Academic debate on religious discrimination

, 45–46

Act of Union

, 89

Actors

public debates on

, 110–118

of social dialogue

, 50–51

Agricultural sector

, 205–206

Allgemeine Gleichbehandlungsgesetz (AGG)

, 67

‘Allochtoon’

, 24

Alternative für Deutschland (AfD)

, 3–4, 64–65

Anglo-Saxon sphere

, 1–2

Anonymous CV system

, 47–48

Anthroponymic method

, 26–27

Anti-Arab racism

, 111

Anti-discrimination

, 60–61, 63–64, 182

body

, 208, 212–213

culture

, 72–73

legislation

, 160–161

organisms

, 46

public measures to diversity management

, 43–44

testing

, 49–50

See also Discrimination

Anti-racist/anti-racism

approach

, 266

associations

, 46, 50

to direct and indirect fight against discrimination

, 42–43

See also Race/racial/racism

Anti-Semitism

, 1, 3–4

Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act

, 111

Arab springs

, 179–180

Aulnay-sous-Bois (AsB)

, 51

‘Bail-in’ programme

, 216

Belgian postal service

, 260–261

Black and Asian Minority Ethnic (BAME)

, 108, 110–111, 120

Black feminists

, 61–62

Boreano

ghetto of

, 190

labourers

, 188–189

Bossi-Fini Law (Law 189/2002)

, 177–178

Brexit

, 267

Britain

, 108–109, 112, 115

colonial history

, 109

Burden approach, ethnic diversity as

, 111–112

Bureaucratization of citizenship

, 112

Business in the Community (BITC)

, 118

Campobello

, 193

Catholic Church

, 90

Center of Studies and Research on Qualifications (CEREQ)

, 40–41

Central statistical organization. See Central Statistics Office (CSO)

Central Statistics Office (CSO)

, 82, 87–88

Ciao Ousmane camp

, 186–187, 190, 191

Citizens’ initiatives

, 134–135

Civil Registry and Migration Department

, 204

Civil society

, 267

organizations

, 264

Class actions against discriminations at work

, 49

Colonialism

, 109

Coloured immigrants

, 30

Commissioners of National Education (CNEI)

, 89–90

Committee for Measurement and Evaluation of Diversity and Discrimination (COMEDD)

, 26–27

Commonwealth immigrants

, 30

Communalization

, 17

Communication

, 216–217

Communitarianism

, 16

Community

anti-discrimination legislation

, 229–231

networks

, 245–246

Comparative analysis

, 53

Comprehensive diversity program

, 53

Compulsory anti-discrimination training

, 50

Constitutional provisions

, 208–209

‘Constructivist’ approach

, 18

Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Woman (CEDAW)

, 66–67, 160–161

Convention on Elimination of all forms of Race discrimination (CERD)

, 160–161

Corporate diversity practices

, 53–55

Corporate partners

, 264

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 263

Corporate Social Responsibility movement’s philosophy

, 43

Correspondence testing

, 138

Counter-Terrorism Directive

, 252–253

Cultural homogeneity

, 100

Customer discrimination

, 141–142

Cutting-edge research

, 258–259

Cypriots

, 203–204, 210, 211

attitude

, 212

citizens

, 211, 212, 216

cultural context

, 202, 210–211

experience of working in Cypriot organization as foreigner

, 216–217

law

, 208

workers

, 205–206

Cyprus

, 9–10

areas of discrimination

, 214

causes of migration in

, 205

characteristics of migrant workers

, 209–210

classification of complaints

, 213

consequences of migration in

, 205–206

contemporary history

, 202

country-specific case

, 214–219

establishing policies enhancing effective integration of migrant workers

, 218–219

experience of working in

, 215–216

historical context of immigration in

, 203–205

issue

, 201–202

legal framework

, 206–209

migrant workers in

, 205

migrants in

, 204

problem

, 203

public debate about ethnic minorities

, 210–214

Dangerous, dirty and demeaning jobs (3D jobs)

, 255

Declarative methods

, 39–40

Decomposition

analyses

, 140

techniques

, 137–138

‘Defender of Rights’

, 39

Deficit approach

, 112–113

ethnic diversity as

, 112–113

Department of Education & Science (DES)

, 92, 94

Department of Labour website (2017)

