BIM-Enabled Education: a Systematic Literature Review
10th Nordic Conference on Construction Economics and Organization
eISBN: 978-1-83867-051-1
ISSN: 2516-2853
Publication date: 1 May 2019
Abstract
Purpose
Building Information Modelling (BIM) education promises new and exciting opportunities for more integrated learning experiences, multidisciplinary collaboration and greater synthesis between the learning environment and real-world projects. This paper aims to report the findings of a systematic review of the BIM education literature aimed at understanding the current state of the art of BIM-enabled education.
Design/Methodology/Approach
The systematic review methodology adopted borrows from the approach developed and widely deployed in evidence-based practice within the medical research field.
Findings
A total of 330 relevant articles were identified and analysed. Reported instances of BIM-enabled education were identified and analysed. It was found that these can be categorised into two groups: BIM as a learning tool and BIM as a learning environment.
Research Limitations/Implications
This review was limited to the academic literature published in English from 2007 until January 2018.
Practical Implications
BIM as a learning environment represents a new paradigm for AEC education, which emphasises integration, multidisciplinary collaboration, simulation, real life scenarios and application of learning concepts.
Originality/Value
The concept of BIM as a learning environment requires further elaboration, after which it can be used to enhance AEC education.
Keywords
Citation
Witt, E. and Kähkönen, K. (2019), "BIM-Enabled Education: a Systematic Literature Review", Lill, I. and Witt, E. (Ed.) 10th Nordic Conference on Construction Economics and Organization (Emerald Reach Proceedings Series, Vol. 2), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 261-269. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2516-285320190000002042
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2019, Emlyn Witt, Kalle Kähkönen.
License
Published in the Emerald Reach Proceedings Series. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
1. Introduction
Underwood et al. (2013) conceptualise the development of BIM education in three progressive stages:
BIM-aware – ensuring that graduates are aware of BIM and the changes it is bringing about;
BIM-focused – students are instructed how to use BIM in the performance of specific tasks; and
BIM-enabled – where learning is embedded in the virtual BIM environment and BIM acts as a “vehicle” for learning.
The current research is aimed at exploring the third, “BIM-enabled”, stage which potentially offers opportunities for immersive and integrated learning experiences on the basis of real and up-to-date project models and data from industry. Specifically, the research seeks to address how BIM can be leveraged to improve construction management education. As an initial step, a systematic review of the BIM education literature was undertaken to examine the state-of-the-art of BIM-enabled learning in higher education institutions and in industry and to understand the drivers, challenges and best practices arising from reported experiences to date.
This paper reports initial findings of the literature review. The formal, systematic approach applied is presented in Section 2. A breakdown of the literature captured by the search, an overview of identified cases of BIM-enabled learning and the drivers and challenges associated with them are reported in Section 3. A discussion follows in which the authors’ attempt to interpret and make sense of the findings before the paper is concluded.
2. Research Methodology
The systematic review methodology is associated with evidence-based practice and has been widely applied particularly in the field of healthcare delivery. Since the late-1990s, it has also become the “literature review methodology of choice” for some in the educational research community (Bearman et al. 2012). The review process adopted for this literature review is based on that recommended in Bearman et al. (2012).
2.1. Review question(s)
The research objective is to examine the state of the art of BIM-enabled learning from reported experiences to date, and our review questions are as follows:
- 1)
What is the current state of the art of BIM-enabled learning?
- 2)
What are the issues (drivers, challenges, etc.) that affect BIM-enabled learning?
2.2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The inclusion criteria were defined to include the following:
all available BIM education articles which describe current practice and
all available magazine articles to capture industry training examples.
Pre-2007 articles were excluded on the grounds that they would be more than a decade old and, therefore, somewhat out of date. In addition, the year 2007 saw an international upsurge in the interest in BIM with the publication of key BIM standards, so it was considered a sensible start year for the literature search. Only articles in English were considered for the inclusion.
2.3. Search strategy
Major literature databases were selected to ensure good coverage of the available literature and so that peer-reviewed conference papers would be included (as these were anticipated by the authors to be a rich source of case study examples). After initial trial searches, the following databases were selected:
ASCE Library;
EBSCOhost Web;
Scopus; and
Web of Science Core Collection.
