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Technology-based innovation (TBI) is a primary approach across the hospitality industry to improve customer experience. It is essential to know the critical factors that affect consumers’ acceptance of hotels’ TBI. The effect of consumers’ attitudes toward technology is hypothesized to affect the acceptance of TBI besides commonly used technology acceptance models.

A model of attitudes toward technology influence on TBI was constructed and tested by inviting participants to watch a video of a keyless check-in process of a leading hotel chain and then completed a questionnaire. The attitudes toward technology were measured using the technology adoption propensity (TAP) scale.

Attitudes toward technology strongly affect the hotel’s booking intention (BI) used as a proxy for consumers’ acceptance of hotels’ TBI. However, attitudes toward technology can only influence BI through the mediating variables of trust and curiosity.

The findings provide useful insights, encouraging hotels to positively enhance consumers’ attitudes toward technology when introducing TBI services.

Most research on the acceptance of e-commerce technology focuses on consumers’ resulting attitudes or emotions using the products or services. In contrast, this study investigates the effect of consumers’ attitudes toward technology on accepting hotels’ TBI service. The study demonstrated that attitudes toward technology substantially impact the acceptance of hotels’ TBI service. Furthermore, the study provides empirical support on the use of the TAP scale in complex TBI services.

科技创新（TBI）在酒店业提高消费者体验的实践中属于首选方法。了解哪些影响消费者接受酒店TBI的因素至关重要。本论文假设, 除了常用的科技接受模型以外, 消费者对科技的态度会影响到TBI接受度。

本论文开发了一个关于对科技的态度作用于TBI的模型, 并邀请受访者观看在一家行业尖端的连锁酒店中采用无钥匙登记流程的VCR, 然后完成调研问卷。本论文采用科技接纳量表TAP来衡量消费者对科技的态度。

科技态度对酒店订房意图, 作为消费者接受酒店TBI接受度的代表, 有很大的影响。然而, 科技态度只通过信任和好奇感两个中介变量来实现订房意图。

研究结果提供有用见解, 鼓励酒店通过介绍TBI服务积极增强消费者对科技的态度。

大多数研究电子商务接受度的文章往往专注在消费者使用产品或服务的态度变化或者情感倾向。相反, 本论文研究消费者对科技的态度作用于消费者接受酒店TBI服务的态度。本论文证明了对科技的态度显著影响了酒店TBI服务接受度。此外, 本论文还提供实践证明采用TAP量表来研究TBI服务的文章。

The purpose of this paper is, first, to review the main conceptual proposals for the study of information and communication technologies (ICT) in tourism companies, and second, to develop and validate a formative scale for measuring the degree of technological advancement in hotels, based on the perceptions of a sample of Spanish hotel guests.

After a literature review on the measurement of technology advancement in tourism, a formative scale for ICT advancement in hotels from the guest perspective is developed and validated through a multiple-indicator, multiple-cause model estimated through partial least squares regression with data from 197 Spanish hotel guests.

Results of the empirical research allow validating the proposed formative scale for measuring technological advancement in hotels, identifying solutions that hotel guests mainly associate with highly technified establishments.

The proposed and validated formative scale for measuring the degree of technological advancement of hotels is expected to enable the proposal of models where the relations between central variables in consumer behaviour research (e.g. value) and their dependent variables (e.g. satisfaction) may be influenced by guests’ perception of hotel technology.

This paper presents an initial attempt to develop a scale for measuring the degree of technological advancement of tourism companies, a topic that has received scant attention in acad`emic research in spite of the importance of technology in this industry.

本论文研究目的, 第一, 审阅关于旅游公司的信息通信技术（ICT）相关理论研究；第二, 以西班牙酒店客户为样本, 编制和验证酒店科技先进度的形成性量度。

本论文首先审阅了旅游产业中科技先进度测量的相关文献, 然后通过MIMIC模型编制了从酒店客户角度出发的测量酒店ICT的形成性量度, 最后通过197份西班牙酒店客户样本和偏最小二乘回归来验证模型。

本论文验证了衡量酒店科技先进度的形成性量度, 并且发现各种解决方案, 其酒店客户用来评价高科技酒店个体的标准。

编制和验证的衡量酒店科技先进度的形成性量度, 表明消费者行为学核心概念（比如, 价值）和消费者满意度之间, 是可以由酒店客户对酒店科技度的感知因素来影响的。

本论文首次编制衡量旅游公司科技先进度的量度。尽管科技在行业中被视为很重要, 但是这个话题在科研界受到较少的关注。

科技先进度、信息通信科技、形成性量度、反应性量度、酒店

研究论文

This study aims to investigate the impact of the speed of change (trend) in information technology (IT) expenditures on performance risk indicated by revenue volatility in the US hotel industry.

