Index

Kurt April (University of Cape Town, SA)
Babar Dharani (University of Cape Town, SA)
Amanda April (LICM Consulting)

Lived Experiences of Exclusion in the Workplace: Psychological & Behavioural Effects

ISBN: 978-1-80043-309-0, eISBN: 978-1-80043-308-3

ISSN: 2051-2333

Publication date: 16 March 2023

This content is currently only available as a PDF

Citation

April, K., Dharani, B. and April, A. (2023), "Index", Lived Experiences of Exclusion in the Workplace: Psychological & Behavioural Effects (International Perspectives on Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, Vol. 7), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2051-233320230000007012

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2023 Emerald Publishing Limited


INDEX

Academics
, 126

education
, 50

Accent-ism
, 128

Accents
, 25, 128

prestige theory
, 26

Access
, 3, 30[ndash]31, 41, 109, 124, 177

Accessibility
, 48

Accessible
, 48

Acculturation
, 36

Acculturative stress
, 36

Accusations
, 141[ndash]144

Acid attacks
, 151

Adaptation
, 37

ADHD
, 18[ndash]19

Adjustment
, 37

Administrative positions
, 15

Affirmative action
, 2, 155, 166[ndash]168, 198

and broad-based black economic empowerment
, 155[ndash]157

conception and implementation challenges
, 159[ndash]166

post-apartheid
, 157[ndash]158

African black women
, 74

Age
, 7, 20[ndash]22, 64, 87, 150, 152

discrimination
, 20

stereotypes
, 20

Age-related prejudice
, 20

Ageism
, 20

Alienation
, 40, 43, 49, 52

dimensions
, 6

syndrome
, 43

Ally
, 34, 99

Allyship
, 41

American men in same-sex couples
, 63

Anti-discrimination laws
, 87

Anti-immigrant
, 116

Anti-racism
, 123

Anxiety
, 5, 41, 65, 82, 119, 136, 141, 147, 169[ndash]170, 182, 185

Apartheid
, 74, 121

racial spatial planning
, 44

South Africa’s international crime
, 156

Appearance
, 11[ndash]13

Approachability
, 190[ndash]191

Arabic dress codes
, 36

Asian
, 50, 103, 147, 156

Aspirational self
, 177

Assertive servant leadership
, 102

Assimilating
, 3

Assimilation
, 42, 200

Associations
, 58, 60, 62, 141

Assumptions
, 9, 25, 29, 31, 39, 47, 50[ndash]51, 54, 61, 66[ndash]67, 79[ndash]81, 83[ndash]84, 100, 117, 137, 144, 161, 186

AT&T
, 155

Attractiveness
, 12, 144, 150, 178

Attributions based on differences
, 57[ndash]61

Atypical appointees
, 21

Authentic communication
, 193

Authentic self
, 176

Authenticity
, 171, 174[ndash]177, 190

Authority
, 94

Autism
, 18[ndash]19

Autonomy violations
, 145

Availability
, 190[ndash]191

Avoidance
, 88[ndash]90

Awareness
, 3

Background
, 6, 27, 199

Barriers
, 37, 48, 163

Behavioural multidimensional capacity
, 51

Behavioural shifts
, 36

Belief
, 7

Belonging
, 192

Biases
, 35, 80, 109

Binary
, 13, 15, 69

Birth
, 7

Bisexual
, 15, 88, 148

Black
, 23, 61

Black accent
, 72

Black and minority ethnic employees (BME employees)
, 121

Black Economic Empowerment (BEE)
, 157

Black women
, 74

Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE)
, 157, 165, 198[ndash]199

