Accounting

accounting-based measures

, 244

measures

, 215–216

practices and procedures

, 124

principles

, 304–305

Accounting and Auditing Organization of Islamic Financial Institution (AAOIFI)

, 197

Advertising expenditure ratio

, 126

Agency

COD

, 118, 119, 120, 131

COE

, 118, 119

cost

, 196–197

theory

, 118, 119–121

Aggregate financial resources

, 149

Aggressive working capital

financing policy

, 40, 42, 43, 47

investment policy

, 40, 41, 42–43, 46–47

Agricultural area

, 59

American’s Most Admired Companies (AMAC)

, 243–244, 247, 250–251

Asia Pacific region

, 2, 17

Asia Pacific trade network

, 2–3, 9, 16, 17

aggregate network indices

, 10

analysis

, 9–18

average weighted degree for

, 12

countries in

, 9

graph density for

, 12

percentage of exports share among TPP nations

, 15

share

, 13

total number of edges

, 11

TPP and non-TPP countries

, 14

Attraction of private Russian investments

, 158, 160

Augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF test)

, 30, 32–33, 34

Autonomous factors

, 78, 81–82, 83

Bank of Japan (BOJ)

, 27–28, 29, 36

Bankruptcy

, 288–289

of institution

, 288–289

probability

, 90

Basis swap

, 30

cross-currency

, 28, 29

dollar–yen

, 28

rate

, 29, 31–32

Beta (equity market)

, 300

Betweenness centrality

, 6–7

BI rate

, 200, 204

Bilateral aggregate banking network

, 3–4

Bond rating

, 199

Book to market ratio

, 126

Bovespa index

, 297

Brazilian IBOVESPA Stock Exchange

, 298

Business

, 208

categories

, 99

managers

, 266

services

, 54

Capital asset ratio (CAR)

, 170

Capital structure

, 101, 104–105

theories

, 199–200

Cause-and-effect association

, 237

Central Asia, financial development of

agreements on cooperation with Russia

, 156

economic implications

, 146–155

economic system development

, 142

literature review

, 143–144

methodology

, 144–146

recommendations for attracting additional financial resources

, 155–160

Central place theory

, 54

Centrality measures

aggregate

, 2

inclusion of

, 3

for individual nodes

, 21, 22–24, 25–26

Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)

, 212–213

Centre for Responsive Politics (CRP)

, 242–243

CFA

, 238–239

China, financial development of

, 144

cooperation for Central Asia and

, 142

economic implications

, 146–155

economic system development

, 142

literature review

, 143–144

methodology

, 144–146

recommendations for attracting additional financial resources

, 155–160

China’s Insurance Yearbook

, 98–99, 102–104

Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP)

, 266–267, 270–271

Chinese property and casualty industry

, 98–99, 104–105

risk management

, 90

variables role in

, 91

Cointegration test

, 31–32, 33–34, 35, 36

Community organization

, 242

Comparative fit index (CFI)

, 45–46

Competition

business environment

, 239

intensity in industry

, 96–97

Compustat Industry Segment database

, 209

Concentrated ownership

, 118, 119–120

Conditional probability distribution, qth quantile of

, 296

Conservative working capital

financing policy

, 42

investment policy

, 40, 42

Consumption propensity and entrepreneurship

, 273–276

connection

, 279–281

data

, 270–271

financial constraint

, 276–278

literature review

, 267–269

methodologies and empirical findings

, 272–281

risk preference

, 272–273

Consumption-to-income ratio

, 268, 272, 276

Conventional CPA models

, 236

Convergence of interests

, 119, 123

Convexity of tax functions

, 91–92

Corporate diversification

, 208

conceptual development and research hypotheses

, 209–213

control variables

, 216

curvilinear measurement and firm’s performance

, 216

descriptive statistics

, 217–218

EI

, 218–222

implications

, 229–230

measurement of degree of diversification

, 214–215

measurement of firm’s performance

, 215–216

measurement of type of corporate diversification

, 214

methods and measures

, 213–217

model specification for

, 216–217

related diversification

, 222–226

strategy

, 218

studies on developed countries

, 209

studies on developing countries

, 210–213

unrelated

, 226–229

Corporate diversification types

, 214, 217, 218

Corporate financial performance (CFP)

, 236, 245

CPA effect on

, 240–241

hypothesized relationships

, 240

interaction effect between CPA and CSR on

, 241–242

interactive effect of CSR and CPA on

, 251–253

measurement

, 244

Corporate governance (CG)