To systematically investigate the impacts of IT expenditures on hotel performance risks, this study collects the same store proprietary data of 1,471 hotel properties from CBRE, a leading hotel consulting firm in the USA, from 2011 to 2017, with a total of 10,297 observations.

Econometric analyses are performed and results indicate a significant and positive impact of the speed of change of IT systems expenditures on the performance risk after comprehensively controlling for confounding factors following prior research.

With the increased importance of IT in day-to-day activities, hospitality business owners have started to quickly adjust their investment in IT infrastructure and superstructure to enhance their business performance. However, their fast-changing expenditures may introduce more risks to their businesses based on the speed–accuracy tradeoff, systems theory and the Schumpeterian Growth Model. This study is one of the pioneer projects that ever assessed the impact of IT expenditure and speed of change on performance risks of hotels.

科技创新（TBI）在酒店业提高消费者体验的实践中属于首选方法。了解哪些影响消费者接受酒店TBI的因素至关重要。本论文假设, 除了常用的科技接受模型以外, 消费者对科技的态度会影响到TBI接受度。

本论文开发了一个关于对科技的态度作用于TBI的模型, 并邀请受访者观看在一家行业尖端的连锁酒店中采用无钥匙登记流程的VCR, 然后完成调研问卷。本论文采用科技接纳量表TAP来衡量消费者对科技的态度。

科技态度对酒店订房意图, 作为消费者接受酒店TBI接受度的代表, 有很大的影响。然而, 科技态度只通过信任和好奇感两个中介变量来实现订房意图。

研究结果提供有用见解, 鼓励酒店通过介绍TBI服务积极增强消费者对科技的态度。

大多数研究电子商务接受度的文章往往专注在消费者使用产品或服务的态度变化或者情感倾向。相反, 本论文研究消费者对科技的态度作用于消费者接受酒店TBI服务的态度。本论文证明了对科技的态度显著影响了酒店TBI服务接受度。此外, 本论文还提供实践证明采用TAP量表来研究TBI服务的文章。

This study aims to examine the utilization of Front of House (FOH) and Back of House (BOH) technology applications in different types of US restaurants along with their level of IT management and explore the importance of these technology applications to restaurant operations.

Survey data were collected from 500 randomly selected restaurant technology managers who subscribe to Hospitality Technology Magazine. The sample group represented 67,299 restaurant units. Data analysis was organized into three parts (descriptive, exploratory factor analysis, and independent samples t-test).

For FOH, the top-five point of sale (POS) technologies used are POS hardware, touchscreen, POS software, gift card integration and integrated credit card swipe into POS. At the BOH, the top-five POS technologies used are accounting/financial software, enterprise reporting, inventory management software, kitchen printers and company intranet.

This is one of the first studies to include a variety of technologies used in restaurants. Most existing studies focus on a single technology or a small number of them. However, this study provides an overall perspective on a variety of restaurant technologies from FOH to BOH. It also includes mobile POS technologies.

本论文旨在研究美国各种类型饭店的前厅（FOH）和后厨（BOH）的各种科技应用系统以及其信息科技管理水平, 此外, 本论文还分析了这些科技应用对于饭店运营的重要性。

本论文采用问卷采样形式, 从订阅了酒店科技杂志（Hospitality Technology Magazine）的饭店科技经理中随机抽取500名经理为问卷样本, 此样本代表了67,299家饭店。数据分析方法共分为三个部分（描述型、因子分析、和独立样本t检定）。

对于FOH而言, 排名前五的POS科技包括POS硬件、触摸屏、POS软件、礼品卡管理、和信用卡与POS系统链接。对于BOH而言, 排名前五的POS科技包括会计/财务软件、企业报表、库存管理软件、厨房打印机、和公司内网。

本论文是仅存的几篇研究多样饭店科技的文章之一。大多数文章只是关注一种或者少数几种科技。然而, 本论文提供从FOH到BOH多种饭店科技的分析研究, 包括移动POS科技等。

关键词 饭店科技、前厅科技、后厨科技、移动POS

The purpose of this study is to apply the triangle model of technology and the technology readiness index (TRI) in a qualitative study design to explore the geocaching phenomenon in state parks.

