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A neural network is employed to analyze axial piston pump of hydrostatic circular recessed bearing. Owing to complexity of the system, the neural network is used to predict the bearing parameters of the experimental system. The system mainly consists of cylinder block, piston, slipper, ball‐joint and swash plate. The neural model of the system has three layers, which are input layer with one neuron, hidden layer with ten neurons and output layer with three neurons. It can be outlined from the results for both approaches neural network could be modeled bearing systems in real time applications.

The purpose of this paper is to improve the application of neural networks on vehicle engine systems for fault detecting and analysing engine oils.

Three types of neural networks are employed to find exact neural network predictor of vehicle engine oil performance and quality. Nevertheless, two oil types are analysed for predicting performance in the engine. These oils are used and unused oils. In experimental work, two accelerometers are located at the bottom of the car engine to measure related vibrations for analysing oil quality of both cases.

The results of both computer simulation and experimental work show that the radial basis neural network predictor gives good performance at adapting different cases.

The results of the proposed neural network analyser follow the desired results of the vehicle engine's vibration variation. However, this kind of neural network scheme can be used to analyse oil quality of the car in experimental applications.

As theoretical and practical studies are evaluated together, it is hoped that oil analysers and interested researchers will obtain significant results in this application area.

This paper is an original contribution on vehicle oil quality analysis using a proposed artificial neural network and it should be helpful for industrial applications of vehicle oil quality analysis and fault detection.

To improve the application neural networks predictors on bearing systems and to investigate the exact neural model of the ball‐bearing system.

A feed forward neural network is designed to model‐bearing system. Two results are compared for finding the exact model of the system.

The results of the proposed neural network predictor gives superior performance for analysing the behaviour of ball bearing undergoing loading deformation.

The results of the proposed neural network exactly follows desired results of the system. Neural network predictor can be employed in practical applications.

As theoretical and practical study is evaluated together, it is hoped that ball‐bearing designers and researchers will obtain significant results in this area.

This paper fulfils an identified research results need and offers practical investigation for an academic career and research. Also, It should be very helpful for industrial application of ball‐bearing systems.

This paper aims to explore pro-environmental behavior (PEB) in Azerbaijan. Therefore, the authors used value-belief-norm (VBN) theory, extended by the construct of social norms (SN), as a basis.

Data were collected by establishing a link within various social media platforms. The final sample consisted of 407 respondents. The authors analyzed four dimensions of PEB using higher-order structural equations. The authors also examined both direct and (serial) indirect effects for cross-cultural validation of the extended VBN theory.

The authors were able to confirm the VBN theory in its entirety. However, SN, which are influential in collectivistic and Sunni-majority states, do not contribute significantly to explaining PEB in predominantly Shiite Azerbaijan.

The authors could not establish a direct effect of SN on PEB within this study. However, the authors observed an indirect “values-beliefs-norms-behavior” effect. The different (partly abbreviated) effect channels of the four tested value antecedents provide interesting insights for marketing research.

Based on the results, it seems crucial to make Muslim consumers aware of the negative outcomes of their consumption behavior and to emphasize individual responsibility. However, SN may not need to be addressed depending on cultural and/or religious values.

The authors examined PEB in Azerbaijan by testing the serial mediation effects in the VBN model. Further, the authors tested the influence of SN within the framework of the original VBN theory, contributing to a better understanding of the possibility of integrating components of the theory of planned behavior.

Transnational education (TNE) is evolving. It has moved from a necessity-driven model to a more balanced collaboration between host nation and sending institution. As a result of this shift, the issue of sustainability looms large. As the sector has matured, the primary drive is no longer economic and as a result, integration and relevance to context are promoted and cultivated. Universities are looking for long-term engagement and, therefore, must choose partners wisely.

Sustainability for the long-term success of an institution in a host nation is often measured by the extent to which a higher education institution (HEI) can integrate and demonstrate value. This is perhaps most often demonstrated now by employability. In the face of shifting expectations, student debt, and graduate mobility, attention must be paid to relevance of learning and inherent value of degree. We still understand relatively little about the impact and legacy of TNE, or the role it can play in the employability agenda and this is at the heart of the sustainability debate in international higher education (HE).

The issue of access, while not solved for all, has perhaps been replaced in literature with impact, or indeed, legacy (McNamara & Knight, 2014). What is the value of international HE, and to whom? As institutions look to further their global reach, both as a response to shifting recruitment patterns and visa concerns and in order to pursue new funding opportunities and industry partners, a closer examination of university partnerships, both with other institutions and further afield, is required. New models provide new opportunities but are they simply more efficient and less costly ways of achieving the goal of student recruitment? The questions that should be asked are fundamentally why are universities engaging in international activity and who ultimately benefits?

This chapter will highlight key examples of sustainable partnership models. These cases will serve as a valuable resource for policy makers, universities, and HE practitioners. The chapter will explore examples from different countries and contexts, in order to identify core elements of a university partnership that promote, enhance, and support sustainability and do not rely on traditional models of fixed campus presence.

