Index
Radicalization and Counter-Radicalization
ISBN: 978-1-83982-989-5, eISBN: 978-1-83982-988-8
ISSN: 1521-6136
Publication date: 9 September 2020
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2020), "Index ", Silva, D.M.D. and Deflem, M. (Ed.) Radicalization and Counter-Radicalization (Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance, Vol. 25), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 000-000. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1521-613620200000025016
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes.
Adherence Checklist for the Evaluation and Reduction of Risk (ACERR)
, 57
Against Violent Extremism (AVE)
, 218
Agency
, 231–235
al-Dawla al-Islamiya fil Iraq wa al-Sham (see Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL))
al Qaeda (see also 9/11 attack)
, 186, 246–247
al-Shabbah
, 186
Algerian Front de Libération Nationale (FLN)
, 103
Anarchist wave in terrorism
, 101–102
Anti-colonial groups
, 108
Anti-colonialist wave in terrorism
, 102–103
Appearance in Women’s Forum and Women Dawah
, 195
Attitudinal inoculation
, 156, 158–160
against extremist beliefs and attitudes
, 164–165
Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR)
, 84
Behavioral radicalization
, 25–26, 31, 249
Belief in Canadian national mythology
, 267–269
Bias in risk assessment
, 58–60
Birmingham City Council (BCC)
, 84
British “Prevent” program
, 226
Building Resilience Against Terrorism
, 120
Building Resilience Against Violence and Extremism (BRAVE)
, 147–148
Building Stronger Britain Together program
, 82
Caliphate (see Islamic State (IS))
Campaign of resistance
, 109
Canadian multiculturalism
, 265
Canadian Research Network on Terrorism, Security and Society (TSAS)
, 260
Canadian Security and Intelligence Services (CSIS)
, 121, 125, 248
Case Conceptualization Coding Rating Scale (CCCRS)
, 57
Case Formulation Content Coding Method (CFCCM)
, 57
Case Formulation Quality Checklist (CFQC)
, 57
Catastrophic Syrian civil war
, 12
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
, 247, 254n1
Centralization and Conceptual and Operational Expansion
, 80–82
CFQC-R
, 57
Channel program
, 226
Chechen groups
, 187
Child criminal exploitation (CCE)
, 148
Children’s Act
, 138
Civic integration turn
, 87–88
Civic integrationist turn
, 78
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)
, 84
Cognitive extremist
, 25–26
Cognitive openings
, 251
Cognitive radicalization
, 22, 25–26, 30, 249
Combatting Terrorism Center
, 42
Commitment
, 231–235
Communicative learning
, 39
Communities
, 123
Security Practices and Construction of Suspect
, 124–125
Comparative-historical analysis
, 96, 99–100
Complacency
, 250
Computer-Assisted-Telephone Interviewing (CATI)
, 60–61
ConnectFutures
, 137, 143, 146
Contemporary radicalization
, 41, 43
Content development
, 163–165
Content identification to comprise disinformation inoculation treatment
, 161–162
CONTEST Counter Terrorism strategy
, 78, 81–83
Contextual safeguarding approach and radicalization
, 141–143
Controversial “preventive prosecutions”
, 246
Correctional Officers (COs)
, 262, 264, 269–272
Counter extremism
, 78
agenda
, 82–83
program
, 136
2015 Counter-Extremism Strategy
, 85–86
Counter Terrorism and Border Security Act (CTSA)
, 82
Counter-radicalization
, 2–3, 78, 226–227
civic integration turn
, 87–88
contours in Canada
, 116–117
policies
, 116
prevent as contested practice
, 88–90
securitizing civil society through
, 119–122
UK’s Prevent strategy
, 78–83
Counter-terrorism (see also Terrorism)
, 1, 23–24
Countering violent extremism (CVE)
, 1–2, 24, 27, 136, 218
approaches to
, 143–146
contextual safeguarding approach and radicalization