A framework was developed to examine the triangular relationships between the park, geocaching and visitors. A total of 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Texas state park officials. A thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview data.

Three types of interactions (i.e. park-visitor, visitor-technology and park-technology) were identified. Although geocaching leads to positive recreational experiences for park visitors, the study also revealed the decreasing popularity of geocaching along with park officials’ apprehension regarding the placement of caches. The findings suggest that Texas state parks fall within the “Avoiders” stage in terms of technology readiness because of a low level of optimism and innovation and a high level of discomfort and insecurity toward geocaching technology.

The study contributes to the extant literature by adding new knowledge regarding geocaching in the context of state parks. This study is one of the first to apply the triangle model of technology to examine the trilateral relationships between parks, geocaching and visitors. The study also innovatively adopts the TRI in a qualitative study to identify the technology readiness stage of state parks.

本研究旨在运用科技三角模型以及科技准备度指数（TRI）以定性研究为方法来探索地理藏宝这一现象。

本研究为探索公园, 地理藏宝以及访客的三角结构关系提出了理论框架。研究对德克萨斯州立公园行政人员进行了12项半结构化访谈。主题分析发进行了访谈数据分析。

研究发现了三种形式的互动：公园访客, 访客科技装备, 和公园的科技装备。尽管地理藏宝活动提高了公园访客的体验, 本研究通过公园人员的视角也发现访客的热情有所降低。研究结果发现德州州立公园在科技准备度意义来说仍处于“回避”阶段, 基于较低的积极度和创新意识, 以及对地理藏宝活动表现较高的不适以及不安。

本研究为已有的文献增添了有关州立公园地理藏宝的新发现。本研究是首次运用科技三角模型来研究公园, 地理藏宝和访客之间的三边关系。本论文也创新性的在定性研究中运用了TRI对州立公园科技准备度进行研究。

This study aims to examine technology adoption practices in Chinese theme parks by leveraging text mining and sentiment analysis approaches on actual theme park customers’ online reviews.

The study text mined a total of 65,518 reviews of 490 Chinese theme parks with the aid of the Python program. Further, it computed sentiment scores of the customer reviews associated with the ratings of each categorized technology practice applied in the theme parks.

The study identified two major categories of technology applications in theme parks: supporting and experiential technologies. Multiple statistical tests confirmed that supporting technologies consisted of three types: intelligent services, ticketing and in-park transportation. Experiential technologies further included five aspects of technologies according to Schmitt’s strategic experiential modules (SEMs): sense, feel, act, think and relate.

The study findings contribute to the current understanding of theme park visitors’ perceptions of technology adoption practices and provide insightful implications for theme park practitioners who intend to invest in high technology solutions to deliver a better customer experience.

通过对游客的在线评论进行文本挖掘和情感分析, 本研究论旨在探索在中国主题公园中科技采用的行为。

本研究运用Python 程序一共挖掘了来自490 中国主题公园的65,518 条评论。本研究进一步计算了在主题公园中与科技运用有关在线评论的情感指数。

本研究发现了在主题公园科技应用的两大主要分类：辅助和体验科技。辅助科技包括三种：智慧服务, 售票, 和园中运输。根据Schmitt 战略体验模块（SEMs): 体验科技进一步包括科技的五大方面：感官, 感觉, 思考, 和联系。

本研究对了解目前主题公园游客对科技使用行为的看法提供了见解, 以及对主题公园有意向投资科技来提高客户体验的从业人员提供了深远意义。

Smartphones have influenced tourists’ information search behaviors and trip experiences in various ways. Operationalized in the air travel context, this study aims to apply the technology acceptance model (TAM) to unveil the causal relationships and potential compatibility or consistency between smartphone apps and travelers’ prior experiences, perceived technological congruence and technology value, attitudes toward price change and usage intentions.

Research data were collected via an online survey administered by a survey sampling company. The online questionnaire queries respondents’ frequency of downloading smartphone apps, familiarity with travel-related mobile apps, frequency of travel experiences, perceived technological congruence of the app and travel needs, attitudes toward price change, intention to purchase the mobile app and demographic information.

