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Book part
Publication date: 15 July 2017

Andreas W. Ebert

Malnutrition is widespread and affects about one-third of humanity. Increasing production and consumption of vegetables is an obvious pathway to improve dietary diversity…

Abstract

Malnutrition is widespread and affects about one-third of humanity. Increasing production and consumption of vegetables is an obvious pathway to improve dietary diversity, nutrition and health. This chapter analyses how climate change is affecting vegetable production, with a special focus on the spread of insect pests and diseases. A thorough literature review was undertaken to assess current global vegetable production, the factors that affect the spread of diseases and insect pests, the implications caused by climate change, and how some of these constraints can be overcome. This study found that climate change combined with globalization, increased human mobility, and pathogen and vector evolution has increased the spread of invasive plant pathogens and other species with high fertility and dispersal. The ability to transfer genes from wild relatives into cultivated elite varieties accelerates the development of novel vegetable varieties. World Vegetable Center breeders have embarked on breeding for multiple disease resistance against a few important pathogens of global relevance and with large evolutionary potential, such as chili anthracnose and tomato bacterial wilt. The practical implications of this are that agronomic practices that enhance microbial diversity may suppress emerging plant pathogens through biological control. Grafting can effectively control soil-borne diseases and overcome abiotic stress. Biopesticides and natural enemies either alone or in combination can play a significant role in sustainable pathogen and insect pest management in vegetable production system. This chapter highlights the importance of integrated disease and pest management and the use of diverse production systems for enhanced resilience and sustainability of highly vulnerable, uniform cropping systems.

Open Access
Article
Publication date: 18 August 2020

Saroni Biswas, Anirban Biswas, Arabinda Das and Saon Banerjee

This study aims to assess the biodiversity of the study area and estimate the carbon stock of two dry deciduous forest ranges of Banka Forest Division, Bihar, India.

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Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to assess the biodiversity of the study area and estimate the carbon stock of two dry deciduous forest ranges of Banka Forest Division, Bihar, India.

Design/methodology/approach

The phytosociological analysis was performed and C stock estimation based on volume determination through nondestructive methods was done.

Findings

Phytosociological analysis found total 18,888 [14,893 < 10 cm (diameter at breast height) dbh] and 2,855 (1,783 < 10 cm dbh) individuals at Banka and Bounsi range with basal area of 181,035.00 cm2 and 32,743.76 cm2, respectively. Importance value index was highest for Shorea robusta in both the ranges. Species diversity index and dominance index, 1.89 and 1.017 at Banka and 1.99 and 5.600 at Bounsi indicated the prevalence of biotic pressure. Decreased dbh and tree height resulted in a lowered growing stock volume as 59,140.40 cm3 ha−1 (Banka) and 71,306.37 cm3 ha−1 (Bounsi). Total C stock at Banka and Bounsi range was 51.8 t ha-1 and 12.56 t ha−1, respectively where the highest C stock is recorded for Shorea robusta in both the ranges (9.8 t ha−1 and 2.54 t ha-1, respectively). A positive correlation between volume, total biomass and basal area of tree species with C stock was observed. R2 value for Banka range was 0.9269 (volume-C stock), 1 (total biomass-C stock) and 0.647 (basal area-C stock). Strong positive correlation was also established at Bounsi range with R2 value of 1. Considering the total forest area enumerated, C sequestration potential was about 194.25 t CO2 (Banka) and 45.9 t CO2 (Bounsi). The valuation of C stock was therefore US$2,525.25 (Banka) and US$596.70 (Bounsi).

Practical implications

The research found the potentiality of the study area to sequester carbon. However, for future, the degraded areas would require intervention of management strategies for restoration of degraded lands and protection of planted trees to increase the carbon sequestration potential of the area.

Originality/value

Present study is the first attempt to assess the phytosociology and estimate the regulatory services of forest with respect to biomass and carbon stock estimation for the Banka forest division of Bihar.

Details

Ecofeminism and Climate Change, vol. 2 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2633-4062

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 21 June 2011

M. Abdullah Dar

The purpose of this paper is to make people aware of organic corrosion inhibitors.

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to make people aware of organic corrosion inhibitors.