Bullied
, 70, 198

Bullying
, 140

Camissa
, 73, 83, 112, 116, 121, 126, 130, 142, 156[ndash]157, 164, 166

Career harm
, 145

Career progression
, 124

Categorise
, 58, 79, 84

Challenges
, 34

Codes of Good Practice
, 157

Cognitive multidimensional capacity
, 51

Colonial
, 113

Colonialism
, 74

Colonisation
, 9

Colour
, 7, 64

blindness
, 53

Coloured
, 73, 83, 112, 116, 121, 126, 130, 142, 156[ndash]157, 164, 166

Common good
, 106, 184, 199

Communicative trust
, 182

Community
, 17[ndash]18, 33, 38[ndash]39, 44, 53, 71, 112, 182, 190, 193

Company dress code
, 13

Compassion
, 3, 45, 187[ndash]189

Compassionate reconciliation
, 187

Competence
, 171, 173[ndash]174

trust
, 182

Compliance
, 3

Conception
, 159[ndash]166

Conditioning
, 80

Confidence
, 174

Confrontation
, 88, 107, 198

with authority about discrimination
, 104[ndash]107

avoidance
, 88[ndash]90

direct objection to discrimination
, 94[ndash]104

indirect objection to discrimination
, 91[ndash]94

Confronting prejudiced responses model (CPR model)
, 88

Conscience
, 7

Conscious bias
, 9, 12

Consciousness
, 41

Contact
, 18, 161

Contact theory
, 44

Context
, 5, 9[ndash]10, 17, 25, 58, 96, 175, 185

Contextual rank
, 71

Contextualised discrimination
, 109, 151[ndash]152, (see also Discrimination)

accusations and derogatory comments
, 141[ndash]144

gender discrimination
, 144[ndash]151

humour
, 136[ndash]141

organisational level
, 118[ndash]127

personal level
, 127[ndash]136

systemic level
, 110[ndash]117

Contractual trust
, 182

Conversation
, 26

Coping humour
, 92[ndash]93

Costs of litigation
, 2

Courage
, 185[ndash]187

COVID-19 pandemic
, 1, 29, 103

Creative language
, 97

Criticism
, 52

Cross-departmental collaboration (see Inter-departmental collaboration)

Cross-level trust development
, 182

Cultural intelligence
, 50

Cultural milieu
, 94

Cultural values
, 128

Culture
, 7

of belonging
, 192[ndash]193

shock
, 33

Cyberbullying
, 140

Deculturalisation
, 2

Deep smarts (see Tacit knowledge)