, 166, 169, 177

hypothesis

, 167–168

indicators

, 172

Corporate political activities (CPAs)

, 236, 237–238

CPA–CFP relationship

, 238–239, 248–251

CSR

, 239

effect on CFP

, 240–241

empirical model, methodology, and data

, 242–247

empirical results

, 248–253

future research

, 258

implications for theory and literature

, 254–257

effect of interaction between CPA and CSR on CFP

, 241–242

managerial and policy implications

, 257–258

research hypotheses

, 239–242

robustness test

, 253–254

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 236, 239

CFP measurement

, 244

control variables

, 245

correlation

, 249

CPA measurement

, 242–243

CPA–CFP relationship

, 248–251

CSR measurement

, 243–244

data and sample period

, 247

descriptive statistics

, 248

econometric methodology

, 246–247

empirical model

, 245–246

empirical results

, 248–253

interaction effect between CPA and CSR on CFP

, 241–242, 251–253

measurement

, 243–244

Corporate variables

, 288, 299–300, 301

Cost of debt (COD)

, 118, 124–125

FGLS regression

, 131

insider-ownership and

, 120–121

pairwise correlation of

, 129

Cost of equity (COE)

, 118, 125, 130–131

FGLS regression on

, 132

insider-ownership and

, 121–122

pairwise correlation of

, 130

CoVaR methodology

, 290, 292, 295–297

Covered interest parity (CIP)

, 28, 29

Credit

constraint

, 269

risk model

, 29

Crisis

, 288

dummies

, 301–303

econometric of financial factors in

, 110

shock

, 177

Critical success factors (CSFs)

, 70, 71, 78

analysis

, 82–83

ISM

, 77

literature review

, 71–78

managerial implications of research

, 84

MICMA analysis

, 78

MIMAC analysis of CSF

, 81–82

prioritization and modeling of CSFs using ISM

, 79–81

research methodology

, 78–82

retailing management

, 71–73

for Thai retailers

, 73–77

Cross-currency basis swaps

, 28, 29

Curvilinear

behavior

, 210

corporate diversification model

, 216

effect

, 209

measurement of diversification

, 216

DataStream information

, 242–243

Debt

, 120

debt-based sukuk

, 197

financing

, 118

holder

, 118

long-term

, 42

short-term

, 42

Degree centrality

, 5

Degree of diversification measurement

, 214–215, 230

Dependent factors

, 78, 81–82, 83

Dependent variable

, 57–58

COD

, 124–125

COE

, 125

firm performance

, 125

Descriptive statistics

, 68, 172–175, 217–218, 248

corporate diversification type

, 217

degree of corporate diversification

, 218

number of firms by type of industry

, 217

of research variables

, 200–201, 202

ROA, Tobin-Q, and corporate diversification strategy

, 218

Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS)

, 2–3, 9–10, 16

Distressed insurance premium (DIP)

, 291, 292

Diversification

, 214

See also Corporate diversification

Diversion economic region

, 99

Dollar–yen basis swaps

, 28

Driving factors

, 83

Dutch dairy industry

, 242

Dynamic CSR–CFP relationship

, 250–251

Dynamic graph

, 14–15, 16, 18

Dynamic OLS method

, 33–34

Dynamic panel

data system GMM estimation

, 246

model

, 218, 237

E-commerce system

, 157, 160

Earning(s)

growth

, 200–202

per share

, 125

Econometric analysis

, 99–102, 246–247

Economic

additional financial resources for development of countries

, 149–155

crisis

, 216, 304

forecasters

, 266

implications

, 146–155

integration

, 149–151

performance

, 237

system

, 142, 288

Economic growth (EG)

, 142, 145, 266

Electronic marketing

, 157

Empirical measure

for firm volatility

, 170

for RT

, 170–171

for stock market informational efficiency

, 171–172

Entrenchment hypothesis

, 123–124

Entrepreneurial

dynamism

, 266

process

, 268

Entropy index (EI)

, 213, 215, 217–229, 220–221

Entropy measurement

, 214–215

Equity return volatility (ERV)

, 300

Equity-based return

, 122

ERM

, 97–98

Estimation technique

, 127, 296–297

European car manufacturers

, 241

European-Asian integration

, 153

Feasible generalized least square regression (FGLS regression)

