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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the legal and institutional frameworks for, and the challenges to the payment of the reprographic fees in Ghana.

A qualitative research approach was employed to address the objectives of the study. This involved focus group discussion sessions with twelve purposively sampled postgraduate students (six each from the private and public institutions) and the five Technical Committee members of CopyGhana; and qualitative interview sessions with the head librarians of four academic universities (two private and two public).

This study shows that CopyGhana derives its existence from Copyright Act 2005, (Act 690) section 49, and Copyright Regulations (L.I. 1962) 2010, sub-regulation 18. Copyright Regulations (L.I. 1962), 2010, sub-regulation 18 mandates CopyGhana to identify all the outfits that engage in photocopying for immediate licensing, and to protect the economic rights of foreign rightsholders within the jurisdiction of Ghana. Though students and library staff generally agree to the payment of the reprographic fees (the students however want to see it legally insulated against possible future arbitrary increases), the position of university authorities possesses a big challenge to its implementation.

The paper evaluated the legal and institutional frameworks for the payment of the reprographic fees, and the challenges in its implementation, and proposes that CopyGhana may have to activate its legal right to sue in order to overcome the challenges posed by university authorities, as is being done in other jurisdictions.

WEST BERLIN has a population of 2.2 million and its public libraries in 1961 recorded a circulation of 6.3 million books. For an Englishman, who knows about library statistics of big cities in his own country, it must be difficult to understand why public opinion in Germany would consider a per capita circulation of not even three books something like a miracle. Of course this is no miracle, but the German observer might be led to think so because statistics of German public libraries show that—in relation to the population—figures are much smaller than those reported by public libraries in Britain.

Au nombre des quatre‐vingts victimes de l'effroyable catastrophe aérienne qui s'est produite le 4 septembre 1963 à Dürrenäsch se trouvait, hélas! également le professeur Kurt Krapf. Là, c'est un village entier qui est brutalement privé de ses autorités, des douzaines d'enfants qui deviennent subitement orphelins; ici, c'est une personnalité de premier plan du tourisme suisse et international, un homme qui était doté des plus précieuses qualités de l'esprit et de l'âme, le plus fidèle des amis, le plus aimable des camarades, qui nous est arraché. Une vraie tragédie d'une ampleur apocalyptique. Qu'il est douloureux d'avoir à décrire l'existence et l'œuvre de l'ami si soudainement disparu.

This longitudinal panel study examined the relationship of three dimensions of control (personal, job and organizational) assessed in the initial phase of a hospital amalgamation on nurses’ reactions two years later during the amalgamation period. The participants were 179 full‐time nurses employed in four community hospitals being amalgamated into two. Nurses reported low organizational control, a finding consistent with the sense of powerlessness frequently associated with nurses. The hypothesis that the three types of control would differentially predict nurses’ reactions to the hospital amalgamation was supported. Personal control significantly predicted changes in perceived co‐worker support and help‐seeking coping over the amalgamation period. Job control significantly predicted changes in perceived supervisor support and direct action coping (putting more effort into doing one’s job) over the amalgamation period. Organizational control significantly predicted changes in perceived hospital support and trust in the hospital over the amalgamation period. The findings indicate the need to include more than one dimension of control in investigations of nurses’ sense of powerlessness and the importance of matching the type of control to outcome variables.

We investigate the convergence of Chinese real GDP per capita at regional and provincial levels, looking separately at the sub‐periods before and after major economic reforms and paying attention to the possibility of structural breaks induced by the ‘Great Leap Forward’. At the regional level we reject convergence pre‐ and post‐reform. At the provincial level we find evidence of a common regional trend for the Eastern region and again for the Central region, but not for the Western region. We conclude that, contrary to the policy objectives of the Chinese government, the regions of China have not shared a common development path.

Basic problems of the new branch of bionics—neurobionics—are discussed in a comprehensive form. Classes of problems are treated which bear a relation to the study of neurons and neuron ensembles, to simulation of some brain functions, to construction of neuroelectronic and neurotechnical systems, as well as to the automatic processing of experimental data, in particular, to deciphering of EEGs. The current situation is briefly analysed in solving the above problems. Attention is paid to developments accomplished in the Institute of Cybernetics, A.S. Ukr. SSR., at Kiev.

Last month in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada, USA, Richard Noble (the British Land Speed Record Holder) was driving Thrust 2 to break the world land speed record of 622 m.p.h. that was set in 1970 by an American.

Kirton’s adaption‐innovation inventory has been used to examine the significance of cognitive styles (personality traits) as mediating variables between message sources and their likely impacts on attitude change processes. The framework created as a result of this, incorporated adaptive and innovative stylistic differences in responding to messages delivered by negative and positive sources. A quota sample of 120 respondents has highlighted a number of key issues which are of both conceptual and practical significance. On a conceptual level the knowledge of adaptors being more source oriented extends the existing theoretical framework to include variations in the attitude change processes and on a practical level this aids the advertiser to consider different messages and delivery modes. Also important, although statistically insignificant, is the finding that innovators have a propensity to be influenced by a negative rather than a positive source.

A survey of technical literature indicates that there is a shortage of excellent corrosion inhibitors for zinc in non‐oxidizing acids, particularly sulphuric acid. This paper aims to describe the behaviour of ethylenediamine‐N‐N′‐dibenzylidene, ethylenediamine‐N‐N′‐disalicylidene, ethylenediamine‐N‐N′‐dicinnamylidene, triethylenetetramine tribenzylidene and triethylenetetramine trisalicylidene as corrosion inhibitors for zinc in sulphuric acid solutions. The objective of this research work also is to have an insight into the action mechanism of these inhibitors.

The effect of the various parameters affecting the action of the above‐mentioned corrosion inhibitors has been studied using weight‐loss data and polarisation measurements. Adsorption data also were utilized.

The inhibitors showed excellent corrosion inhibition (>99 per cent) at effective inhibitor concentrations. The two salicylidenes were better corrosion inhibitors than were corresponding benzylidenes. It appeared from this study that an efficient inhibitor is characterised by a relatively greater decrease in free energy of adsorption, lower entropy of adsorption and relatively lower heat of adsorption. Basically, these inhibitors were cathodic, as was revealed by polarisation data, and the inhibitors followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm behaviour. In general, the conjoint action of the inhibitor and the cathodic current was synergistic.

Powerful Schiff bases still need to be synthesized so as to be effective at extremely low concentrations. The behaviour with other metals and alloys in diverse media also requires to be investigated.

Very few inhibitors demonstrate such excellent corrosion inhibition of zinc in aggressive corrosive media. Such detailed investigations on corrosion inhibitors are unusual.