Defeminisation
, 2

Delay
, 101

Delayed direct objection to discrimination
, 100[ndash]104

Democracy of emotions
, 185[ndash]186

Demographic group prototypes
, 74

Depression
, 2, 5, 7, 93, 105, 118, 141, 147

Derogatory comments
, 141[ndash]144

‘Descriptive’ gender stereotypes
, 145

Designated employers
, 157

Designated groups
, 157

Destructive emotions
, 50, 90, 136

Dialect
, 25[ndash]28

Dialogue
, 46, 48

Dignity
, 1, 19, 53, 99, 145, 148, 166, 188, 193, 197

Direct approaches
, 127[ndash]130

Direct confrontation
, 198

Direct discrimination
, 90

Direct objection to discrimination
, 94

delayed direct objection to discrimination
, 100[ndash]104

immediate direct objection to discrimination
, 96[ndash]100

Disability
, 7

Disadvantaged communities
, 157, 159

Discernment
, 82

Discomfort
, 177

Discriminating acts
, 6

Discrimination
, 7, 12, 57, 83[ndash]85, 198

attributions based on differences
, 57[ndash]61

gendered roles in workplace
, 66[ndash]70

mental models and stereotyping
, 61[ndash]66

rank
, 70[ndash]76

reinforcement of stereotypes
, 76[ndash]78

remedies
, 78[ndash]83

Discriminatory acts
, 109

Discriminatory behaviour
, 88, 90, 100, 151

Discriminatory experiences
, 87

Disengagement
, 93

Distributive injustice
, 132

Distributive justice
, 119

Diversability
, 17[ndash]20, 64, 87

bullying
, 141

Diversity
, 5

Doll experiment
, 57, 60, 64

Dominant
, 2[ndash]3, 6[ndash]7, 9, 11, 16, 35, 53, 134, 172, 199

Double loop learning
, 52

Dress code
, 10

Dynamism
, 187

Dyslexia
, 19

E-mails
, 103

Econometric analysis
, 30

Economically powerful group
, 2, 9

Education
, 30[ndash]32

Effective leadership
, 99

Electronic bullying
, 140

Elite institution
, 30

Emotional maturity
, 50

Emotions
, 99

Empathetic language
, 97

Empathy
, 45

Employability
, 27, 35

Employee disabilities
, 170

Employee neurodiversity
, 170

Employment equity
, 198

Employment Equity Plans. Section 6(2) of the Act
, 157

Empowered powerlessness
, 15

Empowerment
, 193

Engagement
, 3, 22, 103, 187, 197

Environmental trust
, 182

Equality
, 109[ndash]110

Equity
, 109[ndash]110, 112, 119

theory
, 119, 171

Ethnic or social origin
, 7, 9[ndash]11

Ethnicity
, 9, 87

European Union (EU)
, 144

Exclusion
, 1[ndash]2, 5, 53

age
, 20[ndash]22

appearance
, 11[ndash]13

consequences
, 40[ndash]43

dialect
, 25[ndash]28

diversability
, 17[ndash]20

education and training
, 30[ndash]32

ethnic and social origin
, 9[ndash]11

inter-and intra-departmental disciplines
, 32[ndash]33

language
, 24[ndash]25

political view and opinion
, 28[ndash]29

race
, 8[ndash]9

relocating for work
, 33[ndash]40

remedies for
, 44[ndash]53

sex and gender
, 13[ndash]17

spirituality and religion
, 22[ndash]24

Exclusionary acts
, 7

Exclusionary behaviour
, 49

Expectation
, 9, 15, 22, 25, 47, 63, 66, 135, 182

Experiential learning
, 52

Exxon
, 155

EY
, 170

Facilitation
, 50

Fairness in psychology
, 119

Fashion statements
, 13

Feelings
, 99

Feelings of alienation
, 40

fMRI scanning
, 63

Focauldian analyses
, 112

Ford Motor Company
, 170

Free-market concern
, 159

Gay
, 15, 35, 48, 58, 75, 77, 148

Gender
, 7, 13[ndash]17, 64, 152

discrimination
, 144[ndash]151

expressions
, 87

identity
, 13, 16

inequality
, 2

spectrum
, 15

stereotypes
, 14, 66

workplace roles
, 144

Gendered roles in workplace
, 66[ndash]70

Generalisations
, 57[ndash]59

Generosity
, 30

Glass ceiling
, 2, 15

Glass cliff
, 15

Global South
, 18

Government institutions
, 126

Group affiliation
, 197

Group atmosphere
, 90

Group dynamics
, 6

Hair colour
, 152

Happy workers
, 2[ndash]3

Hard stuff
, 104

Hegemonic domains
, 131

Hegemonic masculinity
, 16

Height-based prejudice
, 12[ndash]13

Heightism
, 12

Hermeneutic listening
, 82

Hermeneutic phenomenological methodology
, 2

Heteronormativity
, 16, 146, 148

Heterosexual
, 16, 58, 68, 75, 118, 134, 146, 148, 163, 175

Heuristics
, 79, 82

Hierarchical regression analyses
, 40

Hierarchy of needs
, 1

Historical injustice
, 172, 197

Historically-based cultural norms
, 65

Homemaker
, 67[ndash]68

Homosexual
, 53, 58

Homosexuality
, 77

Homosocial reproduction
, 133

Human resources
, 15

Human rights
, 1, 17, 24, 29, 130

Humour
, 136[ndash]141

techniques
, 92

Identification
, 7

Identity/identities
, 2, 15, 25, 36, 38, 41, 62, 67, 77, 87, 92, 137, 172, 182, 192, 197, 199

Immediate direct objection to discrimination
, 96[ndash]100

Immigrant
, 34, 114[ndash]117

Implicit attitudes
, 63

Implicit bias
, 62[ndash]63

In-group
, 14, 35, 44, 101

Inauthenticity
, 10, 16

Inclusion
, 1, (see also Exclusion)