, 127

on COD

, 131

on COE

, 132

on firm performance

, 133

Federal program implementation

, 242–243

Financial covenants

, 121

Financial crisis

, 10–11, 188, 213, 288

Financial development through cooperation with Russia

economic implications

, 146–155

literature review

, 143–144

methodology

, 144–146

Financial executives

, 40

Financial institutions

, 295–296

in Latin America

, 294

non-US financial institutions

, 28

state-owned

, 305–306

Financial resources

, 142, 152

China and countries of Central Asia

, 146, 147, 149–155

for development

, 142, 145

evaluation

, 146

of modern economic systems

, 143

non-borrowed

, 142

optimization

, 149

recommendations for attracting additional

, 155–160

Financial resources for development (FRD)

, 145

Financial resources for development of countries

, 149–155

Financial system

, 288

Financial variables

, 298

Financing policy

, 44–45

Firm performance

, 125

FGLS regression on

, 133

insider-ownership and

, 123–124

pairwise correlation of

, 130

Firm volatility

alternative measure

, 186

empirical measure for

, 170

Firms

, 91–92, 97, 105

age

, 177, 201–202

characteristics

, 196–197, 199–200

financial performance

, 208, 209, 213, 216–217, 222

hedging

, 107–108

incentive

, 95

insiders

, 121

liquidity risk

, 166

manager

, 97

number

, 96

number by type of industry

, 217

performance

, 215–216, 218–229

production function

, 56

size

, 92–93, 126, 177

Fisher-type test

, 127–133

COD, FGLS regression on

, 131

COD, pairwise correlation of

, 129

COE, FGLS regression on

, 132

COE, pairwise correlation of

, 130

descriptive statistics

, 128

FGLS regression on firm performance

, 133

firm performance, pairwise correlation of

, 130

Fixed-effect model

, 100–102, 248–249

Fixed-effects framework

, 175

Foreign economic policy

, 154

Foreign exchange (FX)

, 28

swap market

, 28

Fortune AMAC

, 247

Free cash flow

, 120, 245, 249–250

Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH)

, 170

GARCH(1,1)

, 175–177

Generalized method of moments (GMM)

, 218, 246

model

, 237, 248–249

German car manufacturers

, 241

Gharar

risk

, 199

uncertainty

, 202–204

Global Climate Coalition (GCC)

, 252–253

Global clustering coefficient

, 7

Global financial crisis (2008)

, 111, 142, 300

Global interbank

, 28

Global price delay measures

, 171

Global resource markets

, 151

Globalization

, 142

Goodness-of-fit index (GFI)

, 45–46

Government-related units

, 266–267, 268–269

Governmental membership

, 236

Graph theory

, 3

Great Financial Crisis

, 290

Great Financial Depression (2008Q4-2010Q2)

, 293, 303

Greenbelt area

, 59

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 145

Group

, 101

firms

, 104

learning process

, 77–78

Haram

, 199

Hausman test

, 102, 111

HEDGE variable

, 101–104

Hedging

, 93

level in industry

, 95

Herfindahl geographic index

, 94–95

Herfindahl index

, 94–95, 105

Household’s consumption propensity

, 270–271

IBOVESPAReturn

, 298

Ijarah sukuk

, 196–197, 198, 199–200, 201–202

In-degree

, 5

In-system connection

, 266–267, 279–280

Incremental fit index (IFI)

, 45–46

Independent variable

control variables

, 126

insider-ownership

, 126

in study

, 44–45

Index of sustainable development (IS)

, 146

Indirect utility

curve

, 56, 57

function

, 56

Individual

demographic characteristics

, 272

entrepreneurial engagement

, 266

Indonesia

Sharia economic activities in

, 196

Sukuk issuance in

, 196–197

Sukuk market in

, 196

Indonesia Stock Exchange working capital investment policy

, 46–47

Industry

industry 4.0

, 159

shares

, 64–65

Inflation

, 204

Information efficiency (IE)

, 177

Information hypothesis

, 168

Infrastructure variable (CtrIm)

, 217

Insider-ownership (INS)

, 120, 126, 128–130

and COD

, 120–121

and COE

, 121–122

dependent variable

, 124–125

estimation technique

, 127

and firm performance

, 123–124

Fisher-type test

, 127–133

impact on firm performance

, 118–119

independent variable

, 126

literature review and hypotheses development

, 119–124

samples and variables

, 124

Institutional investors

, 28

Instrument variable approach

, 276

Intangibles

, 126, 127

Integrated financial system

, 288

Internal and external borrowings of economic system (SB)

, 145

Internal and external investments (IE investments)

, 145

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 2–3

Interpretive structural modeling (ISM)