Results from structural equation modeling analysis indicate that travelers’ smartphone usage experiences significantly influence their perception of the device’s technological value in relation to travel needs and therefore results in positive attitudes toward price of the new mobile app and intention to use it. Prior trip experience, however, was not found to be an influential determinant in consumers’ smartphone acceptability, which departs from the existing literature.

This study provides evidence for the need to include perceived technological congruence in the construct of travelers’ TAM. It highlights the influence of the technology congruence variable and the compatibility of apps and travel needs in the literature.

智能手机对游客信息搜索行为和旅行体验有着很多影响。本论文针对航空旅行体验, 旨在通过科技接受模型TAM来检验智能手机APP和游客之前经历、感知科技一致性、科技价值、对价格变化的态度、以及使用倾向的关系。

采样数据通过专业问卷取样公司来做在线问卷调查。问卷主要测量受访者通过智能手机下载APP的频率、对旅游APP的熟悉度、旅游频率、APP和旅游需求的感知科技一致性、对态度变化的态度、购买APP的意向、以及统计人口数据。

本论文采用结构方程模型来分析数据, 结果表明, 游客智能手机使用体验对其旅游需求科技一致性有显著影响, 因此, 其对新APP态度和使用意图有积极影响。然而, 之前的旅行经历对消费者智能手机接受度并没有显著影响, 这与现有文献的研究结果有区别。

本论文研究了在游客科技接受模型TAM下的感知科技一致性, 其突出了科技一致性因素和APP与旅游需求协调性的重要性。

、航空旅行、智能手机, 关键词：、科技接受模型tam 、科技一致性

This study aims to reveal the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of a front-line service meeting to understand how users accept AI technology-enabled service.

This study collected 454 Korean employees through online survey methods and used hierarchical regression to test the hypothesis empirically.

In the results, first, clarity of user and AI's roles, user's motivation to adopt AI-based technology and user's ability in the context of the adoption of AI-based technology increases their willingness to accept AI technology. Second, privacy concerns related to the use of AI-based technology weakens the relationship between role clarity and user's willingness to accept AI technology. And, trust related to the use of AI-based technology strengthens the relationship between ability and user's willingness to accept AI technology.

This study is the first one to reveal the role of AI in the context of a front-line service meeting to understand how users accept AI technology-enabled service.

本研究旨在顯示在前線服務會議的情況下人工智能所扮演的角色，以便了解使用者如何接受人工智能科技化服務。

研究以網上問卷調查方式取得454名韓國僱員的數據，並使用層次迴歸分析，對假設進行以經驗為依據的測試。

研究結果首先顯示、增強使用者願意接受人工智能科技的因素包括使用者與人工智能兩者角色的清晰度、使用者使用基於人工智能的科技的積極性、以及在應用基於人工智能科技的情況下使用者的能力。其次，與使用基於人工智能的科技有關的私隱問題會削弱角色清晰度與使用者是否願意接受人工智能科技之間的關係。而且，對使用基於人工智能的科技的信任會強化有關的能力與使用者是否樂意使用基於人工智能的科技之間的關係。

這是首個研究、去顯示在前線服務會議的情況下人工智能所扮演的角色，以便了解使用者如何接受人工智能科技化服務。

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) offering FinTech services. This study contributes to the existing literature on microfinance digitalization, financial inclusion and sustainable development. The study also takes into consideration a behavioral perspective through the efficiency evaluation process of MFIs offering FinTech services.

The following study employs the Stochastic Frontier Analysis approach to estimate the operational and social efficiency scores of the 387 MFIs over the period 2005–2019. Then, it tries to consider factors influencing MFIs' efficiency and assess their effects. Hence, two separate models for operation and social efficiency introducing a set of factors, including FinTech proxies and overconfidence proxies, are tested. The first model for operational efficiency uses a random-effects estimator while the second one for social efficiency uses a fixed-effects estimator.

The results show that innovative MFIs have weaker averages of operational efficiency than non-innovative ones but higher averages of social efficiency. This was justified by the fact that innovative MFIs are more socially oriented. Further, findings of this study depict that the proxies of FinTech affect negatively the level of operational efficiency of MFIs. They also depict a negative relationship between FinTech proxies and the level of social efficiency. These results hold through robustness tests.

