Activism

diaspora

, 157

environmental justice

, 249–252

institutional

, 27

online

, 227–229

political

, 75–76

youth

, 217–221

Activist(s)

careers

, 238–239, 245–246

hierarchy to movements

, 243

recruitment and participation

, 243

Affordable Care Act (ACA). See Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010)

African National Congress

, 242

Age

, 216

age-based expectations

, 217–221

as deterrent for action

, 222–225

legal age for political participation

, 224–225

Agenda

, 6, 16

policy plank on

, 5–6

transnational

, 247

on tuition policies

, 71

AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP)

, 140

Al Qaeda

, 156

Al-Nusra

, 156

Allgemeiner Studierendenausschuss (AStA)

, 75

American Federation of Teachers (AFT)

, 209

American public policy

, 6

Amplification of antiinequality frame

, 11–13

Antiausterity demonstrators

, 184, 190

Antiauthoritarian Filipino activism

, 158–159

Antiequality conservative ideology

, 142

Antiextremism advocacy and outreach

, 164–165

Antiinequality frame

amplification, legitimization, and cooptation of

, 11–13

legitimation and “discursive resources”

, 12–13

Antiinequality messaging, democratic party adoption of

, 14–16

Antisystemic socialization

, 248

Arab Spring

diaspora mobilization for

, 161–165

revolutionary

, 159

Yemeni mobilization in response to

, 165–168

Arab-Muslim majority

, 156

Arizona Education Association (AEA)

, 202

Arizona Educators United (AEU)

, 204, 206, 208

Assertive action

, 69–70

Attitude

, 49–51

change and polarization over time

, 55–57

Basic pension scheme

, 62

Benevolent coercion

, 102

Bernie Sanders campaign

, 17–18

Biographical barriers

, 187

Biological reproduction

, 117

Bipartite strategy

, 34

Bismarckian-type transfer programs

, 53

Black LGBTQ people

limited representation

, 145–147

in United States

, 143

Black MSM

, 139

inequality and lived experience of Black MSM with HIV

, 136–137

Black Panther Party

, 71–72

Black Reconstruction

, 136

British Petroleum (BP)

, 29–30

California Air Resources Board (CARB)

, 30–31

California climate policymaking

, 27–28

California’s climate law

, 25

California’s San Joaquin Valley, Rural Latinx women in

, 122–124

Cap-and-trade program

, 24, 31, 35

Carceral family work

, 127–130

types of

, 128–130

Caught in Act of Protest Study

, 179

CCC study

, 179, 181–182

Center for American Progress (CAP)

, 20

Center-right Christian Democrats (CDU)

, 74–75

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

, 139

Child Tax Credit (CTC)

, 97–98

CHP

, 76

Climate change policy in United States

, 24

climate policymaking in California

, 29–34

data and methods

, 34–35

social movement and interest group theory

, 26–29

state policymakers as “institutional activists”

, 33–34

understanding limited influence of justice-oriented movement

, 35–39

Climate policymaking in California

, 29–34

“green business” and policy preferences

, 32

investor-owned utilities’ policy preferences

, 32–33

state policymakers as “institutional activists”

, 33–34

Co-pollutants

, 30–31, 36

Coalition politics

, 24

Coalition power

, 29

Coalition-building

, 250

Coalitions include non-movement actors

, 36–37

Coefficient of variation (CV)

