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Article
Publication date: 12 July 2022

Stuart J. Barnes

Protecting a nation’s heritage is an essential element for sustainable development. Heritage attracts tourism and drives tourist income, as well as bringing wider economic, social…

Abstract

Purpose

Protecting a nation’s heritage is an essential element for sustainable development. Heritage attracts tourism and drives tourist income, as well as bringing wider economic, social and environmental benefits. This study aims to improve understanding of the relationship between heritage protection spending in countries and economic development via tourism revenues via economic logic and the Kuznets curve.

Design/methodology/approach

This study applies economic modelling to test for the presence of a Kuznets curve. This study uses rare available matched data on heritage protection spending from UNESCO and on travel and tourism total contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) from the World Travel and Tourism Council.

Findings

This paper finds evidence of a negative quadratic relationship between heritage protection spending per capita and tourism GDP per capita, whereby increases in heritage spending initially lead to more tourism income (typically less developed nations), but then tourism spending increases more rapidly for smaller increases heritage spending on top of this initial investment (typically more developed nations). No countries are yet at the stage where they reap high tourism income from much lower levels of heritage spending.

Research limitations/implications

The findings suggest that the future of heritage tourism will be very different to that of today; future tourism is likely to develop significantly through innovations in management approach and advanced technologies to manage the balance between demand and heritage degradation.

Practical implications

The predictive model allows us to plot future possibilities for heritage tourism, which in turn enables more informed decision-making regarding the planning and management of future heritage resources and tourism demand. Tourism heritage institutions and their benefactors should further plan and invest in innovations (such as technologies and management practices) to advanced economically and move along the tourism heritage Kuznets curve.

Originality/value

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper formally tests, for the first time, for the presence of a Kuznets curve in the relationship between heritage protection spending and tourism income. It provides original evidence of the value of applying the underlying theory of the Kuznets curve in a tourism context.

研究目的

遗产保护工作是实现可持续发展的基本要素。作为重要的旅游吸引物, 遗产资源可以推动旅游业增收, 同时也会带来更广泛的经济、社会和环境效益。借由经济学逻辑和库兹涅茨曲线, 本研究开拓性地剖析了国家遗产保护支出和旅游财政收入带来的经济增长之间的关系。

研究设计/方法

本研究运用经济模型来检验库兹涅茨曲线的存在。研究所用相匹配的遗产保护支出和旅游业对GDP总贡献的珍贵数据分别来自联合国教科文组织和世界旅游理事会。

研究结论

结果显示人均遗产保护支出与人均旅游GDP之间存在负曲线关系, 即最初增加遗产保护支出会带来相应的旅游收入增长(特别对于欠发达国家而言), 然而有了最初的投资积累之后, 后续较小幅度的遗产保护支出增长便能带来较大的旅游收入增长(特别对于较发达国家而言)。目前还没有国家达到以较低的遗产支出水平获得高额旅游收入的阶段。

创新性

本文首次正式验证了遗产保护支出与旅游收入之间存在库兹涅茨曲线, 由此支持了库兹涅茨曲线基本理论在旅游情境中的应用价值。

研究意义

研究结果表明, 未来的遗产旅游将与今天截然不同。通过创新管理方法和应用先进技术以协调旅游需求与遗产资源退化之间的关系, 未来的遗产旅游可能会得到显著发展。

实践意义

通过预测模型, 我们能够描绘出遗产旅游可能的未来, 这反过来又使我们能够就未来遗产资源和遗产旅游需求的规划与管理做出更明智的决策。旅游遗产机构及其赞助者应进一步做好驱动创新的规划和投资(如技术和管理实践), 以实现经济繁荣, 并使遗产旅游实践沿着库兹涅茨曲线的方向发展。

Finalidad

La protección del patrimonio de una nación es un elemento esencial para el desarrollo sostenible. El patrimonio atrae al turismo e impulsa los ingresos turísticos, además de aportar mayores beneficios económicos, sociales y ambientales. Este estudio realiza una contribución original mediante el análisis de la relación entre el gasto en protección del patrimonio en los países y el desarrollo económico a través de los ingresos del turismo basándose en la lógica económica y la curva de Kuznets.