Design/methodology/approach

As it is a literature review paper, no specific method is used.

Findings

It has been found that plant extracts and oils show inhibition efficiency up to 98 percent, so it is certain that plant extracts and oils are effective corrosion inhibitors and can be successfully used at the industrial level.

Research limitations/implications

Plant extracts and oils are also found to be non‐toxic, highly efficient, renewable and cheap. But less effort has been given towards the identification of which compound is active in the extract.

Originality/value

The paper shows detailed account of the inhibitors obtained from plants, which are used as natural corrosion inhibitors.

Details

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, vol. 63 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0036-8792

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 5 May 2020

Tintu Jose Manicketh and Mannancheril Sebastian Francis

The paper aims to investigate the feasibility of developing natural dyes from the barks of Araucaria columnaris and leaves of Macaranga peltata, Averrhoa bilimbi. The paper also…

Abstract

Purpose

The paper aims to investigate the feasibility of developing natural dyes from the barks of Araucaria columnaris and leaves of Macaranga peltata, Averrhoa bilimbi. The paper also deals with the application of natural dyes in textile coloration.

Design/methodology/approach

Dye extraction was carried out using the aqueous method. The dyeability of the aqueous extract was assessed on cotton, silk and polyester yarns using different mordants (alum, acetic acid, CuSO4, lemon juice) and without mordant. UV–Visible spectral analysis and pH of different natural dyes were determined. Percent absorption, K/S values, CIELab values and fastness properties of the selected dyed yarns were also assessed.

Findings

The percentage values for dye exhaustion differed with various mordants. The K/S values were found to be influenced by the addition of mordants. Different hues were obtained with the usage of different mordants. Fastness results exhibited good to very good grades.

Research limitations/implications

The effective application of aqueous method of dye extraction in the study avoids solvent toxicity. The current results proved that the dyeing could be achieved at room temperature for different yarns (cotton, silk, polyester). At present, no report exists in the literature of research work on the extraction of natural dyes from the leaves of M. peltata, A. bilimbi and their dyeing potential on cotton, silk and polyester.

Practical implications

The present work offers new environment-friendly dye as well as simple dyeing method. Barks and leaves are promising sources of dye. Enormous availability of barks and leaves avoids the exploitation of the plant parts for the extraction of natural dyes.

Originality/value

The important feature of this study was the effective dyeing of natural and synthetic fibers at room temperature. The novel sources of natural dyes would contribute significantly to the existing knowledge of dyeing, and the natural dyes reduce the environmental impact of synthetic dyes.

Details

International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, vol. 32 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0955-6222

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 2 March 2010

Nasiru Idris Medugu, M. Rafee Majid, Foziah Johar and I.D. Choji

The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent to which an afforestation programme as spelt out in the Forestry II programme has checked the encroachment of desert in the…

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Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent to which an afforestation programme as spelt out in the Forestry II programme has checked the encroachment of desert in the arid and semi‐arid zone of northern Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is carried out in the afforestation project states aimed at evaluating the success/failure of the program. Field observation and a site visit are conducted on some communities as well as policies relevant to forestry sector are reviewed.

Findings

The preliminary findings of this paper indicate that the afforestation projects had a positive impact on both biophysical and socioeconomic environment and contributed to the sustainability of the afforestation programme.

Research limitations/implications

This paper is primarily focused on the various components of the Forestry II programme and the extent they have helped in combating desertification.

Originality/value

The paper addresses the need for sustainable afforestation projects and discusses on how the community effort and participation of women plays an important role during the afforestation programs.

Details

International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, vol. 2 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1756-8692

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 28 June 2019

Subramanian Chitra, Ill-Min Chung, Seung-Hyun Kim and Mayakrishnan Prabakaran

The study aims to find new anticorrosive components from a plant source, namely, Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. et Zucc. (P. terminalis), a traditional medicinal shrub predominantly…

Abstract

Purpose

The study aims to find new anticorrosive components from a plant source, namely, Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. et Zucc. (P. terminalis), a traditional medicinal shrub predominantly used by Tujia people.