, 52

Coercive rehabilitation

, 93–94

Coercive turn of neoliberalism

, 116–117

Cold War

, 157

Collective action

, 69, 71

frames

, 10

student-led collective action

, 72

Collective identity

, 185

College students

, 227–229

Combat authoritarianism

, 156

“Command-and-control” regulations

, 24

Communities of fate

, 205

Community standards

, 196

Comparative method

, 70

Comparative research

, 92

Comparative welfare state literature

, 50

Computational method

, 70, 77

Continued partisan politicization

, 16–18

Control variables

, 52

Cooptation of antiinequality frame

, 11–13

Cost–benefit analysis

, 205

Countermovements

, 26–27

Court-based diversion programs

, 101–102

COVID-19 epidemic

, 137

Creative disappointment theory

, 242–256

Crime

, 92

Criminal legal developments

, 93

Criminal legal supervision

, 101–103

Crises of social reproduction

, 115–116

carceral familywork among women of color in Southern California

, 127–130

caring for families in unincorporated communities

, 124–127

Latinas confronting family planning cutbacks in Texas’ Rio Grande Valley

, 118–119

policy impacts and hardships

, 120–122

unincorporated lives

, 122–124

Cultures of inequality

, 118

Deficit-based criticism

, 218

Democracy

, 238

embodiments

, 238

history

, 257

scholarship

, 238

students

, 244

Democrat from Illinois

, 163

Democratic disappointments

, 246, 249, 252, 256

Democratic movement

, 242

Democratic Party

, 4

adoption of antiinequality messaging

, 14–16

platform

, 4

Democratic themes

, 243

Demonization of Black

, 92

Detention

, 101

Diaspora

, 156

activism

, 157

antiextremism advocacy and outreach

, 164–165

case selection, data, and analytical procedures

, 159–160

diaspora mobilization for Arab Spring

, 161–165

mobilization

, 157–159

Syrian associations combat discrimination abroad

, 162–164

Diffusion of antiinequality frame

, 12

Disability Insurance

, 96

Disadvantaged unincorporated communities (DUCs)

, 122

Discursive eruption

, 8, 11–12

Discursive opportunity structure

, 12

Discursive resources, legitimation and

, 12–13

Disruptive action

, 69–70

Domestic mobilization

, 158–159

Drug courts

, 104–105

Early American Literature

, 145

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)

, 97–98

Ecologies of knowledge

, 248–249

Economic efficiency

, 196

Economic inequality

, 196

rebirth as political issue

, 6

Economic Issues and Policies

, 20

Economic news

, 71

Education and Science Workers Union

, 75

Education reformers

, 198

Emotions

, 243

Engaged skeptics

, 219

Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)

, 26–27, 29–30

Environmental justice activism

, 249–252

Environmental Justice Advisory Committee (EJAC)

, 36

Environmental Protection Agency

, 124

Equality

, 48

of membership

, 137

of opportunity

, 137

of treatment

, 137

Ethnic Studies

, 145

European Union (EU)

, 218

Exploratory study

, 200

Extremist nonstate actors

, 156

Face discriminatory governments

, 156

Facebook

, 181

Fairness

, 48

Family transformations

, 50

Federalist Society website

, 218–219

Fee-for-service

arrangements

, 99–100

models

, 102–103

Financial/economic crisis

, 178

Financialization of public higher education

, 68

France

recalibration in

, 54–55

social policy reforms in

, 53–55

Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ)

, 76

Tuition Debates in

, 78, 81–82

Free haven

, 184–185

Free higher education

, 73

“Free market” policies

, 116–117

Free spaces

, 184–185

Free Women

, 242

Freedom Is an Endless Meeting (Polletta)

, 240

Functionalist theories

, 48–49

Gender inequalities

, 20

Gendered caring labor

, 129–130

Gendered geographies of struggle

, 247–248

General Assemblies

, 185

General Economic Inequality

, 4–5

German Socialist Party

, 243

German Trade Union Confederation (DGB)

, 75

German welfare state recalibration

, 51

Germany

higher education tuition policy in

, 74–75

recalibration in

, 53–54

social policy reforms in

, 53–55

Global economic crisis

, 181–182

Global feminist sisterhood

, 248

Global financial crisis

, 178

Globalization

, 181–182

GOP

, 143–145

Green business

, 24–25, 28

and policy preferences

, 32

Greenhouse gas (GHG)

, 24

Group-based racism

, 144

Gun control vs. gun rights movements

, 26

Hardships

challenges and

, 124–127

policy impacts and

, 120–122

Health disparities

, 138

High school students

, 222–225

Higher education council (HEC)

, 82

Higher education tuition policy

data

, 76–77

Germany

, 74–75

methodology

, 77–78

opportunities and constraints

, 70–73

results

, 78–84

Student Protests in Hürriyet

, 82–84

Tuition Debates in FAZ

, 78–82

tuition hikes come knocking

, 73–76

Turkey

, 75–76

HIV/AIDS

, 138

inequality and lived experience of Black MSM with

, 136–137

Housing Choice Voucher program (HCV)