Diseño/metodología/enfoque

El estudio aplica modelos económicos para contrastar la presencia de una curva de Kuznets. El estudio utiliza datos combinados disponibles sobre el gasto en protección del patrimonio de la UNESCO y sobre la contribución total de los viajes y el turismo al PIB del Consejo Mundial de Viajes y Turismo.

Resultados

El trabajo evidencia una relación cuadrática negativa entre el gasto en protección del patrimonio per cápita y el PIB turístico per cápita, de forma que inicialmente, los aumentos en el gasto en patrimonio conducen a más ingresos por turismo (generalmente en naciones menos desarrolladas), pero el gasto turístico aumenta más rápidamente ante pequeños aumentos del gasto en patrimonio además de esta inversión inicial (generalmente en naciones más desarrolladas). Ningún país se encuentra en la etapa donde se alcance altos ingresos por turismo a partir de niveles inferiores de gasto en patrimonio.

Originalidad

Este trabajo prueba formalmente, por primera vez, la presencia de una curva de Kuznets en la relación entre el gasto en protección del patrimonio y los ingresos del turismo. Proporciona evidencia original del valor de aplicar la teoría subyacente de la curva de Kuznets en un contexto turístico.

Implicaciones de investigación

Los resultados sugieren que el futuro del turismo patrimonial será muy diferente al de hoy; es probable que el turismo futuro se desarrolle significativamente a través de innovaciones en el enfoque de gestión y tecnologías avanzadas para gestionar el equilibrio entre la demanda y la degradación del patrimonio.

Implicaciones prácticas

El modelo predictivo nos permite trazar las posibilidades futuras para el turismo patrimonial, lo que a su vez permite una toma de decisiones más informada sobre la planificación y gestión de los recursos patrimoniales futuros y la demanda turística. Las instituciones de patrimonio turístico y sus benefactores deben planificar e invertir aún más en innovaciones (como tecnologías y prácticas de gestión) para avanzar económicamente y moverse a lo largo de la curva de Kuznets del patrimonio turístico.

Article
Publication date: 3 July 2023

Su Zhang and Yin-Hsi Lo

Kaiping Diaolou in Guangdong Province, China, is a UNESCO World Heritage site that is often used as a film location. This study aims to investigate the antecedents of film-induced…

Abstract

Purpose

Kaiping Diaolou in Guangdong Province, China, is a UNESCO World Heritage site that is often used as a film location. This study aims to investigate the antecedents of film-induced heritage conservation behaviour in tourists visiting Kaiping Diaolou. The conceptual premises of stimulus-organism-response theory were used to provide additional insight into the impact of film- and heritage-induced images, and tourists’ perceived authenticity, destination attachment and heritage conservation intention.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors tested the hypotheses using covariance-based structural equation modelling by using the data collected from the 391 valid questionnaires.

Findings

The empirical results reveal that both film- and heritage-induced images have a direct impact on tourists’ heritage conservation intention. Furthermore, perceived authenticity and destination attachment fully mediate the relationship between destination image and conservation intention, while the serial multiple mediator effect in the heritage destination image model is not significant.

Originality/value

The findings contribute to the understanding of tourists’ heritage conservation intention through the lens of destination image, perceived authenticity and destination attachment. The study’s findings enrich the literature on film and heritage tourism regarding destination image construction and heritage conservation and have implications for the sustainable development of heritage tourism and heritage conservation, as well as the marketing of heritage sites.