, 141–143
safeguarding and Terrorism law
, 137
safeguarding framework
, 138–141
understanding intersections
, 146–149
Critical thinking
, 145
CrowdFlower (CF)
, 62
Crusaders
, 105
Cultural defense
, 251
Cultural imperialism
, 251
Cyberhate (see Online extremism)
Dabiq
, 198
Daesh (see Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL))
Damaging behavior, disrupting
, 143–146
Definitions favorable to violating the law
, 170, 173
Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG)
, 78, 82
Department for Education (DfE)
, 80, 84
Deradicalization (see also Radicalization)
, 11, 13–15, 22, 28, 210, 215, 248–253
programs
, 11, 15–17
Desist and Disengage Programme
, 81
Desistance
, 246
Deviant definitions
, 171
Differential association
, 171, 173
Differential location in social structure
, 169, 171, 174
Differential social location
, 169, 171–172, 174
Differential social organization
, 169
Differentially associating
, 172
Differentially reward
, 172
Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure
, 247
Discrete-choice modeling
, 56
Disengagement
, 15, 28, 215–216, 253
Disinformation inoculation treatment
, 161–162
Distance-decay
, 56
effect
, 65
Diversity of terrorism
, 106–107
Dynata
, 172
Education Funding Agency (EFA)
, 84
Emancipation
, 38
Emancipatory learning
, 39
Engagement
, 246, 249, 253
Entrepreneur
, 251
22 ERG principles
, 229
ETA
, 104
Evaluations of deradicalization programs
, 16
Extremism (see also Violent extremism)
, 22, 24, 27, 56, 85, 125, 136, 148
violent vs. non-violent
, 26–27
women and
, 185–188
Extremist entryism
, 85
Extremist precursors
, 211–213
Extremist violence
, 214
radicalization toward
, 213–215
False positive rates
, 59
Family in Women’s Forum and Women Dawah
, 194–195
Far-right extremists
, 217
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
, 168
Former combatants
on involvement vs. non-involvement
, 235–236
narrating motivations
, 228–229
Former extremists
, 210–211
combating violent extremism
, 218–220
extremist precursors
, 211–213
leaving violent extremism
, 215–218
radicalization toward extremist violence
, 213–215
“4P’s”
, 139
Frame alignment
, 251
Free-space
, 213
Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ)
, 48
Fundamental British values
, 80
Fundamental British values
, 87–89
Gay bashings
, 214
Grievance, state violence as
, 107–108
Grievance-based explanations of terrorism
, 97
Group dynamics
, 251
Hadiths
, 194
Hamas
, 186
Harm principle
, 23, 28–30
applying
, 30–32
Healthy Identity Intervention Program
, 10
Hindustan Republican Association (HRA)
, 103
Hyper-compliance
, 86
Ideology of terrorism
, 11
Ideology of Women’s Forum and Women Dawah
, 191–193
Imitation
, 172–174
Inciting incident, state violence as
, 107–108
Indian Nationalists
, 103
Individual psycho-cognitive processes
, 44
Informants
, 245
Inoculation (see also Attitudinal inoculation)
to combat disinformation by VEOs
, 161
and psychological reactance
, 160
and source credibility
, 160
theory
, 158–159
Integrated National Security Enforcement Team (INSET)
, 248
Integration
, 78
Intent factors
, 233–235
Intentions and commitment
, 234
International Center for Study of Radicalization (ICSR)
, 260
Internet
, 184
savviness of Jihadi-Salafist and White Nationalist organizations
, 185
Internet
, 214
Intersections
, 146–149
Intuition
, 236–238
Irish Republican Army (IRA)
, 102
Islamic State (IS)
, 12, 40–41, 261
online propaganda of
, 105–106
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)
, 41, 43, 121
qualitative examination of ISIS propaganda
, 100–101
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) (see Islamic State (IS))
Islamic State women-only forums