, 98

Human services

, 96

Hürriyet in Turkey

, 76

Student Protests in Hürriyet

, 82, 84–85

Hybrid citizens

, 248

“Hyper-reactionary” policies

, 116–117

Immigrant

, 156

case selection, data, and analytical procedures

, 159–160

mobilization

, 157–159

Inadequate policies

, 138

Income inequality

, 5–6, 8, 15–16

Indignados movement

, 177–178, 189–190, 253

Individual partner selections

, 144

Individual-level virtual network

, 181–182

Inequality. See also Equality

, 137, 196

amplification, legitimization, and cooptation of antiinequality frame

, 11–13

of black MSM with HIV

, 136–137

collecting data and sampling participants

, 182–184

comparing occupiers and antiausterity demonstrators

, 184, 190

continued partisan politicization and institutionalization

, 16–18

democratic party adoption of antiinequality messaging

, 14–16

discursive eruption

, 8–11

enduring impacts of occupy movement

, 8

general economic

, 4–5

methods

, 182–184

mobilization dynamics

, 184–186

motivational dynamics

, 188–190

occupy movement

, 179, 182, 190–191

rebirth of economic inequality as political issue

, 6

sampling demonstrations

, 182

social movements and political parties

, 7

sociodemographics

, 187–188

sustained attention and politicization

, 13–14

threat of climate change

, 192

Innovation

, 246–247

Instagram

, 181

Institutional actors

, 69, 71

Institutional approach

, 49

Institutional isomorphism

, 245

Institutional left

, 6, 11, 18

Institutional politics

, 18

Institutionalization

, 16–18

Interest group theory, social movement and

, 26–29

Internalization, consequences of

, 219–221

International Social Survey Program (ISSP)

, 51–52

quantitative analyses of

, 60

Internationalization of Tawakkol Karman

, 165–168

InterOccupy

, 254

Investor-owned utilities (IOUs)

, 24, 32

policy preferences

, 32–33

ISIS

, 156

Islamophobic state policies

, 156

Issue attention cycle

, 8

Jemez Principles for Democratic Organizing

, 250

Journalists perceive social movement actors

, 69

Justice-oriented environmental movement in California

, 30

Justice-oriented SMOs

, 24, 26, 28, 30

coalitions include non-movement actors

, 36–37

resources, tactics, and “legal discursive opportunity structure”

, 37, 39–40

understanding limited influence of

, 35–39

Keynesianism

, 92

Labor market

institutions

, 196

risks

, 50

Labor strikes

, 208

Labor unions

, 196

Latinas confronting family planning cutbacks in Texas’ RGV

, 118–119

Legal discursive opportunity structure

, 28, 37, 39

Legitimation. See also Polarization

and “discursive resources”

, 12–13

of antiinequality frame

, 11–13

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ)

, 138, 227

equality

, 136

racial inequality in

, 148

Lived experience of Black MSM with HIV

, 136–137

Low-carbon fuel standard (LCFS)

, 35

Loyalty

, 245–246

Machine learning (ML)

, 77

Male Blackness

, 92

Marginalized immigrant groups

, 156

Market-based strategies

, 99–100

Market-oriented SMOs

, 24, 26–27

Mass disruption

, 197

Mass incarceration

, 92, 101

Mass media

, 68–69

social movements and

, 70–73

Mass mobilization

, 70

Mass supervision

, 93–94, 101–102

Materialistic values

, 178–179

Means-tested programs

, 96, 98–99

Media

attention

, 8

cultures

, 69

outlets

, 204

Medicaid

, 98

Medicare

, 96, 98

Migratory effect

, 11

Mixed-methods design

, 70

Mobilization dynamics

, 184–186

Moral economies

, 196, 201, 210

external mechanisms

, 201–204

internal mechanisms

, 204–210

Motivational dynamics

, 188–190

Movements

, 238

actors

, 69

for democracy

, 242

examples of unsatisfactory character of movement democracy

, 239–242

movement-induced party polarization

, 19

organizations

, 245

responses

, 246, 249, 252, 256

Municipal underbounding

, 122–123

Murky middle

, 103

Muslim Ban

, 156, 169–171

National Education Association (NEA)

, 209

National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit

, 250

Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)

, 26–27, 29–30

Negative radical flank effects

, 26

Neoliberal capitalism

, 117–118

Neoliberal paternalism

, 100

Neoliberal policies

, 115–116

Neoliberal poverty governance

, 108

Neoliberalism

, 92–93

New York Anti-Saleh Protest (2012)

, 167–168

New York City (NYC)

, 8–10

Nitrogen oxides (NO_x)

, 30

Non-movement actors, coalitions

, 36–37

Nonprofit organizations

, 93–94

Occupiers

, 184, 190

Occupy Movement

, 179, 182, 238, 246, 252, 256

Occupy 2.0

, 254–255

Occupy University

, 255

Occupy Wall Street (OWS)

, 6

movement

, 177–178

protest

, 8, 18

Occupy-like demonstrators

, 179

Occupy-like protests

, 177–179

Oklahoma Education Association (OEA)