研究目标

位于中国广东省的开平碉楼是联合国教科文组织认证的世界文化遗产, 并经常被用作电影拍摄地。本研究调查了影响开平碉楼影视旅游游客的遗产保护行为的前因。本研究采用刺激-有机体-反应 (SOR) 理论的概念, 探究电影和遗产所诱发的目的地形象、游客的感知真实性和目的地依恋, 对游客遗产保护意图的影响。

研究设计和研究方法

本研究共回收 391 份有效问卷, 并使用基于协方差的结构方程模型来检验研究假设。

发现

实证结果表明, 电影和遗产诱导的目的地形象都直接影响游客的遗产保护意愿。此外, 游客的感知真实性和目的地依恋完全中介了目的地形象与保护意愿之间的关系。但是在遗产目的地形象的模型中, 感知真实性和目的地依恋的串行多重中介效应不显着。

独创性

研究结果有助于通过目的地形象、感知真实性和目的地依恋来理解游客的遗产保护意图。本研究丰富了关于目的地形象建设和遗产保护的文献, 并对遗产旅游和遗产保护的可持续发展以及遗产地的营销产生了积极影响。

Article
Publication date: 24 February 2023

Jinwei Wang, Qimin He, Lili Qian and Guoquan Wang

This study aims to reveal the empirical linkage between tourists’ perspectives and attitudes towards disaster ruins and dark tourism by attesting influence relationships between…

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to reveal the empirical linkage between tourists’ perspectives and attitudes towards disaster ruins and dark tourism by attesting influence relationships between disaster memorials perception, dark tourism evaluation, as well as heritage protection and tourism development intention.

Design/methodology/approach

Partial least squares structural equation modeling analysis was used on a sample of 413 valid visitor questionnaires collected at the 5·12 Wenchuan Earthquake Memorial Museum, Sichuan Province, China.

Findings

Disaster memorials perception positively influences positive evaluation of dark tourism, heritage protection intention and tourism development intention, while negatively influencing negative evaluation of dark tourism. Furthermore, positive evaluation of dark tourism and heritage protection intention positively affect tourism development intention. In addition, prior knowledge is a significant moderator in the research model.

Originality/value

This study applied the stimulus-organism-response framework and social exchange theory to predict tourists’ behavioral intention toward disaster memorials, providing valuable insights to dark tourism research. It illuminates tourists’ psychological and behavioral characteristics at natural disaster sites and deepens research on the human–nature relationship from the disaster perspective.

研究目的

本研究试图通过验证自然灾难遗址地游客感知、旅游评价、遗产保护意愿与旅游开发意愿之间的影响关系, 以揭示游客对灾难遗址和黑色旅游的感知及态度之间的隐秘逻辑。

研究设计/方法论/研究方法

采用偏最小二乘法结构方程模型, 对在中国四川省5·12汶川特大地震纪念馆收集的413份有效游客问卷进行分析。

研究发现

灾难遗址感知正向影响黑色旅游积极评价、遗产保护意愿和旅游开发意愿, 而负向影响黑色旅游消极评价。同时, 黑色旅游积极评价和遗产保护意愿均显著正向影响旅游开发意愿。此外, 游客的先验知识在研究模型中起着重要的调节作用。

独创性/价值

本研究运用“刺激-机体-反应”研究框架预测了旅游者对自然灾难遗址地的行为意向, 深化了黑色旅游研究, 拓宽了S-O-R理论的适用范围。

Propósito

Este estudio revela el vínculo empírico entre las perspectivas y las actitudes de los turistas hacia las ruinas de catástrofes y el Turismo oscuro, mostrando las relaciones de influencia entre la percepción de los monumentos conmemorativos de catástrofes, la evaluación del turismo oscuro, así como la protección del patrimonio y la intención de desarrollo turístico.

Diseño/metodología/enfoque

Se empleó un análisis de modelización de ecuaciones estructurales por mínimos cuadrados parciales en una muestra de 413 cuestionarios válidos de visitantes recogidos en el 5·12 Museo Conmemorativo del Terremoto de Wenchuan, Sichuan, China.

Hallazgos

La percepción de los monumentos conmemorativos de las catástrofes influye positivamente en las evaluaciones positivas del turismo oscuro, la intención de protección del patrimonio y la intención de desarrollo turístico, mientras que influye negativamente en las evaluaciones negativas del turismo oscuro. Además, las evaluaciones positivas del turismo oscuro y la intención de protección del patrimonio influyen positivamente en la intención de desarrollo turístico. Además, el conocimiento previo moderadora significativamente el modelo de investigación.