method
, 190–191
women and extremism
, 185–188
Women Dawah
, 189–190
Women’s Forum
, 188–189
Islamist extremism
, 22
Jihadi internet
, 252
Jihadi-Salafist
, 185
groups
, 187–188
ideology
, 193
movements
, 187, 200
Jihadists
, 217
Justification of violence
, 251
Knowing danger and risk
, 235
Ku Klux Klan
, 188
Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)
, 190
Leaderless jihad
, 252
Life After Hate
, 218
Linguistic approaches
, 63–64
LIWC software
, 63
Local infrastructure
, 66
Locally Driven Community Engagement Approach
, 78–80
Macro-level factors
, 214
Manosphere
, 158
Meaning perspective, transformation of
, 44
Meaning Perspectives Transformation theory
, 38, 40
Mechanical Turk (MTurk)
, 62
Message targeting
, 162–163
Methodological individualism
, 231
Militancy in West
, 41–43
Mill’s harm principle
, 3
Mixed-methods approach
, 99
Motivations
, 231
former combatants narrating
, 228–229
Prevent’s conceptualization for violence
, 229–231
Multi-pronged approach
, 179–180
Multiculturalism, support for
, 267–269
Muscular liberal
, 78
Muslim civil society organizations (Muslim CSOs)
, 116–117
experiencing securitization
, 122–127
strategies to manage securitization
, 126–127
Muslims
, 47, 59, 80
citizenship and inclusion
, 78
communities
, 116, 125
community engagement
, 80
prevent in public sector
, 86–87
schooling British Muslims
, 84–86
and urban governance
, 83–84
National Centre for Teaching and Leadership (NCTL)
, 84–85
National Consortium for Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START)
, 43, 260
National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
, 124
National Indicator 35 (NI35)
, 79
National security
, 118–121, 123–125
National Security Community Outreach Program (NSCOP)
, 121
National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC)
, 138
National Union of Teachers (NUT)
, 89
New left wave in terrorism
, 104–105
9/11 attack (see also al Qaeda)
, 41, 116, 260
Non-Muslims
, 47
Non-violent extremism (see also Violent extremism)
, 26–27, 31, 136
Non-violent radicalization
, 249
Northern Ireland
, 226–227
Northern Ireland-related “extremism”
, 226
Odds Ratio (OR)
, 175
Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism (OSCT)
, 226
Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills (OFSTED)
, 147
“One to One” pilot project
, 219
Online communities
, 184
Online extremism
, 168
discussion
, 177–179
limitations
, 179
measures
, 172–175
methods
, 172
results
, 175–176
SSSL and production of online hate materials
, 169–172
SSSL theory
, 168–169
Online hate (see Online extremism)
Online surveys
, 62–63
Open Society Justice Initiative
, 89
2016 Orlando nightclub shooting
, 260
P/CVE initiatives
, 220
Paris attacks
, 260
Paris Commune
, 101, 104
“Pizzagate” incident
, 156–157, 164–165
Political and cultural democracy
, 39
Political empowerment
, 38
Political Islam
, 47
Political violence
, 38, 40, 44, 47–48
Politiets Efterretningstjeneste
, 247
Poor cue utilization
, 58
Positive reinforcement
, 171, 173
“Positive” emancipation
, 40
Practitioners
, 136–144, 146
Pregnancy
, 193–194
Preliminary empirical exploration
, 46–48
Prevent
, 120, 226–227
agency
, 231–235
conceptualization of motivations for violence
, 229–231
as contested practice
, 88–90
counter extremism and Muslims
, 83–87
from countering radicalization to countering extremism
, 78–83
former combatants narrating motivations
, 228–229
former combatants on involvement vs. non-involvement
, 235–236
knowing danger and risk
, 235
operating through speculation and intuition
, 236–238
PREVENT agenda
, 137, 139–140
2007 Prevent agenda
, 83
Prevent Duty Guidance
, 89
2011 Prevent Strategy
, 82