, 43–44

Dialogue Group

, 46–48

against discriminations at work and in employment

, 46

proposals

, 49–51

Direct discrimination

, 160, 230

Direct race discrimination

, 118

Directives

, 231

Dirty, dangerous and demanding jobs (3-D jobs)

, 178

Discrimination

, 5–6, 8, 42, 154

anti-racism to direct and indirect fight against

, 42–43

field experiments

, 138

floor in Dutch

, 146–147

mechanisms of

, 165–167

methods for measuring

, 135–138

multimethods study

, 162–163

phenomena

, 26–27

in politics

, 133–134

prevalence of

, 163–165

public opinion on

, 131–133

statistical analyses

, 137–138

at work

, 161–167, 226–227

See also Ethnic discrimination; Perceived discrimination

Discrimination Convention

, 207

Diversity and inclusion (D&I)

, 256, 263

Diversity Charter

, 134

Diversity management

, 1–2, 60, 61, 134, 257–258, 259

antidiscrimination public measures to

, 43–44

empirical study of

, 51

equality law to

, 252–256

festivals

, 258

Diversity policies in public and private sector

instruments promoting ethnic diversity at workplace

, 71–73

migrants and ethnic minorities at work

, 68–71

migrants and ethnicity at workplace

, 62–64

public and policy debate pertaining migrants

, 64–66

relevant legislation

, 66–68

Divini Illius Magistri

, 91

Domestic workers

, 244–245

Dutch Antilles

, 131

Dutch labour market

citizens’ initiatives

, 134–135

discrimination at work floor

, 146–147

ethnic discrimination in

, 130

evidence on perceived discrimination

, 146–147

historical context of migration

, 130–131

integration and discrimination in politics

, 133–134

methods for measuring discrimination in

, 135–138

post-entry discrimination in

, 143–146

pre-entry discrimination in

, 138–143

public opinion on integration and discrimination

, 131–133

see also Norwegian labour market

Economic and Social Committee (ESC)

, 233–235

Economic crisis

, 37, 64–65

Economic liberalization

, 100–101

Economic policy

, 16

Elementary teachers in Ireland

broader education system

, 100–101

country-specific case

, 88–95

examinations

, 98–99

historical context of immigration and employment

, 83–85

IIETS perspectives in Ireland

, 95–97

issue of ethnic diversity and race discrimination with

, 82

public debate on ethnic diversity in workforce

, 85–86

registered teachers in Ireland

, 97–98

relevant legislation

, 86–88

Emigration crisis

, 36

Employment

agencies

, 142–143

Dialogue Group against discriminations at work and in

, 46

immigration and

, 83–85

processes

, 166

rates

, 62

Employment Equality Acts

, 86–87, 88

Employment Equality Directive (EED)

, 229–231, 252

Entrapment

, 226–227

of Filipina migrants in live-in domestic work

, 235–239

Equal Opportunities Act

, 46–47, 48

Equal Status Acts (2002–2012)

, 86–87

Equal Treatment Act

, 68

Equal Treatment Committee

, 233–235

Equal Treatment Law

, 60–61

Equal treatment principle

, 230, 233–235

Equal@Work Platform

collaboration and progressive solutions in

, 256–259

joint public assessment

, 264

outcomes

, 265

Equality Act (2010)

, 119–120

Equality and Anti-discrimination Ombud. See Likestillingsog diskrimineringsombudet

‘Equality and Citizenship’

, 50

Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)

, 114

Equality Authority

, 208

Equality laws

, 119

to diversity management

, 252–256

Equality Referee

, 50

Essentialism

, 112

Ethnic counting

, 16–19

case of France

, 27–30

challenges and solutions

, 30–32

different approaches to ethnicity and

, 16–19

in European context

, 19–21

methods of collecting ethno-racial data

, 21–27

special case of United Kingdom

, 30

Ethnic discrimination

, 1, 134–135, 137, 162

in employment

, 154

in entrance to Dutch labour market

, 143

See also Perceived discrimination

Ethnic diversity

, 6, 15

as burden

, 111–112

as deficit

, 112–113

as human quality

, 113–118

public debate on

, 85–86, 110–118, 158–160, 181–182

as right

, 112

with taxi drivers

, 120–122

at workplace

, 64–66, 71–73, 84–85

Ethnic minority

, 4–5, 62, 63, 75, 133

groups

, 30, 69, 110, 115–117

individuals

, 63

public debate about

, 210–214

Ethnic/racial/religious discriminations

, 35–36, 39–46

anti-racism to direct and indirect fight against discrimination

, 42–43

antidiscrimination public measures to diversity management

, 43–44

declarative methods

, 39–40

ethnic/racial discrimination drowned in diversity of diversity criteria

, 44–45

public and academic debates on religious

, 45–46

statistical enquiries

, 40–41

statistics

, 37

testing

, 41–42

Ethnic(ity)

