells us to make maximum possible use of technology so that we may become more wealthy and comfortable. On the other hand we have a humanistic value system which tells us to beware of technology for it is a mirage which will lead us to disaster rather than success. Somewhere in between these two value systems is another which says technology is essentially neutral; whether it produces gains or losses depends entirely on the decisions that are taken on how it shall be used. Supporters of this middle position are a group of researchers from seven European countries who are working together in an attempt to influence one form of technology — computers to move in a direction which produces human as well as technical gains. This paper is a report on one aspect of our research. We argue that computers and information technology represent a powerful resource for improvement at all levels of society; but for this improvement to come about, alternative ways of using the technology must be identified and choices made in terms of human psychological needs.

There is a substantial literature describing the various methods of job evaluation, all of which are essentially concerned to rank different jobs in a pay hierarchy according to rational criteria. Also, the aims and effectiveness of job evaluation schemes in terms of labour cost containment and as an aid to economic growth have been extensively discussed and evaluated. Moreover, in an era of incomes policies and the relative decline of industrywide bargaining, commentators have explored the feasibility of national job evaluation or alternative procedures for the consolidation of consistent acceptable differentials or ‘relativities’ between different work groups and industries at the level of the economy.

Aims to discuss incentive schemes within sales management circles and illustrates effects on sales staff. Believes that there is a belief among writers that the ‘carrot and stick’ method prevails within the selling/marketing fraternity, but purports to show that sales people are motivated by the anticipated satisfaction that comes with performance, rather than by performance itself, stating that self‐esteem has a direct effect on performance. States that three main areas bear on the incentive system: monetary incentives affect goal setting; lower goals allow rewards to be obtained easier so resulting in lower performance; personalized income may be increased if budgeted individuals set own goals. Proposes in summation that middle‐term sales disciplines should be quantified and assessed by means of a merit‐based appraisal scheme. Concludes that it is naive to assume that incentives motivate sales people to perform more effectively and that sales managers have the power of improved motivation in their hands.

The primary intention of this research paper is to systemically identify and discuss the longitudinal embedding of the nature of the changing role of first‐tier managers (FTMs) – drawing particular attention to the trends, typical characteristics and complexities associated with their role.

The paper carried out a literature survey using a long‐cycle approach – a systemic and in‐depth survey of the literature from the early Industrial Revolution era to the twenty‐first century in order to pin‐point the main phases of the transition of the FTM's people management role. The author's four‐factor framework for decision making vis‐à‐vis the role of FTMs was used to trace whether the characteristics and issues linked with the role today are typical of those associated with the role in the past, and the degree to which lessons have been learned.

Importantly, the long‐cycle analysis revealed that the FTM's role has been through three core phases from the early industrial revolution era, and is currently in the fourth phase. That is, the manager‐in‐charge, the manager‐in‐the‐middle, the manager‐on‐the‐margin and the manager‐in‐charge‐plus. Whilst drawing attention to the complexities associated with the evolution process, the cycle shows that it is possible to conceptualise each phase and identify the key factors linked to the FTM's changing role successively. This drew attention to the fact that the success or failure of this role can be determined by five key factors, which characterise it – definition of the role, training/development of FTMs, perception/attitude of the primary stakeholders of the role (including FTMs), broader organisational support of FTMs (whether lacking or present), and their performance/performance management. Furthermore, the findings showed that, if these key factors are not considered from an in‐depth historical perspective, the FTM's people management role will remain a major organisational dilemma.

The literature survey was quite general, although the literature on the manufacturing industry and the UK are the main focus.

The paper establishes the trends in the management of FTMs and their people management role using a long‐cycle approach. To date, few integrated studies on people management devolution to FTMs have been undertaken that seek to identify the key phases of the transition and the complexities associated with the evolution of the role during these times. Therefore, the paper addresses the imbalance by reflecting on the nature of the FTM's people management role over a long period, and developing a conceptual framework for pin‐pointing and analysing the problems faced in managing FTMs strategically.