Preventing violent extremism (PVE)
, 1–2, 218
Prison radicalization
, 260
Prison subcultures
, 265–267
research
, 265
Pro-integration
, 218
Pro-Integration Model (PIM)
, 217–218
Prolific
, 62
Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA)
, 245
Psychological reactance, inoculation and
, 160
Public Safety Canada (PSC)
, 117
Push factors
, 211–212
Qualitative methods
, 96
R package
, 191
Radical Muslim
, 125
Radicalization (see also Deradicalization)
, 1–3, 22, 38, 64, 125–126, 210, 248–253, 261–262
impact of “top–down” framing
, 125–126
cognitive vs. behavioral
, 25–26
contextual safeguarding approach and
, 141–143
investigation
, 24
responses to
, 24
toward extremist violence
, 213–215
Radicalization Awareness Network (RAN)
, 42
Rational actor theories
, 98
Recidivism
, 15
Red Army Faction (RAF)
, 48, 104
Redirect Method
, 218–219
Refutational preemption
, 164
Relationships in Women’s Forum and Women Dawah
, 196
Religion in Women’s Forum and Women Dawah
, 199–200
Religiosity
, 47
Repression
, 96
Reversing
, 15
Revolt
, 246, 250, 253
Rightwing extremism
, 170
Risk assessment
linguistic approaches
, 63–64
processes
, 57–58
spatial analyses
, 65–67
using surveys to develop risk factors
, 60–63
thinking about Bias in
, 58–60
Risk-terrain modeling (RTM)
, 56, 66
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
, 117, 121–123, 127, 248
Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC)
, 245
Safeguarding
, 137–138
framework
, 138–141
Safer Birmingham Partnership (SBP)
, 83
“Salafi-jihadism”
, 246
“Salafi-jihadist” ideology
, 246
Scholarship on radicalization
, 2–3
Secret Intelligence Service (MI6)
, 247
Securitization of Muslim CSOs in Canada
, 116–119
through counter-radicalization
, 119–122
CSO strategies to manage securitization
, 126–127
experiencing
, 122–127
Security discourse
, 124, 126
Security Service (MI5)
, 247
“Signs of radicalization”
, 229
Snowball sampling
, 263
Social epidemic
, 250
Social justice and reform
, 38
Social networks
, 212
Social structural variables
, 177
Social Structure Social Learning theory (SSSL theory) theory
, 168–169, 177
and production of online hate materials
, 169–172
Source credibility, inoculation and
, 160
Sousveillance
, 86
Sovereign Citizens
, 264, 270
Spatial analyses
, 65–67
Speculation
, 236–238
Spiritual Islam
, 47
State intervention
, 22
State violence
, 96–97
comparative-historical analysis
, 99–100
as grievance and inciting incident
, 107–108
mixed-methods approach
, 99
qualitative examination of ISIS propaganda
, 100–101
symbolic importance of
, 108–109
and terrorism
, 97
theories and terrorism
, 97–99
State–CSO “partnerships” for national security
, 124
Stormfront
, 185, 188
Strategic disinformation
, 157–158
attitudinal inoculation
, 158–159
development of content
, 163–165
identification of content to comprise disinformation inoculation treatment
, 161–162
inoculation and psychological reactance
, 160
inoculation and source credibility
, 160
using inoculation to combat disinformation by VEOs
, 161
message targeting
, 162–163
Structured Professional Judgement risk assessment process
, 57
Superiority
, 47
Symbolism of multiculturalism
, 125
Tablighi Jamaat
, 247
Tamil separatists
, 217
Task Force on Tackling Radicalization and Extremism (TERFOR)
, 80–81
Technical learning
, 39
Telegram
, 189
Telephone surveys
, 60–62
Territorial stigmatization
, 84
Terrorism
, 1, 11, 38, 40, 56
academic and public interest
, 260
anarchist wave
, 101–102
anti-colonialist wave
, 102–103
diversity of
, 106–107
law
, 137
new left wave
, 104–105
online propaganda of Islamic State
, 105–106
state violence and
, 97–99
Terrorism Act 2000
, 138
Terrorism studies