The highlight of this study is that it takes heed of the indirect effect of technological innovation on the efficiency of MFIs. It has been proved that it moderates the impact of managerial overconfidence (manifested by excessive risk-taking, viz., high levels of PAR30, LGR and NIM) on the level of both operational and social efficiencies.

本文旨在對提供金融科技服務的微型金融機構的表現作出評價。我們的研究, 就現有之學術文獻而言, 在以下課題之探討上作出了貢獻: 微型金融的數字化、普惠金融、以及可持續發展。本研究亦以行為主義觀點, 對微型金融機構提供之金融科技服務的效率作出評價。

本研究使用隨機邊界分析法的理念, 去估計有關的387間微型金融機構於2005年至2019年期間、經營方面和社會方面的效率分數; 繼而嘗試找出影響微型金融機構效率的因素, 並評估這些因素的影響。為此目的, 研究人員分別測試兩個模型, 一個是探究運作方面的效率, 另一個則探究社會方面的效率。兩個模型內均放入一系列的因素, 其中包括金融科技代理和過度自信代理。探究運作方面的效率的模型使用了隨機效果估算器, 而探究社會方面的效率的模型則使用了固定效果估算器。

研究結果顯示、具創新精神的微型金融機構, 在運作方面的效率的平均值上,較沒具創新精神的為弱, 而社會方面的效率的平均值卻較高。這個結果是合理的, 因為具創新精神的微型金融機構會更著眼於社會。另外, 研究結果描繪了一個現象, 就是: 金融科技代理會對微型金融機構的運作效率水平產生負面影響; 我們也看到、金融科技代理與社會方面的效率水平之間的關聯是負面的; 這些研究結果、均通過穩健性檢驗。

本研究最突出之處為研究人員關注科技之創新會間接影響微型金融機構的效率。研究人員證明了於微型金融機構整合金融科技服務是會緩和管理上的過度自信給運作和社會兩方面的效率水平帶來的影響 (管理上的過度自信、顯露於過度的風險承擔, 即是, PAR30(貸款組合風險-30日)、LGR(貸款增長率) 和NIM(淨息差) 處於高水平)。

Tourists must possess technological competence, as technology becomes increasingly ubiquitous in travel. However, few studies have investigated tourists’ technological competence (TTC). Thus, this study aims to develop a valid and reliable scale for measuring TTC.

In the development of the scale, the authors first reviewed the literature and consulted experts to formulate an initial set of items. The items were then reduced using exploratory factor analysis, and the measures were validated through confirmatory factor analysis. Two distinct sets of data were collected to develop and validate the TTC scale.

The final scale has 21 items and five factors: searching and booking for travel information online, using self-service systems, operating VR/AR technologies, using apps for travel and using technology at tourist destination. After analyzing the reliability, construct validity, criterion-related validity and known-group validity, the TTC scale has been established as a measurement tool with acceptable reliability and validity.

The authors proposed the concept of technological competence in tourists and developed a scale to measure it. In addition to filling research gaps, understanding the items relating to TTC can help promote tourism education in the digital and technological age and provide reference for those developing technological services at tourist destinations.

随着科技在旅行中的应用普及, 游客必须具备科技使用能力。然而, 关于游客科技使用能力（TTC）的研究很少。因此, 本研究开发了一个有效可靠的量表来衡量TTC。

在量表的开发中, 我们首先回顾了文献, 并咨询专家, 制定了一组初始测量项目。然后通过探索性因素分析缩减项目, 并通过验证性因素分析验证了测量。我们收集了两组不同的数据来开发和验证TTC量表。

最终的量表包含21个项目和5个因子：在线搜索和预订旅行信息, 使用自助服务系统, 操作虚拟现实/增强现实技术, 使用旅行应用程序, 以及在旅游目的地使用科技。在分析可靠性、构造效度、标准相关效度和已知群体效度后, TTC量表已被确定为具有可接受的可靠性和效度的测量工具。

我们提出了游客的科技使用能力概念, 并开发了一个用于衡量的量表。除了填补研究空白外, 了解与游客科技使用能力相关的项目可以帮助推动数字化和技术时代的旅游教育, 并为那些开发旅游目的地科技服务的人提供参考。