Although there has been considerable growth in the higher education systems of Turkey and China in about the last two decades, there is still a room for development in enabling equity in all regions, increasing opportunities and resources regardless of socio-economic status or gender differences. Students coming from disadvantaged backgrounds do not have enough tools to change their fate for the better due to the accumulated barriers they face. Given this background, the chapter discusses how the barriers to equitable HE admissions relate to each other and which one has a greater negative impact over the Accumulated Conversion Barriers Modal we propose defined by personal, discriminatory, institutional, and geographical barriers. The perspectives of Turkish and Chinese HE stakeholders were examined through 21 in-depth interviews that were subjected to content analysis and interpreted in a comparative style using the lens of Capabilities Approach of Sen. We also offer policy suggestions to increase students’ conversion capacities for better outcomes to serve both the national and the international educational contexts owing to the adaptable nature of our modal to other countries experiencing similar issues in their higher education systems.

A newly discovered energy source is expected to make a positive contribution to the economic growth of the country. To some extent, it is even thought that this is the underlying difference between developed and developing countries today. However, in history, it is seen that the countries that find new energy sources are not always able to benefit from it. The state mechanism without the necessary financial institutions and absence of dynamic economic and commercial life may lead to the inability to benefit from the newly found energy source. In this study, we will compare two nineteenth-century empires, Ottoman and British, which found coal in their homeland. As history as shown, we argue that the political institutions and the state reflexes are critical when it comes to utilizing a newly found energy source.

This study examines the roles of cross-sectional dependence, asymmetric structure and country-to-country policy variations in the inflation-poverty reduction causal nexus in selected sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries from 1981 to 2019.

To account for cross-sectional dependence, heterogeneity and policy variations across countries in the inflation-poverty reduction causal nexus, this study uses robust Hatemi-J data decomposition procedures and a battery of second-generation techniques. These techniques include cross-sectional dependency tests, panel unit root tests, slope homogeneity tests and the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel Granger non-causality approach.

Unlike existing studies, the panel and country-specific findings exhibit several dimensions of asymmetric causality in the inflation-poverty nexus. Positive inflationary shocks Granger-causes poverty reduction through investment and employment opportunities that benefit the impoverished in SSA. These findings align with country-specific analyses of Botswana, Cameroon, Gabon, Mauritania, South Africa and Togo. Also, a decline in poverty causes inflation to increase in the Congo Republic, Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo. All panel and country-specific analyses reveal at least one dimension of asymmetric causality or another.

All stakeholders and policymakers must pay adequate attention to issues of asymmetric structures, nonlinearities and country-to-country policy variations to address country-specific issues and the socioeconomic problems in the probable causal nexus between the high incidence of extreme poverty and double-digit inflation rates in most SSA countries.

Studies on the inflation-poverty nexus are not uncommon in economic literature. Most existing studies focus on inflation’s effect on poverty. Existing studies that examine the inflation-poverty causal relationship covertly assume no asymmetric structure and nonlinearity. Also, the issues of cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity are unexplored in the causal link in existing studies. All panel studies covertly impose homogeneous policies on countries in the causality. This study relaxes this supposition by allowing policies to vary across countries in the panel framework. Thus, this study makes three-dimensional contributions to increasing understanding of the inflation-poverty nexus.

The major aim of study was to determine the chicken meat producer's optimal selling times.

The method used for this purpose was Wald, Benefit and Regret criterions of Game Theory. The transformed Wald, Benefit and Regret linear programming models were solved to find the optimal solution. The data consisted of monthly chicken meat prices received by producers between 2000‐2007, which were obtained from the Poultry Meat Producers and Breeders Association.

The optimal solutions of Wald and Benefit criteria showed that June was the best selling month for chicken meat producers in Turkey. August was found to be the optimal selling month according to the Minimum regret criterion. In light of the Maximum criterion it was concluded that the producers would be at highest regret positions with 98.28 percent in event of selling in November.

The results found in this study could be an indicator for individual chicken producers for a more competitive bargaining power when they make a contract with chicken meat production and marketing firms.

As a result of human right movements, the importance of special needs of individuals with disabilities has become more prominent in many countries in the world. Hence, endeavors of people with disabilities, their family members, and advocates to seek accessible communities and equal opportunities for education, as well as, job placement have been widely accepted as human rights for individuals with disabilities. Consequently, establishing barrier-free environments and inclusive societies for people with disabilities have become important indicators of social development of countries. Besides, since education is considered as a fundamental human right, the importance of providing special education for children with disabilities has been recently realized by many nations (United Nations. (2006). World programme of action concerning disabled persons. New York, NY: United Nations). Turkey is one of those countries that have quite recently started to invest in special education services for its citizens with disabilities. This chapter focuses on the development, as well as the current state of special education in Turkey. Included in this development are the following sections: origins of Turkish special education, prevalence and incident rates, trends in laws and regulations, educational interventions, working with families, teacher preparation, progress that has been made, and special education challenges that exist.