, 22
cognitive vs. behavioral radicalization
, 25–26
violent vs. non-violent extremism
, 26–27
Terrorists
, 65
campaigns
, 11
disengagement
, 13, 16
terrorists-turned-informants
, 244
Theoretically defined variables
, 169
Theoretically relevant variable
, 174
Threat elicitation
, 163
“Top–down” framing
, 125–126
Totalizing commitment
, 213
Transformative learning theory (TL theory)
, 38–40
Transformative radicalization (TR)
, 38, 40
learning to be violent
, 44–46
preliminary empirical exploration
, 46–48
violent radicalization and militancy in West
, 41–43
Trauma
, 58
Trigger events
, 45
Trojan Horse plot
, 84–86
“Troubles, the” in Northern Ireland
, 226, 233
UK CONTEST 3.0
, 136
“Ulsterization” policy
, 245
Ummah
, 251
Uncertainty
, 22
Univariate Statistics
, 175
Urban governance, Muslims and
, 83–84
Violence
personal experiences of
, 229
Prevent’s conceptualization of motivations for
, 229–231
in Women’s Forum and Women Dawah
, 197–198
Violent extremism (see also Extremism; Non-violent extremism)
, 16–17, 26–27, 31, 56–57, 148
combating
, 218–220
leaving
, 215–218
Violent extremist ideology
, 120
Violent extremist organizations (VEOs)
, 157
using inoculation to combat disinformation by
, 161
Violent radicalization
, 40–43, 45, 249
Virtual extremism (see Online extremism)
Vulnerability
, 231–235
War on Terror
, 116
Weight-based approach
, 63
Western military intervention
, 250
White Nationalist
, 187–188
organizations
, 185
women-only forums
, 184–185
Women
and extremism
, 185–188
in Women’s Forum and Women Dawah
, 198–199
Women Dawah
, 185, 189–190, 190–192
appearance
, 195
family
, 194–195
forum rules
, 196–197
ideology
, 191–193
pregnancy
, 193–194
relationships
, 196
religion
, 199–200
violence
, 197–198
women
, 198–199
“Women’s Cause, The” (see Women Dawah)
“Women’s Fight, The” (see Women Dawah)
Women’s Forum, The
, 188–190, 192–193
appearance
, 195
family
, 194–195
forum rules
, 196–197
ideology
, 191–193
pregnancy
, 193–194
relationships
, 196
religion
, 199–200
violence
, 197–198
women
, 198–199
Youth violence, preventing
, 146–149
- Prelims
- Introduction: Deciphering (Counter-)Radicalization
- Part I: Theoretical and Conceptual Advances
- Chapter 1: Does Deradicalization Work?
- Chapter 2: Navigating Radicalization Concepts: A Role for the Harm Principle
- Chapter 3: Radicalization as Transformative Learning: A Theoretical and Illustrative Exploration
- Chapter 4: Advances in Violent Extremist Risk Analysis
- Part II: State and Civil Society
- Chapter 5: Counter-Radicalization as Civic Integration
- Chapter 6: The Role of State Violence in the Adoption of Terrorism
- Chapter 7: The Securitization of Muslim Civil Society in Canada
- Chapter 8: Countering Violent Extremism, Safeguarding and the Law: A Practitoner’s Perspective on Protecting Young and Vulnerable People from Exploitation
- Part III: The Online Space and Radicalization
- Chapter 9: Clearing the Smoke and Breaking the Mirrors: Using Attitudinal Inoculation to Challenge Online Disinformation by Extremists
- Chapter 10: Learning to Hate: Explaining Participation in Online Extremism
- Chapter 11: Hatred She Wrote: A Comparative Topic Analysis of Extreme Right and Islamic State Women-Only Forums
- Part IV: Former Extremists, Prevention, and Punishment
- Chapter 12: Former Extremists in Radicalization and Counter-Radicalization Research
- Chapter 13: Examining “Prevent” from a Former Combatant Perspective
- Chapter 14: Engagement, Desistance, and Revolt: What Do We Know about Terrorists Who Turn into Informants?
- Chapter 15: “We Wouldn’t Let Known Terrorists Live Here”: Impediments to Radicalization in Western Canadian Prisons
- Index