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This study aims to examine the utilization of Front of House (FOH) and Back of House (BOH) technology applications in different types of US restaurants along with their level of IT management and explore the importance of these technology applications to restaurant operations.

Survey data were collected from 500 randomly selected restaurant technology managers who subscribe to Hospitality Technology Magazine. The sample group represented 67,299 restaurant units. Data analysis was organized into three parts (descriptive, exploratory factor analysis, and independent samples t-test).

For FOH, the top-five point of sale (POS) technologies used are POS hardware, touchscreen, POS software, gift card integration and integrated credit card swipe into POS. At the BOH, the top-five POS technologies used are accounting/financial software, enterprise reporting, inventory management software, kitchen printers and company intranet.

This is one of the first studies to include a variety of technologies used in restaurants. Most existing studies focus on a single technology or a small number of them. However, this study provides an overall perspective on a variety of restaurant technologies from FOH to BOH. It also includes mobile POS technologies.

本论文旨在研究美国各种类型饭店的前厅（FOH）和后厨（BOH）的各种科技应用系统以及其信息科技管理水平, 此外, 本论文还分析了这些科技应用对于饭店运营的重要性。

本论文采用问卷采样形式, 从订阅了酒店科技杂志（Hospitality Technology Magazine）的饭店科技经理中随机抽取500名经理为问卷样本, 此样本代表了67,299家饭店。数据分析方法共分为三个部分（描述型、因子分析、和独立样本t检定）。

对于FOH而言, 排名前五的POS科技包括POS硬件、触摸屏、POS软件、礼品卡管理、和信用卡与POS系统链接。对于BOH而言, 排名前五的POS科技包括会计/财务软件、企业报表、库存管理软件、厨房打印机、和公司内网。

本论文是仅存的几篇研究多样饭店科技的文章之一。大多数文章只是关注一种或者少数几种科技。然而, 本论文提供从FOH到BOH多种饭店科技的分析研究, 包括移动POS科技等。

关键词 饭店科技、前厅科技、后厨科技、移动POS

This study aims to develop and validate a conceptual model that explains consumers’ persuasion by the information available on online food delivery systems (OFDS). The study validated consumers’ price savings orientation as an antecedent of two types of browsing behaviors (utilitarian and hedonic). Browsing and social influences were examined as predictors of persuasion.

A literature review was conducted to determine constructs that constituted the best conceptual model for this study. To test the model, an online instrument was developed, and data were collected with the help of a global marketing panel company from 333 consumers who have used OFDS. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to test the hypotheses of the model.

The study found that consumers’ price savings orientation strongly influenced both types of browsing. However, while utilitarian browsing did not influence consumers’ persuasion, hedonic browsing and social influence were strong predictors of persuasion.

Given the uniqueness of the study that stems from its task-technology context and the type of product being purchased, this study advances the literature in hospitality information technology, especially in the relatively neglected foodservice information technology area. The study also provides implications for both restaurants and OFDS as critical stakeholders in this important area.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine consumers’ persuasion in a food-service online retail context. This study is also the first to examine both types of browsing as distinct constructs in hospitality and to explain their differential role in persuasion.

本论文提出和验证了在线送餐系统（OFDS）解释顾客劝服的理论模型。本论文检测了顾客省钱心理作为两种浏览行为的动力（功利型和享乐型）。浏览行为和社会影响作为顾客劝服的因子在本文中进行了检验。.

本论文通过审阅文献以找到最佳模型。通过在线采样的方式, 与全球营销公司合作, 搜集数据, 样本数量为333位使用过OFDS的顾客。分析方法为验证性因子分析和结构方程模式以验证假设模型。.

研究发现顾客省钱心理对两种浏览模式有着重大影响。然而, 功利型浏览行为并不影响顾客劝服, 但是享乐型浏览和社会影响成为劝服的强烈动力。.

由于本论文的独特性在于其任务-科技背景和购买产品类别, 本论文对酒店信息科技的文献有着延展性贡献, 特别是在较少关注的餐饮服务信息技术领域。本论文还对饭店和OFDS, 两大在此领域重要利益相关者提供了启示。.

本论文是首篇检测在线餐饮销售领域中的顾客劝服问题。此外, 本论文也是首篇检测两种类别浏览行为, 以及检验其行为对顾客劝服的特别作用。.

This paper aims to examine the impacts of IT capabilities on hotel competitiveness.

This study adapts and extends Hua et al. (2015) and O’Neill et al. (2008) by incorporating the specific measures of IT expenditures as proxies for the relevant IT capabilities to explore the impacts of IT capabilities on hotel competitiveness.