, 16–19, 28–29, 36

closure

, 120

data

, 2–3, 19

enterprises

, 120

groups

, 29

inequality in labour market

, 156–158

origins

, 27–28

statistics

, 16, 28

at workplace

, 62–64

Ethnic–racial discrimination at work

, 45–46

Ethno-racial category

, 27

Ethno-racial data

, 21–27

Ethnographic research

, 154, 158

EU Equality Directives (2000)

, 64

Eurobarometer 2009 survey on discrimination

, 233

Eurobarometer survey (2012)

, 1

European Charter of Fundamental Rights

, 229–231

European Commission (EC)

, 42, 252, 263–264

European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)

, 24–26

European context, ethnic counting in

, 19–21

population in France

, 22–23

variables collecting on origin in census of EU countries

, 20

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)

, 208–209

and Fundamental Freedoms

, 229–231

European directives

, 66–67

European Economic Area (EEA)

, 83–84, 156

European immigrants

, 36

European Network Against Racism (ENAR)

, 1, 252, 253–254, 256, 259

advocacy efforts

, 263

European Parliament (EP)

, 252–253

European Social Capital (1996)

, 207–208

European Social Charter

, 229–231

European Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)

, 67

European Union (EU)

, 1, 60, 83, 201–202, 252

decision-makers

, 252

European-level

policy

, 32

regulatory pressure

, 32

European/international diversity teams

, 262

Family businesses

, 217

Family reunification policy

, 119

Federal anti-discrimination agency

, 68, 69–70

Federal Government

, 60–61

Female immigrants

, 62

Field experiments

, 138

conducted in European countries

, 164

in pre-entry discrimination

, 140–142

Filipina domestic worker

, 235–239

Formal education

, 166–167

France

, 16, 27–30, 36–37

French Association of Diversity Managers (AFMD)

, 44

French constitutional principles

, 42

French Human Resource Managers Association (ANDRH)

, 43–44

French immigration and visible minorities

, 36–37

French initiative

, 262–263

French Legal System

, 49

French model

case studies

, 46–55

configuration

, 46–47

context

, 36–39, 46–47

Dialogue Group against discriminations at work and in employment

, 46

Dialogue Group and anonymous CV

, 47–48

Dialogue Group’s proposals

, 49–51

empirical study of management of diversity

, 51

fieldwork approach and survey method

, 51–52

inefficiencies of public policies

, 52–53

mission

, 46–47

paradoxes underlying failure of public and private initiatives

, 52

persistence of ethnic/racial and religious discriminations at work

, 39–46

real variation

, 53–55

French Overseas Territories (DOM)

, 40

French population and immigration

, 37–38

French public Association for Standardization (AFNOR)

, 43–44, 266

French Republican Model

, 36–39

French immigration and visible minorities

, 36–37

statistics on French population and immigration

, 37–38

French revolution

, 38

French suburb development program

, 51

French Trade Unions and Employers

, 44–45

Gender

, 18, 61–62

gender-integrated occupations

, 164

General Equal Treatment Act

, 68

German Basic law

, 68

German labour market

, 65

Ghettoization

, 196

Ghettos

, 177, 183–186

of Boreano

, 190

in Italian agriculture

, 186–196

live in

, 190–192

of Villa Literno

, 184

Gig economy

, 120–121

Globalization

, 109

Greece

legal immigrants from Philippines in

, 238

legal migrant population in

, 237

public dialogue on ethnic diversity in

, 232–235

(un)maid in

, 226–229

Greek Constitution

, 231–232

Greek Cypriot community

, 201–202

Guest-worker policies

, 155

Gulf War (1991)

, 110, 111

Hedge Schools

, 89

Hellenic Police Academy

, 233–235

‘Hope for Suburbs’ program

, 52–53

‘Hostile environment policy’