The following Boolean phrase of keyword combinations was used in advanced searches to match “Anywhere in document” (i.e. all text and all fields):
(“Education” OR “Training” OR “Learning”) AND (“Building Information Modelling” OR “Building Information Modelling” OR “Virtual Design and Construction”)
The intention was to cast a wide net to capture everything relating to BIM education in the search but to exclude articles about BIM but not education. The advanced search functions also enabled the search results to be limited to articles in English from no earlier than 2007.
2.4. Screening
The screening process followed the steps:
- 1)
Database search returns were listed in order of relevance.
- 2)
Each article title and, if necessary, abstract were checked to establish relevance.
- 3)
Relevant articles were then saved to a database-specific folder using a reference management program (Mendeley Desktop version 1.17.13).
- 4)
The total numbers of relevant articles and their type were recorded.
2.5. Results of the search
Search results are presented in the “Findings” section.
2.6. Data extraction
A primarily qualitative, content analysis approach to data extraction was adopted as the focus of the study relates to understanding the complex context of BIM education implementation and the data extracted from multiple research articles require organisation into themes and categories by the analyst to be understood. In addition, certain quantitative metrics are also of interest in this study. The data extraction approach might therefore be described as a mixed methods approach and, to expedite the analyses, NVivo (v.12) software was used, which enabled convenient coding of content to different themes and the organisation of descriptive metrics for each reported case of BIM education.
2.7. Quality / rigour evaluation
The majority of articles identified in the search as relevant are peer reviewed conference and journal articles which suggest a fairly uniform level of rigour in their results. However, the source articles collected also include books, book sections and trade magazine articles and these suggest a different (and lower) level of rigour. To the extent that this influences findings, it has been taken into consideration.
2.8. Synthesis
For this research, the content of each article was read and sections of the text considered by the analyst to be pertinent to a theme or subtheme relevant to the research were coded accordingly. From the multiple themes, subthemes and the content coded to them, an overall understanding of the issue under study was elaborated.
2.9. Reporting findings
The findings of the systematic review are reported below.
3. Findings
3.1. Search results
The following tables sum up the databases included in this literature study (Table 1), number of articles (Table 2) and the main sources of articles (Table 3).
Returns from database searches
| Number of Articles | ASCE Library | EBSCOhost Web | Scopus | Web of Science | Overall (duplicates removed) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| returned by search | 613 | 3730 | 1673 | 174 | N/A |
| deemed relevant | 67 | 63 | 210 | 108 | 330 |
Number of articles by year of publication
| Year | Articles |
|---|---|
| 2007 | 6 |
| 2008 | 13 |
| 2009 | 6 |
| 2010 | 23 |
| 2011 | 21 |
| 2012 | 41 |
| 2013 | 39 |
| 2014 | 40 |
| 2015 | 47 |
| 2016 | 55 |
| 2017 | 35 |
| 2018 | 4 |
Top sources of articles
| Source | No. of articles |
|---|---|
| Conference proceedings – by conference series | |
| ASEE (2008-2017) | 42 |
| AEI (2008-2017) | 13 |
| Construction Research Congress (2009-2016) | 11 |
| Journals | |
| Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice | 19 |
| Journal of Information Technology in Construction | 9 |
| International Journal of Construction Education and Research | 8 |
| Automation in Construction | 7 |
| Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering | 7 |
| Journal of Construction Engineering and Management | 5 |
| International Journal of Engineering Education | 5 |
| Trade Publications | |
| ENR | 4 |
3.2. Identified examples of BIM-enabled learning
Ninety two of the articles captured included some description of specific cases of BIM education or BIM training in industry. (Other articles reported surveys of existing BIM education and industry needs for BIM education, curriculum development studies and theoretical or conceptual treatments of BIM education.) Of these 92 cases, 17 were considered to represent BIM-enabled learning with the remainder being considered ‘BIM-focused’. In making this distinction, the authors’ interpreted the Underwood et al. (2013) categorisation as follows:
In “BIM-focused” education – the emphasis is on learning to use BIM
In “BIM-enabled” education – BIM use facilitates learning.