Inclusive leadership
, 42, 177[ndash]193

Inclusive-based action
, 192

Inclusivity
, 1, 8, 27, 49, 82, 163

Indian
, 62, 80, 156, 166

Indigeneity
, 9

Indirect approaches
, 130[ndash]136

Indirect confrontation
, 198

Indirect objection to discrimination
, 91[ndash]94

Individual exceptionalism
, 52

Individual/s or groups
, 6

Inequality/inequalities
, 2, 10, 28, 68, 110, 126, 156[ndash]157, 159, 166

Inequity
, 119

Information/knowledge/wisdom
, 61

Informed consent replacement process
, 133

Inquiring
, 47[ndash]48

Institutionalised discrimination
, 61, 91, 106, 198

Integration
, 1, 8, 10, 158[ndash]160, 170, 177, 197

Intellectual disability
, 19

Intelligence
, 58[ndash]59

Inter-departmental collaboration
, 32[ndash]33

Inter-departmental disciplines
, 32[ndash]33

Interactional injustice
, 132

Interactional justice
, 122

Interdependent collaboration
, 33

Intergenerational ‘black fatigue’
, 162

Intergroup anxiety
, 6

Intergroup relations
, 38, 44, 175

Internalised forms of thought
, 87

Interpersonal relationships
, 27, 43, 46

Intersectional experiences
, 3

Intersectionality
, 197

Interventions
, 95

Intra-departmental disciplines
, 32[ndash]33

Involvement
, 6, 95, 192

isiXhosa
, 72

isiZulu
, 72

Isolation
, 6, 27

Job involvement
, 5[ndash]6

Jokes
, 139

JPMorgan Chase
, 170

Judgement
, 82

Justice
, 110, 119

Ladder of inference
, 125

Language
, 7, 10, 16, 24[ndash]25, 97

barriers
, 46

usage and accents
, 130

Leader distance
, 190

Leader emergence
, 59

Leaders
, 169

Leadership for inclusivity
, 169, 193[ndash]194

authenticity and likeability
, 174[ndash]177

competence and self-confidence
, 173[ndash]174

seven constructs
, 177[ndash]193

significance and validation
, 171[ndash]173

Leadership journeys of Namibian professionals
, 121

Leadership styles
, 185

Legislation
, 3, 111, 118, 166

Lesbian
, 15, 35, 48, 58, 63, 148

LGBTQ employees
, 70

LGBTQIA+ employees
, 148

Likeability
, 171, 174[ndash]177

Lingering negative social stereotyping
, 58

Linguistic positioning
, 27

Listen
, 47, 142

Listening
, 47, 50

skills
, 20

Lived experiences and learning experiences
, 61

Logical language
, 97

Majority
, 7[ndash]8, 15[ndash]18, 24, 69, 92, 112, 156[ndash]157, 166, 172, 175

Male-dominated occupations
, 63

Managers
, 169

Marginalisation
, 18

Marital status
, 7

Meaninglessness
, 6

Media platforms
, 78

Mental illness
, 87

Mental models
, 51, 61[ndash]66, 78[ndash]79

Meritocracy
, 31

Metacognitive multidimensional capacity
, 51

Microaggressions
, 133[ndash]134, 198

Microassaults
, 134

Microinsults
, 198

Microinvalidations
, 134

Microsoft
, 170

Migrants
, 92

Migration
, 9, 37

Minority
, 2, 8, 24, 27, 66, 70, 156, 172, 176

Mistreatment
, 133

Mixed race
, 73, 83, 112, 116, 121, 126, 130, 142, 156[ndash]157, 164, 166

Mobility
, 31

Model C schools
, 72

Modern media
, 143

Moral courage
, 98

Moral self-confrontation practices
, 178

Motherhood
, 198

Motivational multidimensional capacity
, 51

Multidimensional Inequality Trends Report
, 165[ndash]166

Narrative
, 49[ndash]50, 134, 161

National Party (NP)
, 156

Nationalism
, 73

Nationality
, 87

Native
, 38

Negative feelings
, 41

Negative language
, 97

Neurodiverse workforce
, 170

Neurodiversity
, 18

Neurodiversity @ Work Roundtable
, 170

Non-binary
, 69

Non-dedication
, 161

Non-disclosure issues
, 16

Non-dominant groups
, 27

Non-hostile approaches
, 89

Non-prejudiced people
, 60

Normative self
, 177

Normlessness
, 6

Objection
, 90

Offensive passive comments
, 16

Older workers
, 22

Openness
, 54

Oppressive racism