, 70–71, 77

CSFs of Thai retailers

, 82

prioritization and modeling of CSFs using

, 79–81

Intra-firm production

, 225–226

Inventory storage

, 40

“Iron rice bowl”

, 280

Islamic joint venture bonds (IJV bonds). See Partnership-based sukuk

Istishna sukuk

, 197

Japanese Government Bonds (JGBs)

, 27–28

markets

, 29

yield

, 30, 31–32

“Just-in-time” approach

, 157

Kazakhstan (foreign economic activities)

, 144

Korea

, 54

local attributes and composition of areas

, 64–65

local public goods

, 54

quality of business and residential environment

, 56–63

Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin test (KPSS test)

, 30, 32–33, 34, 35

Kyrgyzstan (foreign economic activities)

, 144

Land rent

, 55–56

Latin American banking industry, systemic risk in

corporate variables

, 299–300

measures of systemic risk

, 291–292

methodology

, 295–298

model specifications and empirical results

, 300–306

sample of analysis

, 293–295

Law of Insurance

, 91

Leverage

, 93–94, 101, 104, 111, 126, 201–202, 299

Linkage factors

, 78, 81–82, 83

Liquidity spread (LiqSpread)

, 297

Lobbying Disclosure Act (1995)

, 242–243

Local clustering coefficient

, 7–8

Long-tailed insurance price

, 98

Macroeconomic condition

, 200

Macroprudential policy

, 292

Malaysian

corporations

, 208

firms

, 208, 210

Malaysian Accounting Standards Board (MASB)

, 213

Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA)

, 213

Management area

, 59

Managerial implication

, 257–258

Managerial ownership

, 118–119, 121

Marginal effects of consumption propensity

, 274

Marginal expected shortfall (MES)

, 291–292

Market To Book Value (MBV)

, 126, 300

Market(ing)

, 208

activities

, 257–258

channel

, 76

imperfection factors

, 91

leaders

, 94

market-based indicators

, 244

market-based measure

, 215–216

participants

, 289

share

, 94, 101, 105

value

, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 48, 200, 304–305

Matrice d’Impacts croises-multiplication appliqúe à un classement analysis (MICMA analysis)

, 78

analysis of each CSF

, 81–82

Maturity mismatch (MM)

, 288, 289

Maysir (gambling)

, 202–204

Merchandise management

, 75

Merton distance-to-default (DD)

, 167, 170–171, 192–193

Micro-level data

, 270

Model-based measures for RT

, 167

Moderation effect

, 253

Modern economic theory

, 142

Modern graph theory

, 4

Modigliani and Miller theory

, 199–200

Mongolia (foreign economic activities)

, 144

Mudharabah sukuk

, 196–198, 199–200, 201–202

Mukharabah sukuk

, 197

Multi-channel retailer

, 76

Multiple business lines model

, 98

Multiple regression dependence

, 146

Murabahah sukuk

, 197

Musaqah sukuk

, 197

Musyarakah sukuk

, 197

Muzaraah sukuk

, 197

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)

, 270

Natural environment conservation area

, 59

Network(s)

, 2

analysis of Asia Pacific trade network

, 9–18

composition

, 9

evolution

, 2

modularity

, 8–9

relation to literature

, 3–4

structures

, 3–4

theoretical background

, 4–9

Node degree for weighted node

, 6

Non-borrowed financial resources

, 142

Non-compliance to sharia law

, 199

Non-diversified firms

, 209

Non-governmental organizations

, 242

Non-life insurance business

, 91

Non-market

activities

, 236, 254–258

strategy

, 237–238

Non-stationary time series

, 31

Non-tradable sukuk

, 197

Non-traditional monetary policy

data

, 29–30

descriptive statistics of data for analysis

, 31

methodology

, 30–32

movement of three series

, 30

results

, 32–34

See also Working capital policy

Norm fit index (NFI)

, 45–46

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

, 2

Observatory of Economic Complexity (2018)

, 144

Occupation and Employment Statistics

, 57–58

Ohlson and Juettner-Nauroth model

, 125

Optimal compensation contracts

, 97–98

Ordinary least squares (OLS)

, 31, 246–247

Organization’s behavioral theory

, 240

Out-degree

, 5

Outside-system connection

, 266–267, 279–280

Overinvestment

, 118, 120

Pair-wise analyses

, 32, 33

Pairwise correlation

of COD

, 129

of COE

, 130

of firm performance

, 130

Pakistani Stock Exchange (PSE)