3.3. Drivers of BIM-enabled learning
The cases reviewed reveal drivers motivating these BIM-enabled education and training initiatives. BIM education in all forms is clearly important from an industry demand and graduate employment perspective (Bozoglu, 2016). The notion of a transition from an old, traditional educational regime to a new BIM-enabled one is reflected by many authors. Forgues and Becerik-Gerber (2013) note that the change brought about by BIM entails moving away from dividing projects between specialist areas and toward integrating work and information flows for whole projects. In doing so, traditional professional practice, power and influence relations are redefined. As university faculties reflect the professional divisions and structures of the traditional construction industry, they struggle to adapt to this change while they are under considerable pressure to rethink the education of built environment professionals and to contribute to the development of the new ways of working (Forgues and Becerik-Gerber, 2013). In parallel, Ambrose (2012) notes the move away from abstraction as embedded in traditional design education towards simulation on the basis of a virtual building model.
Boeykins et al. (2013) refer to BIM as representing an “educational methodology”, which students can benefit from experiencing. Advantages of this new, BIM-enabled educational methodology noted in the cases include
The BIM environment enables students to apply the abstract concepts that they have learned (Forsythe et al. 2013) and this has been shown to improve students’ understanding of engineering concepts (Pikas et al. 2013).
BIM provides opportunities for 3D visualisations and interactive, non-verbal simulations which enable the communication of complex ideas across different disciplines and cultural-linguistic groups (Clevenger et al. 2012). These have been demonstrated to enhance student understanding (Pikas et al. 2013) and student performance (Barham et al. 2011).
BIM provides an excellent tool for data management and a framework for data rich information models, which enhance learning experiences (Irizarry et al. 2012). This enables convenient access to information and allows the formation of BIM-based “knowledge repositories” for learning (Barham et al. 2011).
BIM enables the simulation of more realistic (and of real) project conditions for education (Peterson et al. 2011; Boeykins et al. 2013).
BIM is both driving the emerging need for greater interdisciplinary communication and teamwork and also directly providing opportunities for developing competencies in multidisciplinary collaboration (Becerik-Gerber et al. 2012; Bozoglu, 2016).
3.4. Challenges of BIM-enabled learning
Numerous challenges were found to be common to both the BIM-enabled and BIM-focused learning cases and these include:
Accreditation – e.g. different standards for graduates from different disciplines with respect to interdisciplinary collaboration competencies (Chiuini et al. 2013);
Assessment – e.g. the difficulty of fully and equally engaging all students in collaborative work (Comiskey et al. 2017);
Classrooms and technical equipment – e.g. classrooms not being suitably designed or equipped for collaborative work (Becerik-Gerber et al. 2012);
Example projects – e.g. students being overwhelmed by the technical complexity of real projects (Becerik-Gerber et al. 2012);
Interoperability problems – between different software packages and even between different versions of the same software (Boeykins et al. 2013);
Skills – BIM-related skills differ widely between both individual students (Comiskey et al. 2017) and between students of different disciplines (Chiuini et al. 2013). For faculty members to become proficient and stay current with BIM software represents a particular challenge (Clevenger et al. 2012);
Teamwork and collaboration – e.g. difficulties coordinating and motivating the participation of students and faculty in multidisciplinary collaborations (Boeykins et al. 2013);
Technical support – e.g. universities are often under-resourced in terms of providing the necessary technical support to BIM-related educational initiatives (Becerik-Gerber et al. 2012);
Time – this is a central problem on numerous levels: e.g. finding time within educational programmes to include BIM-related education and as no additional time can be added to programmes, determining what consequently gets left out (Denzer and Hedges, 2008); Coordinating time between programmes for multidisciplinary collaboration, particularly in the case of remote teams located in different time zones (Dossick et al. 2014). The time commitments of faculty to become familiar with BIM software (Denzer and Hedges, 2008);
Uncertainty over what to teach – e.g. as a consequence of rapid developments of BIM in industry (Becerik-Gerber et al. 2012); and
Workload – e.g. students finding the workload of BIM-related education to be greater than that normally demanded for the same credits (Forgues and Becerik-Gerber, 2013).