, 156

Organisational hierarchy
, 190

Organisational justice
, 118

Organisations
, 27, 30[ndash]32, 45, 131, 172

Orientation
, 7, 93, 133, 178, 200

Ostracism
, 40

Other
, 83

Othering
, 77, 197

Out-group
, 53, 102

‘Out-of-box’ experiences
, 52

Overgeneralisations
, 59

Overweight
, 141

Passive-aggressive behaviours
, 198

Patience
, 106

Patriarchy
, 121

PDD-NOS
, 19

People of colour

in South Africa
, 101

and women
, 155

Perceived biases
, 120

Perceived differences
, 7, 51

Perceived discrimination
, 116

Perceptions
, 78

Performance
, 7, 24[ndash]25, 31, 92, 192, 199

Permission
, 83, 151

Perpetrator
, 88

Persona
, 176

Personal coping mechanism
, 101

Personal efficacy perceptions
, 7

Personal introspection and interrogation
, 178

Personal stories
, 52

Personality traits
, 33

Persons with disabilities (PWDs)
, 17[ndash]18

Physical beatings
, 151

Physical bullying
, 140

Physical courage
, 98

Physical features
, 13

Physical harm
, 145

‘Pink collar’ jobs
, 145

Polarisation
, 8, 28

Policy/policies
, 3, 24, 91, 99, 105, 162

Political view and opinion
, 28[ndash]29

Positionality
, 58

Post-apartheid
, 157[ndash]158

Post-traumatic stress (PTS)
, 141

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
, 141

Poverty
, 121

Power
, 97, 166

Powerful language
, 97

Powerlessness
, 6

Precarious situations
, 114

Preferences
, 117, 133, 192

Preferential treatment
, 119

Pregnancy
, 7

Prejudgement
, 198

Prejudice
, 77, 141[ndash]144

Prejudiced leaders
, 118

Prejudiced managers
, 118

Prejudiced people
, 60

Prejudiced personnel
, 118

Preschool teachers and staff
, 63

‘Prescriptive’ gender stereotypes
, 145

Primitive ‘equity model’ of social justice
, 119

Prioritising
, 178

Privilege
, 74[ndash]75

Procedural injustice
, 132

Promotability
, 27, 35

Protected group
, 7, 41, 151[ndash]155

Prototype
, 51, 59, 74

Prototypical woman
, 74

Psychological
, 2

Psychological barriers
, 109

Psychological needs
, 1

Psychological rank
, 70[ndash]71

Psychological safety
, 189[ndash]190

Psychological stress
, 141

Psychological well-being
, 7

Psychometric testing
, 32

Public activism
, 106

Queen bee
, 15

Queer
, 15, 35

Race
, 7[ndash]9, 58[ndash]59, 64, 87, 123

Race-related discrimination
, 8

Race[ndash]occupation
, 125

Racial bullying
, 140

Racial differences
, 10

Racial discrimination
, 101

Racial exclusion
, 121

Racial identities
, 62

Racialised social systems
, 111

Racism
, 123

Racist
, 8, 119

Rank
, 70[ndash]76

dynamics
, 72

Ranking professions
, 72

Rankism
, 70, 74

Reaction
, 37

Realignment
, 178

Reflecting
, 47[ndash]48

Reflection
, 79

Reflection-in-action
, 80

Reflection-on-action
, 80

Reinforcement of stereotypes
, 76[ndash]78

Relatability
, 52

Religion
, 7, 22[ndash]24, 87

Religious beliefs
, 10, 23

Religious bullying
, 140

Relocation
, 33, 38[ndash]39

Reprimand civility
, 97

Reprimand privacy
, 97

Respect
, 1, 9, 32, 46, 98, 132, 190, 193

Responsibilities
, 15

Reverse culture shock
, 38

Reversibility
, 193

Risk management strategy
, 159

Role attribution schema
, 69

Role combinations
, 68

Sanuk
, 136

SAP
, 170

Schema
, 68

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)
, 63, 126

Sears
, 155

Second sexism
, 145

Segregation
, 40

Self-alienation
, 135[ndash]136

Self-awareness
, 178[ndash]181

Self-concept construction
, 118

Self-confidence
, 171, 173[ndash]174

Self-constancy
, 190

Self-depreciation
, 135[ndash]136

Self-development techniques
, 198

Self-discrepancy theory
, 89

Self-efficacy
, 173

Self-esteem
, 142

Self-estrangement