, 119–120

Human dignity principle

, 231–232

Human quality, ethnic diversity as

, 113–118

Human resources management (HRM)

, 60

Human Rights Associations

, 48

Human Rights Law (1998)

, 119–120

Human-capital characteristics

, 165–166

Identitarian movement

, 3–4

Illegal trafficking

, 205

Immigrant Internationally Educated Teachers (IIETs)

, 7–8, 82–83

Immigrants

, 4–5, 36–37, 63, 120

See also Migrants

Immigration

, 36–39, 158–159

and Aliens Law

, 208

context

, 1–2

discretion of immigration officers

, 208

and employment

, 83–85

French immigration and visible minorities

, 36–37

historical and political context of

, 155–156

policy

, 208

statistics on French population and

, 37–38

stop in Norway (1975)

, 156

in UK

, 108–110

Indirect discrimination

, 118, 160, 230

Indirect measures of discrimination

, 154

Individual’s intersectional identity

, 21

Individualization

, 11–12

Inefficiencies of public policies

, 52–53

Inequality

, 5–6

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

, 83–84, 85–86

INSEE

analyses

, 40

survey

, 40

Institutional racism

, 118–119, 120, 178

Integration

in politics

, 133–134

public opinion on

, 131–133

International Commission on Human Rights

, 17

International Convention on Elimination of all forms of Race discrimination (ICERD)

, 66–67

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (ICRMW)

, 229–231

International Conventions

, 229–231

International Labour Office (ILO)

, 244–245

International Labour Organization study

, 21

International oil crisis (1973)

, 156

International Organisation for Migration (2010)

, 64

International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO)

, 144

International Treaty for Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

, 207–208

Internships

, 139–140

Intersectional invisibility model

, 141

Intersectional solidarity

, 18, 30–31

Intersectionality

, 113–114, 264–265

Ireland

, 100–101

Irish Language Requirement (ILR)

, 94

Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)

, 252–253

Islamification

, 3–4

Islamophobia

, 134–135

Italian National Institute of Agrarian Economy (INEA)

, 184–185

Italy, migrant agricultural labour in

, 183–186

Job security

, 216

Job-career anti-discrimination tool

, 50

‘Justice of Twenty-first Century’ law

, 49

Juvenile unemployment

, 140

Labor Inspectorate (SEPE)

, 233–235

Labour force

, 134

Labour market

, 210

ethnic inequality in

, 156–158

inclusion

, 72–73

Labour migration

, 159

Lack of diversity in teaching workforce

, 88–95

Lack of ethnic diversity

, 149

Law 3304/2005

, 231–232

Law 4443/2016

, 231–232

Law 927/1979

, 231–232

Law enforcement authorities

, 252–253

Law on Housing Conditions and Social Life (1977)

, 51

Law on secularism (1905)

, 38

Law proposal

, 181

Legal immigrants from Philippines in Greece

, 238

Legal migrant population in Greece

, 237

Legge Martelli (Law 39/1990)

, 177–178

Legislative Decree 215/2003

, 182

Likestillingsog diskrimineringsombudet

, 160–161

Live-in domestic work, impact of

, 240–243

Low-status/low-wage jobs

, 226–227

Maghrebin

, 38

Mediterranean model of migration

, 177, 178–179

Migrant agricultural labour in Italy

, 183–186

foreign workers

, 185

Italian and non-Italian citizens in Italian Labour Market

, 184

Migrant Filipina workers

entrapment of Filipina migrants in live-in domestic work

, 235–239

EU and national legislation on racial discrimination at workplace

, 229–232

legal immigrants from Philippines in Greece

, 238

legal migrant population in Greece

, 237

impact of live-in domestic work

, 240–243

methodology

, 235

participation in main sectors of economic activity

, 238

public dialogue on ethnic diversity in Greece

, 232–235

social characteristics

, 236–237

(un)maid in Greece

, 226–229

USPWG/KASAPI-HELLAS

, 239–240

Migrant Rights Centre of Ireland (MRCI)