4. Discussion of findings
The reported instances of BIM education that were judged to represent BIM-enabled learning as opposed to BIM-aware or BIM-focused learning, can be categorised into two groups:
BIM as a learning tool – where traditional learning processes are enhanced through the deployment of some aspect(s) of BIM; and
BIM as a learning environment – where learning takes place within a BIM context in the sense of BIM providing a common platform for communication and / or where BIM work flow processes are adopted.
4.1. BIM as a learning tool
Pikas et al. (2013) note the importance of BIM “as a tool for performing the engineering tasks taught within design, analysis, and management courses”. The simplest form of this is perhaps the use of 3D models for visualisation assistance in learning. Numerous examples of this were captured, e.g. assisting visualisation in Concrete Structures courses (Barnham et al. 2011), aiding information understanding in Working Drawings Analysis (Ghosh, 2012) and providing illustrations for safety training in academic and industry settings (Clevenger et al. 2012).
Beyond 3D geometric and parametric information for visualisation, BIM provides a means of organising all building-related information into conveniently accessible databases. Irizarry et al. (2012) have leveraged this and demonstrate the effectiveness of using “BIM-based knowledge repositories” to enhance numerous courses for Civil Engineering and Construction Management students.
4.2. BIM as a learning environment
The most common form of BIM-enabled learning described in the cases reviewed was the collaborative project. Although these collaborative projects differ in their focus, the extent of the building process they cover and the disciplines that they embrace, they share a common trait in that communication and collaboration is enabled by BIM-based communication environments. The sophistication of the environments described varies from relatively simple, shared common data environments, parametric models and the collaborative features offered by BIM software (e.g. Comiskey et al. 2017) to virtual collaboration spaces resembling computer gaming environments with participants represented as avatars (e.g. Dossick et al. 2015).
As noted in the Findings section above, the notion of a transition from traditional AEC education to BIM-based AEC education is strongly reflected in the literature and the changes taking place include:
Decomposition → Integration
Separate professional roles → Multidisciplinary collaboration
Abstraction → Simulation
Simplified, abstract concepts → More complex, closer to reality / real life scenarios
Learning concepts → Learning concepts and applying them
Multidisciplinary collaboration emerges as a key requirement going forward – a requirement that is both driven by BIM adoption and which can now be conveniently simulated and learned on the basis of BIM.
In this transitional context, we see a clear role for both categories of BIM-enabled learning identified above:
“BIM as a learning tool” representing primarily pretransition BIM-enabled learning possibilities in that elements of BIM are used to teach traditional courses and concepts which are mostly taught, organised and delivered in traditional ways; and
“BIM as a learning environment” representing the emerging, BIM-based educational paradigm
In the identified examples of “BIM as an environment”, there is an emphasis on collaboration itself and much time and effort is still expended on learning BIM-skills and ways of working because these are still unfamiliar to many students and faculty. Simulation takes place in the sense that real project scenarios are being simulated in the classroom but we do not yet see reported examples of simulation in the sense of multiple simulations to optimise solutions on the project scale. Nor do we find examples of the teaching of fundamental concepts (other than collaboration, communication and the new and BIM work processes) within the BIM environment. These areas of development need further exploration. They offer the potential of leveraging the new environment to develop AEC concepts and knowledge and to deliver greater value.
5. Conclusions
Existing cases of BIM-enabled learning were found to belong to two categories:
BIM as a learning tool – where traditional learning processes are enhanced through the deployment of some aspect(s) of BIM; and
BIM as a learning environment – where learning takes place within a BIM context (BIM providing a common platform for communication, BIM work flow processes, etc.)
“BIM as a learning environment” appears to represent a new (post-BIM-transition) educational paradigm in which integration, multidisciplinary collaboration, simulation, real life scenarios and application of learning concepts are at the heart of the learning process.
Further research is called for to describe this BIM learning environment in such a way that it can be usefully created and applied in AEC education.
References
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This work was supported by the Estonian Research Council grant PUTJD742.