Originalidad/valor

Este estudio aplica el marco teórico estímulo-organismo-respuesta (E-O-R) y la teoría del intercambio social para predecir las intenciones de comportamiento de los turistas hacia los monumentos conmemorativos de catástrofes, proporcionando valiosas ideas para el estudio del turismo oscuro. Clarifica las características psicológicas y conductuales de los turistas en los lugares de catástrofes naturales y profundiza en el estudio de la relación entre el ser humano y la naturaleza desde la perspectiva de las catástrofes.

Article
Publication date: 19 October 2023

Wenhong Luo and Nelson Graburn

China has been going through a “museum boom” paralleling the domestic tourism boom since 2000; such growth changed the cultural landscape; museums became a vital characteristic of…

Abstract

Purpose

China has been going through a “museum boom” paralleling the domestic tourism boom since 2000; such growth changed the cultural landscape; museums became a vital characteristic of some Chinese cities for both residents and tourists. Encouraged by this growth, the more ambitious “All-for-one Museum (全域博物馆)” was proposed. The physical boundary between museums and living spaces is infinite ambiguity, challenging the idea of museums as “heterotopias.” This study aims to explore the musealization of urban spaces in the context of anthropology and museology, scrutinizing the cultural-political intentions and meanings of these developments, and seeks to ignite further investigation into the reconstruction of historical imaginaries for tourists and urban populations across related disciplines.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper examines two cases in Chinese metropolises, Beijing and Shanghai, to illustrate this development of musealization, that is, how the cities actively leverage museological values and methods to connect with their past. In the Beijing case, the authors explore how the local government is leading the effort to musealize the city; in the Shanghai case, they will see how tourists, especially dweller-tourists, navigate through a curated past story in the city and connect their own experience, memory and identity with the place.

Findings

The all-for-one museum creates a museal layer projected onto the bigger urban space, even though the authenticity of the “past” is challenged by the modernization development of the city. The authors also find out that for some tourists (especially dweller-tourists), an existential sense of authenticity plays a more significant role as they not only seek to sightsee the past of the city but also to take part in its creation.

Originality/value

This paper discusses two kinds of musealization in cosmopolitan cities of Beijing and Shanghai: top-down and bottom-up. It approaches questions about the musealization of urban spaces from the perspectives of anthropology and museology, and discusses musealization in the specific historical context of China’s modernization process.

Details

International Journal of Tourism Cities, vol. ahead-of-print no. ahead-of-print
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2056-5607

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 3 September 2019

Ya-ning Kao

The purpose of this paper is to examine the performance of Zhuang shamanic narrative songs at three festivals to explore how and why a narrative song genre that originated with…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the performance of Zhuang shamanic narrative songs at three festivals to explore how and why a narrative song genre that originated with Zhuang shamans is separated from shamanic ritual contexts and re-contextualized at festivals under the cultural policies instigated by the People’s Republic of China in the post-socialist era.

Design/methodology/approach

The research is based on a review of publications on Zhuang performance art and fieldwork data collected in southwestern Guangxi, China.

Findings

The de-construction of Zhuang shamanic narrative song melodies dates back to the late nineteenth century, when southwestern Guangxi literati used the melodies to compose popular songs. By the 1950s, the religious elements of these narrative songs had already been obfuscated, leading Chinese scholars to select them as representative of Zhuang performance arts. Since the enactment of China’s Intangible Culture Heritage (ICH) Law in the early twenty-first century, local Zhuang elites have re-constructed and re-introduced shamanic elements to narrative songs as they are performed at festivals as a means to further highlight the ethnic characteristics of the Zhuang people.

Originality/value

The paper provides detailed documentation of three cases of the restoration of shamanic elements to narrative songs sung by the Zhuang people. However, the research is limited to one community, inviting comparison with other cases, both inside and outside China, of how ICH policies impact grass-roots cultural practices.

Details

Asian Education and Development Studies, vol. 9 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2046-3162

Keywords

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