, 83–84

Migrant workers

acquisitions of Italian citizenship

, 181

characteristics of

, 209–210

establishing policies enhancing effective integration

, 218–219

historical context

, 177–180

labour conditions and discrimination

, 176

legislation in relation to race discrimination at work

, 182–183

number of foreign citizens in Italy and main nationalities

, 178

number of foreign workers

, 180

number of new residence permits

, 179

piecework, ghettos and brokers in Italian agriculture

, 186–196

public debate about ethnic diversity

, 181–182

and ‘Refugee Crisis’

, 180

Migrant workers in Cyprus

, 205

Migrants

, 130, 143

average lower educational level of

, 145

in Cyprus

, 204

and ethnic minorities at work

, 68–71

and ethnicity at workplace

, 62–64

minorities

, 62

Migration

, 130–131, 206–207

causes in Cyprus

, 205

consequences in Cyprus

, 205–206

See also Immigration

Migration Policy Index (2015)

, 61

Minderhedennota Law (1983)

, 24

Minority ethnic students

, 82–83

Moroccan ethnic group

, 17

Mosaic group

, 24–26

Multicultural backlash

, 159

Multicultural post-migration group

, 26

Multiculturalism

, 114

Multimethods study

, 162–163

Multinational companies (MNCs)

, 43, 60–61, 70–71

Multinational corporations. See Multinational companies (MNCs)

Multinational enterprise

, 51–52

‘Multiple grounds’ category

, 87

Multistakeholder dialogue

, 257–258

Muslim minority individuals

, 65–66

National Commission for Human Rights (NCHRs)

, 233–235

National Economic and Social Council (NESC)

, 83–84

National Office Against Racial Discrimination (UNAR)

, 182

National School of Public Administration

, 233–235

National Socialism

, 3–4

‘Neo-republican’ model

, 45–46

Netherlands

, 130

Netherlands Institute for Social Research (SCP)

, 130

New Commonwealth

, 30

New feminism

, 61–62

9/11 attack

, 110

Non-denominational system

, 90

Non-ethno-racial reference

, 26–27

Non-European origin

, 21, 165

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

, 64, 233–235

Non-migrants

, 62

Non-OECD countries

, 155, 156

Non-Western

allochthones

, 24

migrants

, 145–146

origin

, 165

Northern Basilicata

, 196

Norwegian Anti-discrimination Act

, 160

Norwegian immigration policy

, 156

Norwegian labour market

, 8–9, 158

anti-discrimination legislation

, 160–161

discrimination in

, 154, 161–167

ethnic inequality in labour market

, 156–158

historical and political context of immigration

, 155–156

public debate on ethnic diversity

, 158–160

See also Dutch labour market

Nuovo centrodestra (New Center-right)

, 181

Office for Combating Discrimination

, 208

Office for Combating Trafficking

, 208

Oireachtas

, 102

Oiriúnú le hAghaidh Cáilíochta sa Ghaeilge (OCG)

, 94, 98

On-demand economy

, 120

‘Opportunity structure’ for discrimination

, 167

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 7, 63, 155, 228–229

Organizational culture

, 217

Parliamentary election (1989)

, 159

Pedagogic authority

, 98

PEGIDA-type movements

, 267

Perceived discrimination

, 137

measuring

, 136–137

post-entry discrimination evidence

, 143

pre-entry discrimination evidence

, 138–139

on work floor

, 147

work floor discrimination evidence

, 146–147

See also Ethnic discrimination

Physical abuse

, 226–227

Piecework

benefits from piecework payment

, 187–189

in Italian agriculture

, 186–196

salaries

, 176

Politics

integration and discrimination in

, 133–134

political context of immigration

, 155–156

Post-entry discrimination

, 135, 146

in Dutch labour market

, 143–146

evidence from field experiments

, 145–146

evidence from statistical analyses

, 144–145

evidence on perceived discrimination

, 143

See also Pre-entry discrimination

Post-industrial model of migration

, 177

‘Postracial’ society

, 181–182

Powis Commission

, 90

Pre-entry discrimination

, 135

decomposition analyses

, 140

in Dutch labour market

, 138–143

employment agencies

, 142–143

ethnic discrimination in entrance to Dutch labour market

, 143

evidence of perceived discrimination

, 138–139

field experiments

, 140–142

internships

, 139–140

See also Post-entry discrimination

Prejudices and discriminations

, 49

Preparatory college system

, 92

Primary Community law

, 229–231

Private sector

, 68–71

organizational practice and policy

, 60–61

Progress Party, The (Fremskrittspartiet)