, 118–119

Panel regression

before, during, and post-crises periods

, 188–189

model

, 169

moderation indicators

, 177–188

results of risk-taking on volatility

, 175–177, 179, 181–182

Paradox volatility

, 304

Partnership-based sukuk

, 197

Path length and strength of network

, 5–6

Pecking order theory

, 196–197, 199–200

Performance

firm

, 216, 218–229

performance-dependent variable

, 253–254

pricing

, 121

Policy

financing

, 44–45

implication

, 257–258

selection

, 40

Political action committees (PACs)

, 236, 241, 242–243

Pool time series data

, 99

Pooled OLS regression model

, 99

Population shares

, 64

Portfolio design

, 166

Price–earnings–growth ratio technique

, 125

Pricing

, 74–75, 78

call option pricing formula

, 192–193

credit risk model for

, 29

performance

, 121

Principle of duration

, 159

Principle of full involvement

, 159

Principle of mutual profit

, 159

Probability level analysis

, 45–46

Probability of default (PDs)

, 291

Probit model

, 272

Product type

, 98

Profit maximization

, 56

Profitability

, 40, 43, 44, 45, 126, 201–202

Prudential equity asset ratio

, 292

Public policy-makers

, 254–257, 266

Public–private partnership system

, 158

Quadratic model

, 123–124

Quality of business environment

, 54–55, 56–63

indices

, 60–61

preferred locations

, 61–63

theoretic model

, 56–57

Quality of residential environment

, 56–63

indices

, 60–61

preferred locations

, 61–63

theoretic model

, 56–57

Quality-adjusted average wage and rent estimation

, 57–60

Quantile regression

, 296–297, 298

Quantitative data

, 45–46

Random-effect model

, 99, 102

Rate of socioeconomic development (RED)

, 145

Reachability matrix development

, 77, 79–80

Region-specific amenities

, 55

Regression model

, 55, 58–59, 201–204, 251, 274, 280

See also Panel regression

Reinsurance

, 90, 91–92

demand

, 93–94, 104

premium

, 91

ROA and

, 93

tax-exempt policy and

, 92

Related corporate diversification

, 211

Related diversification

, 216–217, 222–226

Resource dependence theory

, 123–124

Retailing management

, 71–73

convenience stores

, 72

department stores

, 71–72

discount stores and superstores

, 73

specialty stores

, 73

supermarkets

, 72–73

See also Strategic risk management

Return on assets (ROA)

, 43, 45, 93, 101, 104, 125, 130, 170, 216–217, 218–229, 238, 245–246, 254

Return on equity (ROE)

, 244, 255, 256, 257

Riba (usury)

, 196, 199, 202–204

Risk preference

, 272–273, 274, 278

Risk-coping strategies

, 267–268

Risk-taking (RT)

, 165–166

average

, 175, 176

effect on company performance

, 165–166

effect on volatility

, 167

empirical measure for

, 170–171

empirical results

, 175–189

hypothesis developments

, 167–169

methodology

, 169–175

and multitude of firm’s performance measures

, 166

propensity

, 266

Riskier institutions contribute to lower stock return volatility

, 167

with better CG

, 168

with increasing information efficiency

, 168

with larger firm size

, 168

Robustness test

, 253–254

Root mean square residual (RMR)

, 45–46

Rumelt diversification category

, 214

Russia, financial development through cooperation with

cooperation for Central Asia and China

, 142

economic implications

, 146–155

economic system development

, 142

literature review

, 143–144

methodology

, 144–146

recommendations for attracting additional financial resources

, 155–160

Salam sukuk

, 197

SARA bonds. See Ijarah sukuk

Sharia compliance

, 196–197, 201

Sharia economic activities in Indonesia

, 196

Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB)

, 196–197, 199, 202–204

“Sink”

, 5

Social network analysis

, 3

Socioeconomic development

, 142, 143, 149–151

China and countries of Central Asia

, 143, 147, 148, 153

evaluation

, 146

of modern economic systems

, 143, 145–146

strategic course of

, 154

“Soft money”

, 238–239

Sovereign debt crisis (2010Q3-2012Q4)

, 293, 303

Specialty stores

, 73

Spillover effects of money market turbulence

, 28

Squared entropy index (SEI)

, 217, 219

Standard deviation (SD)

, 172–173

Standard Industrial Classification code (SIC code)

, 214

Standard operating procedures (SOPs)

, 240–241

State revenues (SR)

, 145

State Sharia Bonds (SBSN)

, 196

See also Japanese Government Bonds (JGBs)