, 6

Self-interest
, 171

Self-leadership development
, 19

Self-perceived mistreatment
, 143

Self-persecuting function
, 147

Self-reflection
, 81

Self[ndash]other orientation, triadic pattern of
, 43

Semi-structured interviews
, 121

Seniority
, 94

Sensitivity
, 54

sePedi
, 72

Servant leadership approach
, 102

Setting work values
, 187

Sex
, 7, 13[ndash]17, 64

Sexist
, 89

Sexual bullying
, 140

Sexual harassment
, 13, 15, 69, 140, 150, 198

Sexual LGBTQI+ minorities
, 173

Sexual orientation
, 7, 16

Sexualisation
, 198

Shame
, 2, 68[ndash]69, 119, 136, 147

Shared power
, 33

Significance
, 171[ndash]173

Silence
, 22, 47, 48, 100, 150, 173

Simple beliefs
, 61

Social bullying
, 140

Social categorisation
, 80

Social competence
, 100

Social discrimination
, 63[ndash]64

Social exclusion
, 1

Social harm
, 145

Social identity
, 175

theory
, 136

Social justice
, 119, 193

Social media
, 102[ndash]103

private messaging and posting/commenting
, 103

Social orientations
, 36

Social origin
, 7, 9[ndash]11

Social positioning
, 27

Social rank
, 70

Socialisation
, 50, 152

Societal stereotypes
, 80

Socio-economic contexts
, 128

Socio-historical factors
, 58

Socio-medical stigma
, 69

Soft language
, 97

Solidarity theory
, 65

Somatisation
, 141

South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC)
, 65

Spirals of silence
, 48

Spiritual rank
, 71

Spirituality
, 22[ndash]24

Stereotypes
, 13, 58, 62

impact of
, 146[ndash]147

threat
, 62

Stereotypical mental models
, 69

Stereotypical work roles
, 66

Stereotyping
, 61[ndash]66

Stresses
, 15

Structural discrimination
, 110

Sub-hierarchies
, 130

Subjective bias
, 58

Subjective forms of thought
, 87

Subjective lived experiences
, 200

Subtle discrimination
, 114

Suspending judgement
, 46

Swift trust framework
, 182

Sympathy
, 45

System
, 42, 76, 110, 192

Systemic discrimination
, 112[ndash]113, 127

Systemic injustice
, 132

Tacit knowledge
, 79

Talent
, 22, 68

Team(s)
, 3, 14, 123, 158, 172, 184, 200

Teasing
, 137[ndash]138

Technology
, 143

Tenure
, 20

Tokenism
, 163

Tolerance
, 53

Tolerate
, 182

Traditional family-unit paradigm
, 17

Training
, 30[ndash]32

Training and development programs
, 96

Transference
, 21, 84

Transformation
, 158, 166, 169

Transformative engagement
, 49, 186

Transgender men
, 111

Trust
, 182[ndash]185

building cycles
, 182

Unconscious bias training
, 123

Unfiltered self
, 177

Unlearning[ndash]relearning work
, 52

Unprotected classes
, 87

Upbringing
, 5[ndash]6, 11, 34, 50, 68, 79, 89, 93

Validation
, 171[ndash]173

Values
, 10, 71

Variously abled individuals and groups
, 163

Verbal bullying
, 140

Victim
, 63, 72, 91, 119, 143, 165

Victimisation
, 77

Violations of descriptive stereotypes
, 147

Violence against women (VAW)
, 151

Visibility
, 146

Voice in organisations
, 171

Weight
, 11, 69, 91, 130

Well-being
, 1, 3, 5, 174, 188

Western style consumer-driven economies
, 20

White people
, 74

White privileges
, 121

White supremacy
, 199

Whiteness
, 59

Withdraw
, 42, 141

Withdrawal
, 37

Work
, 17

environments
, 5

relocating for
, 33[ndash]40

Workplace
, 31, 49, 58

competency
, 128

cultural schemas
, 187

culture
, 15

gendered roles in
, 66[ndash]70

initiatives
, 3

interactions
, 25

intergroup interactions
, 136

performance
, 32

racialisation
, 123

systems and processes
, 109

workplace-excellence foundations
, 104

World Health Organization (WHO)
, 17

Writing skills
, 20

Yale Child Study Center
, 63

Yellow-boned individuals in South Africa
, 59

Young girls
, 63