Design/methodology/approach

Because phenolic components from plants are known for its numerous values in several fields, the corrosion inhibitive ability of P. terminalis extract was analyzed by electrochemical studies (polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) and surface examination (by scanning electron microscopy [SEM], energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy [EDX] and atomic force microscopy [AFM]).

Findings

The examination of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and individual phenols (UHPLC) showed the presence of 85.21 mg/g (TPC), 25.38 mg/g (TFC), protocatechuic acid (62.10 µg/g), gentisic acid (60.21µg/g), rutin (50.12 µg/g), kaempferol (46.58 µg/g) and p-Coumaric acid (42.35µg/g) . The polarization study shows that the maximum shift is (16 mV), imposing a mixed mode of inhibition, dominantly anodic. The surface morphology studies by SEM, EDX and AFM confirmed the adsorption of phytochemical components on the low carbon steel surface blocking the active sites.

Originality/value

The study unveils the inhibitive nature of P. terminalis, preventing aggressive attack by 0.5 M HCl on low carbon steel. This also exhibits few phenols present in methanolic leaf extract which may be the role player of corrosion inhibition.

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 48 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 3 July 2007

O.K. Abiola, N.C. Oforka, E.E. Ebenso and N.M. Nwinuka

To investigate the inhibitive effect of Delonix regia extracts to reduce the corrosion rate of aluminium in acidic media. The study was a trial to find a low cost and…

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Abstract

Purpose

To investigate the inhibitive effect of Delonix regia extracts to reduce the corrosion rate of aluminium in acidic media. The study was a trial to find a low cost and environmentally safe inhibitor to reduce the corrosion rate of aluminium.

Design/methodology/approach

The inhibition efficiency was evaluated using the hydrogen evolution technique at 30°C. The mechanism of adsorption inhibition and type of adsorption isotherm was characterised from trends of inhibition efficiency and kinetic data.

Findings

Delonix regia extracts inhibited the corrosion of aluminium in hydrochloric acid solutions. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing concentration of the inhibitor but decreased with increase in exposure time. The acid extracts (hydrochloric acid seeds extract (HSE) and hydrochloric acid leaf extract (HLE)) were found to be more effective than the ethanolic extracts (ethanol seeds extract (ASE) and ethanol leaves extract (ALE)) and the inhibition followed the order: HSE (93.6 per cent) > HLE (83.5 per cent) > ASE (63.9 per cent) > ALE (60.4 per cent). The low negative values of ΔGad: −20.14 kJ mol−1 for HSE, −18.08 kJ mol−1 for HLE, −15.96 kJ mol−1 for ASE and −15.12 kJ mol−1 for ALE, as calculated from the Langmuir isotherm, indicated that the inhibitor molecules adsorbed onto aluminium by a physiosorption‐based mechanism. A first‐order type of reaction mechanism was obtained from the kinetic treatment of the H2 gas evolution data.

Research limitations/implications

Further investigations involving electrochemical studies such as polarization method should shed further light on the mechanistic aspects of the corrosion inhibition.

Originality/value

This paper provides new information on the possible application of Delonix regia as an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor under the specified conditions. This environmentally friendly inhibitor could find possible applications in metal surface anodizing and surface coatings.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 54 no. 4
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 18 July 2019

Swetha Andra, Murugesan Muthalagu, Jaison Jeevanandam, Durga Devi Sekar and Rajalakshmi Ramamoorthy

A widespread focus on the plant-based antimicrobial cotton fabric finishes has been accomplished with notable importance in recent times. The antimicrobials prevent microbial…

Abstract

Purpose

A widespread focus on the plant-based antimicrobial cotton fabric finishes has been accomplished with notable importance in recent times. The antimicrobials prevent microbial dwelling in fabrics, which causes severe infections to the fabric users. Chemical disinfectants were conventionally used in fabrics to address this challenge; however, they were found to be toxic to humans. Thus, the present study aims to deal with the utilization of phytochemical extracts from different parts of Pongamia pinnata as antimicrobial coatings in cotton fabrics.