Static OLS

, 248–249

Stock Exchange of Thailand

, 41, 45, 46–47

Stock market informational efficiency

, 171–172

Stock return volatility

, 166, 167–168

See also Firm volatility

Store(s)

convenience

, 72

department

, 71–72

design and display

, 75–76

discount

, 73

location

, 74

specialty

, 73

Strategic risk management

, 90

assets display

, 104

using Chinese database

, 90–91

Chinese property and casualty industry

, 104–105

data

, 98–99

diversification

, 94–95

econometric analysis

, 99–102

econometric geographic

, 107–108

econometric of business line

, 106

econometric of financial factors in crisis

, 110

econometric of industry Herfindal business line

, 109

econometric of industry Herfindal region

, 108

financial distress and leverage

, 93–94

firm size

, 92–93

intensity of competition in industry

, 96–97

level of hedging in industry

, 95

literature review

, 91–98

market share

, 94

number of firms

, 96

product type

, 98

ROA

, 93

salary position in industry

, 97–98

statistics of variables

, 101

taxes

, 91–92

variables of interest

, 100

Strong board hypothesis

, 167, 168–169, 177

Structural self-interaction matrix (SSIM)

, 77

Subprime crisis (2007Q3-2008Q3)

, 293, 294–295, 301–303

Subworking capital policy

, 40

See also Working capital policy

Sukuk

, 196

descriptive statistics of research variables

, 200–201

determinants of Sukuk issuance type

, 199–200

issuance in Indonesia

, 196–197

market

, 196

regression

, 201–204

research methods

, 200

risk

, 199

Sukuk-specific characteristics

, 196–197, 199

theoretical framework and hypothesis development

, 197–200

variable definitions and measurement

, 201

Supply chain management distribution networks

, 211, 212

Swap markets

, 28

System GMM method

, 218, 222, 246–247

Systemic expected shortfall (SES)

, 291–292

Systemically important financial institutions (SIFIs)

, 289

Tajikistan, foreign economic activities in

, 144

Tax

, 90, 91–92, 101, 104, 110, 158, 266

Tehran Stock Exchange

, 42–43

Thai retail business modernization

, 71

Thai retailers, CSFs for

, 73–77

communication mix

, 76–77

customer service

, 74

location

, 74

marketing channel

, 76

merchandise management

, 75

pricing

, 74–75

store design and display

, 75–76

Thai retailing

, 70, 72

Tobin-Q

, 43, 45, 125, 215–217, 218–229

Total firm

, 216–217

Tradable sukuk

, 197

Trade agreements

, 2

Trade area

, 74

Trade diversification

, 294

Trade networks

, 9

See also Asia Pacific trade network

Traditional finance theory

, 165–166

Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)

, 2, 14–15

Transformation process

, 2, 4

Transnational cooperation development

, 158–159

Turkmenistan, foreign economic activities in

, 144

24-hour convenience store concept

, 72

Two-step system GMM estimator

, 248–249

Unit cost curve

, 56, 57

Unit root test

, 30, 32–33

Unrelated corporate diversification

, 211–212, 226–229

Unrelated diversification firm

, 211, 214, 216–217

US Climate Action Partnership

, 252–253

US financial services industry

, 212–213

Uzbekistan, foreign economic activities in

, 144

Value

, 74–75

creation

, 119

market

, 200

value-based measurement

, 244

Value-at-risk (VaR)

, 288, 289–290, 295–297, 304

Variance equation

, 170

Variance inflation factor (VIF)

, 248

Variance minimization hedging strategy

, 96–97

Visual merchandizing

, 75–76

Visualization techniques

, 2, 16

Volatility

, 126, 127

index

, 297

stock return

, 166, 167–168

Volcker rule

, 28

Voluntary disclosure

, 122–123

Wage

estimating quality-adjusted average

, 56–63

estimation

, 55

theoretical model

, 55–56

unemployment risk

, 55

Wakalah sukuk

, 197

Working capital policy

, 40, 41, 43

analysis and results

, 46–48

conceptual framework

, 44

financing policy

, 40, 41, 42, 43

investment policy

, 40, 41, 42–43

literature review and hypotheses

, 41–44

research methodology

, 44–46

sample and data

, 45–46

variables

, 44–45

See also Non-traditional monetary policy

World Business Council for Sustainable Development

, 239, 252–253

Yield

JGB

, 28, 29, 31

profits for firms

, 211

in Sukuk

, 199, 202

Z score

, 167, 170, 175–177

Zoning

, 59