TY - JOUR AB - Based on the orthogonal approach for hybrid element methods, refined three‐dimensional isoparametric hybrid hexahedral elements have been developed. The behaviour of the proposed models are discussed in respect of coordinate invariance, spurious zero energy modes and the ability to pass the patch test. By adopting the orthogonality of strain energy, the element stiffness matrix can be decomposed into a series of stiffness matrices in which the implementational effectiveness can be improved. A number of examples is used to demonstrate the implementation efficiency, accuracy and distortion insensitivity of the proposed elements, and its capacity of handling nearly incompressible materials VL - 8 IS - 3 SN - 0264-4401 DO - 10.1108/eb023838 UR - https://doi.org/10.1108/eb023838 AU - CHEN WANJI AU - CHEUNG Y.K. PY - 1991 Y1 - 1991/01/01 TI - IMPROVEMENT OF THREE‐DIMENSIONAL HYBRID HEXAHEDRAL ELEMENTS BY USING ORTHOGONAL APPROACH T2 - Engineering Computations PB - MCB UP Ltd SP - 257 EP - 271 Y2 - 2024/03/28 ER -