, 158–159

Psycho-socio-political paradigm

, 16

Psychological abuse

, 226–227

Public and private initiatives

, 52

Public debate

on ethnic diversity in workforce

, 85–86

pertaining migrants

, 64–66

on religious discrimination

, 45–46

Public institutions

, 264

Public policies, inefficiencies of

, 52–53

Public sector

, 68–71

QSR NVivo software

, 215

Race discrimination

, 2–3, 27–28, 65–66, 87–88, 99–100, 108, 208

collaboration and progressive solutions in Equal@Work

, 256–259

equality law to diversity management

, 252–256

ethnic diversity with taxi drivers

, 120–122

EU and national legislation on

, 229–232

historical context of immigration in UK

, 108–110

legislation in relation to

, 182–183

perspectives

, 266–267

protection standards against

, 254

public debates on ethnic diversity and actors

, 110–118

relevant legislation

, 118–120

seven years of learnings

, 260–266

in workplace

, 87–88

Race Equality Directive (RED)

, 252

Race Relations Act (RRA)

, 114, 118

Race/racial/racism

, 1, 2–3, 18, 36, 108

card

, 260–261

equality

, 112, 114, 257–258

inequalities

, 113–114

pecking order

, 109–110

profiling

, 135

in workplace

, 120

Racial Equality Directive

, 229–231

Real discrimination

, 132, 137

Recruitment procedures

, 167

Refugee-crisis

, 132

Refugeeization

, 185–186

Registration analyses

, 136

Republic of Cyprus

, 205, 209

Right approach, ethnic diversity as

, 112

Safe club atmosphere

, 258

Satanic Verses Affair

, 110

SCP

, 130

Scrúdú le hAghaidh Cáilíochta sa Ghaeilge (SCG)

, 94, 98

Seclusion

, 190

Second-level education

, 92

Self-employment rates

, 62–63

Self-identification

, 19

Sex industry

, 209–210

Shadow Report (SR)

, 255

Silicon Valley start-ups

, 260

Sine qua non

, 154

Single Equality Law and Human Rights Act

, 114

Slave drivers

, 192–196

Small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

, 70–71

Social

body

, 253–254

categorizations

, 6

clauses

, 50

and cultural taboos

, 27–30

lack of social tolerance

, 212

partners

, 47

policy

, 16

South European model of migration

, 177, 183

Sponsored changing process

, 48

Statistical analyses

, 137–138

post-entry discrimination evidence from

, 144–145

Statistical enquiries

, 39, 40–41

Stato-centred group

, 24

Statuto dei lavoratori (Workers’ act)

, 182

Stephen Lawrence Case

, 118–120

Stereotypes

, 65–66

Structural violence

, 177, 187

Surinam

, 131

Symbolic violence

, 177, 197

Teacher education and recruitment

, 89–91

following independence

, 91–92

Teacher ethnic diversity

, 82–83

Teaching Council (TC)

, 93–94, 98

Teaching workforce, lack of diversity in

, 88–95

teacher education and recruitment

, 89–91

teacher education and recruitment following independence

, 91–92

Temporary contracts

, 144, 145

Trade unions

, 114, 229

Trajectories and Origins (Teo)

, 21, 40–41

Trajectory and Origins survey

, 29–30

Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)

, 4–5

Treaty on Functioning of European Union

, 229–231

Tunisians in Western Sicily

, 183

Turkish ethnic minority

, 62

Uber

, 121

UK independence party (UKIP)

, 1

UN International Commission on Human Rights

, 17

Unemployment

, 36

rates in Ireland

, 84–85

‘Universalist’ conception of equality

, 24

Valuing ethnic diversity

, 7, 62

Verbal abuse

, 138–139, 226–227

Visible minorities

, 36–37, 44–45

Vulnerability

, 144

Western allochthones

, 24

Western Sicily

, 196

White Britishness

, 112–113

White-collar workers

, 62–63

Windrush scandal

, 112

Women in middle management positions

, 203

Workforce segregation

, 190–191

Workplace

migrants and ethnicity at

, 62–64

racism

, 120

Workplace Relations Act (2015)

, 87

Workplace Relations Commission (WRC)

, 87

Xenophobia

, 1, 3–4, 18, 36

feelings of

, 212

and racist behaviours and attitudes

, 211