- Prelims
- THE ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS OF CONSTRUCTION
- Updating and Cleaning Out: The “Make or Buy” Decision in Construction Revisited
- Bispevika Project: Research for Constructing a Collaborative Value Chain
- Social Considerations in the Procurement of Road and Railroad Projects in Sweden
- Standardization and Industrialized Construction of Special Purpose Building
- Identifying Contradictions of Integrating Life-Cycle Costing in Design Practices
- Advancing Networking-Based Business Management in Construction Markets
- Contracts and Culture in a Partnering Project
- Sub-Contractors’ Perception of Contracting: The Case of Crime
- Project Managers: Gatekeepers or Inside Men?
- The Hybridity of Strategic Partnerships and Construction Supply Chain Management
- Dynamic Capabilities and Risk Management: Evaluating the CDRM Model for Clients
- An Opposite Design-Build Procurement Method: Competing on Quality with a Fixed Price
- CONSTRUCTION AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT
- An Appraisal of Water Infrastructure Projects’ Financing Challenges in South Africa
- The Soft Factors in Design Management: a Hidden Success Factor?
- Room to Manoeuvre: Governing the Project Provisions
- A Longitudinal View of Adopting Project Alliancing: Case Finland
- A Simulation-Based Optimization for Contractors in Precast Concrete Projects
- Governed by Municipal Land Allocations: Implications for Housing Developers
- Situation Picture Through Construction Information Management
- Who Benefit from Crime in Construction? A Structural Analysis
- Quality Evaluation of Contractor’s Schedule in the Bidding Phase
- Activity Cruciality as Measure of Network Schedule Structure Resilience
- Construction Programmes and Programming: A Critical Review
- Procurement Research: Current State and Future Challenges in the Nordic Countries
- Exploitative Learning in Inter-Organizational Projects: Evidence from Dutch Infrastructure Practices
- The Transition from Design-Bid-Build Contracts to Design-Build
- Exploring the Dynamics of Supplier Innovation Diffusion
- Understanding Collaborative Working in a Facilitated Interdisciplinary Environment
- Ensuring Successful Knowledge Transfer in Building Renovation Projects
- Public Private Collaboration in the Context of Zero Emission Neighbourhood
- Strategizing and Project Management in Construction Projects: An Exploratory Literature Review
- BUILDING INFORMATION, DATA AND DIGITALIZATION
- BIM-Enabled Education: a Systematic Literature Review
- A BIM-Enabled Learning Environment: a Conceptual Framework
- “I Work All Day with Automation in Construction: I am a Sociomaterial-Designer”
- Developing Smart Services to Smart Campus
- An Overview of BIM Adoption in the Construction Industry: Benefits and Barriers
- BIM for Construction Education: Initial Findings from a Literature Review
- Model for Smart, Self-learning and Adaptive Resilience Building
- Investigating the Drop-Out rate from a BIM Course
- INNOVATIONS IN THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
- Senior Residence Concepts in Norway: Challenges and Actions for a Sustainable Development
- 3D-Printing Technology in Construction: Results from a Survey
- Product and Manufacturing Systems Alignment: a Case Study in the Timber House Building Industry
- Opening the Black Box of Accessibility Regulation
- Orchestrating Multi-Actor Collaborative Innovation Across Organizational Boundaries
- SUSTAINABILITY AND RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
- Social Sustainability in Modelling of Value Creation in Housing Refurbishment
- Reviewing the Role of Sustainability Professionals in Construction
- Exploring the Evolution and Impact of Building Environment Assessment Methods in Achieving Green Building
- STAKEHOLDERS OF CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE
- Challenging the Rhetoric of Construction Briefing: Insights from a Formula 1 Sports Venue
- Underlying Causes for Risk Taking Behaviour Among Construction Workers
- Towards Developing a Framework for User-Driven Innovation in Refurbishment
- Reconstructing Knowledge Integration in the Norwegian AEC-Industry
- Institutional Complexity for Chinese International Contractors
- BUILT ENVIRONMENTS
- BIM Related Innovation in Healthcare Precinct Design and Facilities Management
- Location is Crucial in Retrofit: Strategy Selection in Different Regions
- CONSTRUCTION EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
- From Theoretical to Practical Competence on Health and Safety
- A Test Platform of Viable Methods to Improve Production and Learning on Construction Sites