This study finds that expenditures on IT Labor, IT Systems and IT Websites exert different impacts on hotel competitiveness. In addition, IT capabilities exert both contemporary and lagged effects on hotel competitiveness.

This study is the first that uses financial data to capture direct measures of individual IT capabilities and tests the individual impacts of IT capabilities on hotel competitiveness from both contemporaneous and lagged perspectives. It uses a large same store sample of hotels in the USA from 2011 to 2017; as a result, the study results can be reasonably representative of the hotel population in the USA.

本论文旨在检验IT能力对酒店竞争力的影响。

本论文延用 Hua et al. (2015) 和 O’Neill et al. (2008) 的研究, 结合IT支出的具体指标作为IT能力的指数, 以探索IT能力对酒店竞争力的影响。

研究发现支出对IT人力、IT系统、和IT网站对酒店竞争力有着不同的影响。此外, IT能力对酒店竞争力具有短期和长期的影响。

本论文是首篇使用财务数据来找出IT能力的指数并且检测IT能力对酒店竞争力短期和长期的具体影响。本论文使用美国2011年至2017年同一个酒店的大型数据; 因此, 研究结果可以代表美国酒店基本现状。

This paper aims to examine technostress and asks whether it is an illness requiring accommodation under the terms of the Americans with Disabilities Act. It further explores the notion that hospitality employers may contribute to employee technostress and examines employers' potential legal liability. Finally, it recommends steps employers can take to avoid legal liability.

Technostress is defined in terms of job demand and resource theory. It explores how technology overload can contribute to employee technostress.

As there is currently no legal definition for technostress, courts will be guided by the standard of what a reasonably prudent individual would do to guard against a particular threat.

The courts have yet to rule on whether technostress constitutes an illness requiring accommodation. It is therefore possible that technostress will not be classified as such. Still, operators should not make themselves a target for litigation.

Employers would be wise to craft policies that reduce the risk of technostress in the workplace to mitigate both its causes and effects.

Very little research has been conducted examining the impact of technostress in the workplace. The obligation of employers to accommodate employees suffering from the effects of technostress will be litigated soon. This will have a significant impact on the culture surrounding catering and room sales.

No studies have been undertaken as yet to anticipate its effects on employees and what steps employers must take to accommodate employees who suffer from it. This paper fills that gap and, more importantly, does so before the issue is litigated.

本论文旨在研究高新技术紧张症以及探索是否需要在美国残疾人法案中提出特殊关怀。此外，本论文还提出一个概念：酒店管理者可能从某种诚度上造成了高新技术紧张症，以及潜在的相关法律责任。最后，本论文向管理者提出建议，如何能够规避法律风险。

高新技术紧张症属于工作要求和资源理论范畴。其主要是强调过重的技术要求对员工高新技术紧张症的影响。

由于目前未有法律层面上的高新技术紧张症定义，法庭应该参考这样的标准：力保一个相对严谨工作的个体能够保护其合理权益免受不正确对待。

法庭尚未对高新技术紧张症定义为需要特殊关怀的疾病。因此，高新技术紧张症可能不会被列入疾病一行。然而，雇主们应该尽量避免其自身收到相关诉讼。

雇主们应该制定政策，降低工作场合的高级技术紧张症，这样才能够规避其严重后果。

目前很少有研究工作场合的高新技术紧张症。对于让员工遭受其病症的雇主们将会很快受到诉讼。这将对企业文化营造和企业收入造成严重影响。

目前尚未有文章对高新技术紧张症的影响和规避措施做出研究。本论文弥补了这个缺口，尤其是在这个问题尚未陷入严重诉讼影响之前。

The high frequency of disruption and dislocation of many industries, the migration to low-cost countries of different assets and activities, the increase in systemic risk, the birth of social and ecological constraints, as well as the new worldwide competitors require businesses and the overall society to change. In a so-called Industry 4.0. era, understanding the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in developed as well as in underdeveloped economies has become increasingly crucial. The purpose of this study is to shed the light on the peculiarities of Chinese AI assessing the state of art of AI in this unique and valuable context.

Through a research based on a qualitative data analysis, the present paper suggests a new way to analyse AI and to support a better understanding of the local Chinese aspects influencing its development and implementation.

The development and implementation of AI in China required tailor solutions which account for the following three main dimensions: the location (i.e. territorial extension, the administrative boundaries); the government approach; and the human capital.

The analysis presents a broad level activity. In addition, the paper focused on Chinese scientific literature and different types of data (i.e. institutional documents, professional reports, websites and speeches in Chinese). The paper used a multi-faceted approach, including also the tacit knowledge of the authors about the context under investigation.