, 202

Oklahoma Legislature

, 202

Oklahoma Teachers United (OTU)

, 208

Online activism. See also Activism

, 221, 227, 229

anticlimactic nature of

, 229–230

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

, 68, 73–74

Organizational histories

, 241

Organizational resources

, 71–72

Orientalist

, 156

Othering

, 142–143

OTPOR

, 180

Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E)

, 37

Parallel political science research

, 29

Parole

, 105–106

Participation

, 216–217

Participation and marginalization in French Revolutionary activism

, 241

Participatory democracy

, 240

Partisanship politics

, 142

Party-centered theoretical approach

, 49

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010)

, 140–141

Pay-as-you-go-basis

, 53

Penal welfarism

, 92

Pension reform

, 48

People with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA)

, 140–141

Per capita welfare expenditures

, 97

Persistent inequality

, 142–143

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWORA)

, 97

Personalism

, 181

Phraseology

, 146

Planned Parenthood

, 118, 121–122

“Point source” regulations

, 24

Polarization

, 51

over time

, 55–57

Policing

, 103–104

Policy impacts and hardships

, 120–122

Policy responsiveness

, 48–49, 51

Policymakers

, 68–69

Policymaking

, 50

Political context

, 25, 72–73

Political elites

, 27–28

Political mediation model

, 25, 28–29

Political news

, 71

Political opportunity structure

, 25

Political participation, legal age for

, 224–225

Political parties, social movements and

, 7

Political racism

, 143–145

Politicization, sustained attention and

, 13–14

Polls

, 200

Poorer education opportunities

, 138

Positive feedback effect

, 197

Positive radical flank effects

, 26

Postindustrial labor market

, 50

Postmaterialistic values

, 178–179

Poverty

, 92, 138

governance

, 92

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

, 139, 141

Pro-choice versus antiabortion movements

, 26

Pro-verus anti-marijuana legalization movements

, 26

Probation

, 105–106

Progressive policies

, 73

Progressive stack

, 254

Protest

, 13–14, 69, 72, 80, 179

occupiers and anti-austerity demonstrators

, 179

occupy-like protests

, 177–179

OWS protest

, 6, 8, 18

participation motives

, 188

Public Employees Insurance Agency (PEIA)

, 197

Public institutions

, 68

Public opinion analysis

, 50

Public pervasiveness of deficit model

, 217–219

Public policymaking

, 26

Punishment

, 92, 100, 103

criminal legal supervision

, 101–103

detention

, 101

mapping punishment–welfare continuum

, 95–96

murky middle

, 103

policing

, 103–104

Qualitative analysis

, 70

Qualitative code

, 222

Quantitative analyses of changes

, 49

Race

, 145

“Race to the Top” competitive funding program

, 198

Racial inequality

, 20, 138, 141

Racism

, 144

Racist

, 156

body politics

, 147–148

“Radical flank effects” framework

, 26

Rational anticipation

, 50

Reactionary neoliberalism

, 118

“Reactionary” policies

, 116–117

Recalibration

in France

, 54–55

in Germany

, 53–54

Red State Revolt

, 196, 199

Refugee crisis

, 163

Rehabilitation

, 105

Religious-based stigma

, 138

Representation

, 7, 145, 147

“Restorative justice” process

, 254

Rio Grande Valley (RGV)

, 116

Latinas confronting family planning cutbacks in Texas’ RGV

, 118–119

Rising Tide

, 256

Rituals

, 184–185

“Roll back” neoliberalism

, 116

“Roll out” neoliberalism

, 116–117

Rural Latinx women in California’s San Joaquin Valley

, 122–124

Safer spaces committees

, 254

Semi-Exit

, 238–239, 245–246, 256

Sexual racism

, 144

Sexually transmitted infection testing (STI testing)

, 118, 138

Shadow carceral state

, 93–94

Snowball sampling

, 34, 123–124

Social capital

, 119

Social construction of race

, 148

Social embeddedness

, 188

Social expenditure data

, 49

Social inequality

, 177–178

Social insurance programs

, 98

Social marginality

governing

, 92

in United States

, 93

Social media

, 181

Social movement

, 68–69, 238, 248

activists

, 248

actors

, 69

and interest group theory

, 26–29

and mass media

, 70–73

mobilization

, 25

organizations

, 243–244

and political parties

, 7

scholars

, 216, 239

Social movement organizations (SMOs). See also Justice-oriented SMOs

, 24

Social networks

, 188

Social policy

, 48–49

France and Germany reforms

, 53–55

reforms

, 48

Social reproductive labor

, 117

Social Security

, 96, 98

Social services

, 96, 99–100

Sociodemographics

, 187–188

Socioeconomic backgrounds

, 57–59

results

, 59–61

Southern politics of spatial exclusion

, 143–145

Spaces

, 248

Spatial exclusion, Southern politics of

, 143–145

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program

, 98

Spokescouncil model

, 254

Standards-based education reform policies

, 198

State policymakers as “institutional activists”