Design/methodology/approach

The root, bark and stem were collected and washed several times using tap water. Then, the leaves were dried at room temperature and the root and bark were dried using an oven at 40ºC. After drying, they were ground into fine powder and extracted with ethanol using the Soxhlet apparatus. After that the extract was coated on the fabric tested for antimicrobial studies.

Findings

The results reported that the leaf extract of P. pinnata-coated fabric exhibited enhanced antibacterial property towards gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria, followed by root, bark and stem. The wash durability test in the extract-coated fabric samples revealed that dip-coating retained antibacterial activity until five washes. Thus, the current study clearly suggests that the leaf extract from P. pinnata is highly useful to develop antibacterial cotton fabrics as health-care textiles.

Originality/value

The novelty of the present work is to obtain the crude extract from the leaves, bark, root and stem of P. pinnata and evaluate their antibacterial activity against E. coli, upon being coated on cotton fibres. In addition, the extracts were subjected to wash durability analysis to study the coating efficiency of the phytochemicals in cotton fabrics and a probable mechanism for the antibacterial activity of P. pinnata extracts was also presented.

Details

Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, vol. 23 no. 3
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1560-6074

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 2 January 2018

Mustafa Akin and Neslihan Saki

The purpose of this paper is to understand corrosion behavior of copper and aluminum in monopropylene glycol-based heat transfer fluid by using synthetic and green inhibitors.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand corrosion behavior of copper and aluminum in monopropylene glycol-based heat transfer fluid by using synthetic and green inhibitors.

Design/methodology/approach

Weight loss, potentiodynamic and impedance measurements were applied to specimens to obtain their electrochemical characteristics and corrosion behaviors. Ageing test was applied to the fluids that contain different corrosion inhibitors to see the effect of inhibitors on fluid structure, and surface morphologies were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Findings

The corrosion tests showed that synthetic inhibitors have better anti-corrosion potential than green inhibitors.

Social implications

Like the synthetic corrosion inhibitors, there is growing interest in green inhibitors. Synthetic corrosion inhibitors are expensive and toxic for live beings, but green inhibitors from naturel sources are easy to reach and non-toxic for live beings and environment.

Originality/value

For solar heating systems, there is a need to select the correct heat transfer fluid; corrosion behavior of fluid plays a major role in the operation because the big part of the heating system consists of copper and aluminum close to ferrius metals and stainless steel.

Details

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, vol. 65 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0003-5599

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 25 August 2021

Ali Shams Nateri and Ehsan Dehnavi

This work aims to study the effect of mordanting method as pre-mordanting (on-chrome), meta-mordanting (meta-chrome) and post-mordanting (after-chrome) on wool dyeing with madder…

Abstract

Purpose

This work aims to study the effect of mordanting method as pre-mordanting (on-chrome), meta-mordanting (meta-chrome) and post-mordanting (after-chrome) on wool dyeing with madder natural dye without tannin and pomegranates peel, as a natural dye contains tannin.

Design/methodology/approach

The woolen yarn was dyed with madder and pomegranate peel natural dyes by three methods as pre-mordant, meta-mordant and pos-mordant. The color parameters and reflectance spectra of dyed samples were analyzed by using derivative spectroscopy and the principal component analysis (PCA) techniques.

Findings

The obtained results indicate that the color difference between the samples dyed with madder by pre-mordanting, and the samples dyed by other methods is more than the color difference between the samples dyed by meta-mordanting and post-mordanting. However, the color difference between samples dyed with pomegranate peel by pre-mordanting and meta-mordanting methods is less compared to other pairs. Also, analysis of reflectance spectra and color depth (K/S) values indicate that the color depth of dyed sample with madder by pre-mordanting method is more than other dyeing methods. But, the color depth of sample dyed with pomegranate peel by post-mordanting method is less compared to other methods. The analysis of first-, second-, third- and fourth-order derivatives of reflectance spectra and the study of the first, second, third and fourth PCs of reflectance spectra indicate that the reflectance of dyed samples with madder and pomegranates peel depends on the mordanting method.

Originality/value

Evaluation of the effect of mordanting method on color and reflectance of wool dyed with madder and pomegranates peel natural dyes using derivative spectroscopy and the PCA techniques

Details

Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 51 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0369-9420

Keywords

11 – 20 of 70