, 33–34

Stigma

, 146

antigay

, 141

HIV

, 141

religious-based stigma

, 138

Stratification systems

, 216

Strike Debt

, 255

Strikes

, 196, 200

Structural changes

, 50

Structural inequities

, 138–139

Structural outcomes

, 143–145

Structural topic models (STMs)

, 77

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

, 240

Student-led collective action

, 72

Students for Democratic Society (SDS)

, 240–241

Sulfur oxides (SOx)

, 30

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

, 98

Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

, 98

Sustained attention and politicization

, 13–14

Symbolism

, 184–185

Syndemic theory

, 138

Synergism of plagues

, 138

Syria

auxiliary force against authoritarianism in

, 161

humanitarian crisis, and

, 156

Syrian American Council (SAC)

, 161–162

Syrians

, 156

associations combat discrimination abroad

, 162–164

case

, 161–165

in democracies

, 156

Tawakkol Karman, internationalization of

, 165–168

Tax credits

, 97–98

Teachers

, 196–197

Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)

, 98

Temporary Protective Status (TPS)

, 163

Therapeutic community model (TC model)

, 105

Tooleville

, 124–125

“Tough on crime” policies

, 116–117, 127

Toxic masculinity

, 138

Traditional “greedy” institutions

, 181

Transnational advocacy networks

, 157

Transnational dimensions

, 246–249

Transnational feminist networks

, 248

Transnational mobilization

, 158–159

Transnational movement

, 238, 246–247, 250

Trevor Project

, 227

Tuition policy

, 68

Turkey, higher education tuition policy in

, 75–76

Turkish political system

, 74

Twitter

, 181

UN Conference on Environment and Development

, 250

“Under age” youth, forms of activism for

, 226–227

Unemployment

degressive factor in

, 54

in Germany

, 58

insurance

, 96

Unequal distribution

, 24

Unequal policy responsiveness

, 51

Unincorporated communities

, 122–123

caring for families in

, 124–127

Universal basic income (UBI)

, 17–18

Universal social insurance programs

, 96

US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

, 14–15

US teachers’ strikes

case presentation

, 197–200

data and methods

, 200–201

moral economies mechanisms

, 201–210

US-based Syrian Emergency Task Force and British Solidarity for Syria

, 161–162

Virtual brokers

, 181–182

Voice

, 248–249

Vulnerability troubling

, 142

War on terror

, 170–171

Wealth inequality

, 5–6

Wealth tax

, 4

Welfare

, 92, 96, 100

mapping punishment–welfare continuum

, 95–96

means-tested programs

, 98–99

murky middle

, 103

and penal institutions

, 93

policing

, 103–104

retrenchment

, 92

social insurance programs

, 98

social services

, 99–100

in United States

, 93

Welfare state recalibration

attitude change and polarization over time

, 55–57

attitudes

, 49–51

difference between attitudes of more advantaged people and of people from lower

methods and data

, 51–52

social policy reforms in France And Germany

, 53–55

West Virginia Public Employees United

, 208

White MSM

, 139

White-supremacist social movements

, 156

Whiteness

, 136

Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

, 98

Women of color in Southern California

, 127–130

Work stoppage

, 203

World Social Forums (WSF)

, 248, 250–251

Yemen

free speech and human rights in

, 166

global spokesperson for

, 166

immigrant in

, 156

violence in

, 166

Yemen Peace Project

, 159–160

Yemeni American Coalition for Change

, 167–168

Yemeni American Merchants Association (YAMA)

, 169

Yemeni mobilization in response to Arab Spring

, 165–168

Internationalization of Tawakkol Karman

, 166–167

New York Anti-Saleh Protest, January and February 2012

, 167–168

Yemenis

, 156

in democracies

, 156

Young people

, 216, 220

data and methods

, 221–222

Youth

, 216

activism

, 217–221

activists

, 219–220

deficit model

, 216–217, 224, 229–230

forms of activism for “under age” youth

, 226–227

Zuccotti Park

, 10, 252–253