Index
ISBN: 978-1-78714-628-0, eISBN: 978-1-78714-627-3
ISSN: 2044-9941
Publication date: 16 June 2017
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2017), "Index", Walking (Transport and Sustainability, Vol. 9), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 413-427. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2044-994120170000009024
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2017 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Accelerometers
, 16
Accessibility
, 155–156
walkability audits on
, 201–202
Active & Safe Routes to School (ASRTS)
, 100
Active, Safe, Sustainable Transportation (ASST)
, 100
Active Australia survey (AA survey)
, 27
Active transportation
, 14, 351, 357
Ad hoc surveys of walking
, 392–393
Adaptive interventions
, 254–255
Aesthetics
, 120–121, 194
Ageing of the Population
, 192
Air pollution
, 342
Air Quality Program (CMAQ)
, 157n1
All-cause mortality and walking
, 73
American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)
, 194
American Planning Association
, 202
American’s with Disabilities Act (ADA)
, 197, 201
Anecdotal feedback
, 104–105
Antecedents
, 251
Arizona Department of Transportation
, 90
Asphalt stamping
, 371–372
Attitudes
, 198
Australian National Health Survey
, 27
Australian Time Use Survey
, 30
Automobile
, 351, 354–355
Automobile travel reductions
, 89
additional travel time
, 92–93
consumer savings and affordability
, 90–91
energy consumption
, 92
pollution reductions
, 92
reduced chauffeuring burdens
, 91
reduced crash risk
, 91–92
reduced traffic and parking congestion
, 89–90
road and parking facility cost savings
, 90
Autonomous and connected vehicles (AVs)
, 153–154
Barefoot Track
, 333
Barriers
, 143–144, 188, 190, 195
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
, 27
Bicycling
, 355
‘Biomotion’ configuration
, 221
Blood lipids
, 67
Blood pressure
, 66
Blooming Boulevard Demonstration Project
, 304–308
Blooming Boulevards
, 304–306
signage
, 306
Body composition
, 65
Bogotá, Colombian capital
, 149–150
Bogotá city
, 348
BRTS and TM in
, 348–350
Bogotá’s urban transformation
, 282
Boulevard streets
, 293–294
Built environment
, 190, 193, 214, 351
and dog walking
, 117
aesthetics
, 120–121
destinations
, 123–125
functionality
, 119–120
neighbourhood built characteristics
, 118–119
safety
, 121–123
interventions
emphasising changes to existing built environments
, 260–261
emphasising exposure to new built environments
, 259–260
maintenance
, 203
and walking
connectivity to built environment, land use and urban form
, 140–142
countermeasures and built environment interventions
, 148–150
cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence
, 142–144
economic benefits
, 146–147
emerging trends
, 153
environments and risk factors
, 218–221
funding and implementation
, 150–153
parks and green space
, 145–146
promoting walking behaviour
, 156–157
transit/public transport infrastructure
, 144–145
walking and policies
, 147
Bukchon-ro area, in Jongno-gu
, 378–379
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
, 149–150, 348
history in Bogotá
, 348–350
style system
, 351
system
, 6, 7, 282
Buses of High Level of Service (BHLS)
, 348
Cambridge in England
, 148–149
Canadian School Travel Planning programme
, 4
Canadian STP model
, 101–102
costs and benefits of
, 105–107
Capital improvement programs (CIPs)
, 150
‘Car free’ days
, 155
Car-negotiating household
, 52
Car-reliance
, 50
Carbon emissions
, 354
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
, 63
Cardiovascular fitness
, 64, 65
Carrall Street
, 300
‘Carrefour de Mobilité’ in Grenoble
, 175–181
Case-by-case approach
, 381
Charleston
, 147
Chauffeuring
, 91
Children
, 214
exercise
, 88
increasing AST among
, 103
owning dog in
, 115
socioeconomic status
, 5
and young pedestrians
, 215
Chinatown
, 295
Chinatown Planning Meeting
, 296
Ciclovía-Recreativa of Bogotá
, 276–277
length in kilometre of circuit and number of participants of
, 279
main street in
, 277
map of city of Bogotá
, 278
to motor vehicles and open to walkers
, 279–281
programme
, 277–279
scalable programme
, 281–284
City Council as Urban Landscape Taskforce
, 298
City of Vancouver Archives
, 291
City of Vancouver City Hall
, 296–297
City of Vancouver Engineering Department
, 306
City of Vancouver Neighbourhood Greenways
, 302
City of Vancouver’s Transportation Plan
, 296
CityPlan
, 297–298
Citywide greenways
, 298–299, 300
Civic engagement and policymaking
, 262–263
College Alumni Questionnaire (CAQ)
, 28
Commercial activity trackers
, 21
Community cohesion
, 89
Community-level interventions
, 257
built environment
, 259–261
social environment
, 257–259
Complete Streets
, 147–148, 199
policies
, 204, 262
See also Green Streets
Conceptual model of sustainable walking interventions
, 251–253
Context-rich framework
, 172
Contract Carousel
, 350
Conventional Development
, 259
Conventional Tobit model
, 52
Convertible trips
, 51
Copenhagenize Index
, 391
Coronary heart disease
, 62
Cost-benefit methodology
, 106
Countermeasures and built environment interventions
, 148
Cambridge in England
, 148–149
Latin American leaders in urban innovation
, 149–150
C-reactive protein (CRP)
, 67
Cross-sectional studies
, 68
Cultural implications
, 355
Cultural shift
, 222–223
Curitiba, Brazilian city
, 149–150
Cut-points
, 16
Demographic changes
, 390
Density
, 142, 218–220
Dependence on walking
, 389–391
Derived demand
, 29
Destinations
, 123–125, 142
Dialogue marketing
, 337
Diaries for walking assessment
, 28
conventional threshold for exercise duration
, 28
derived demand
, 29
time use diaries
, 30
Diary-based travel surveys
, 392
Direct objective measures of activity
, 15
Direct subjective methods
, 16, 23
CAQ
, 28
physical activity and public health
, 23
sample of questions
, 24–26
surveillance questionnaires
, 27
See also Indirect objective methods
Disability
, 189–190
Disabled pedestrians
, 216–217
Distracted pedestrians
, 217–218
Diversity
, 142
‘Dividend’ effect
, 147
Dog walking
, 114
factors associated with
, 116–117
implications
for dog walking practice and policy
, 127–129
for dog walking research
, 127
as mechanism for improving health
, 115–116
physical activity among dog owners and non-owners
, 114
physical and policy environmental factors
, 126
relationship between built and policy environment
, 117–125
Dog-friendly destinations
, 124
Dogs
, 115–116
control policies
, 123
faeces
, 121
parks
, 124
Double-hurdle model
, 52, 54
Driverless/autonomous vehicles
, 153
Echirolles
, 175–176
Economic development
, 93–94
Economic value of walking
economic impacts
, 86
benefits by automobile travel reductions
, 89–93
benefits from increased walking activity
, 88–89
compact communities
, 93–94
impacts from improving walkability
, 86–88
pedestrian environments
, 82
scope of impacts generally considered and overlooked
, 83
transportation planning process
, 82–83
walkability
benefits and costs
, 84
economic impacts
, 83–86
walking
, 82
Endothelial dysfunction
, 66
Energy consumption
, 92
Engineering, Education, Enforcement, Encouragement, Evaluation (5 E’s)
, 102
Environment
, 190
benefits
, 198–199
design
, 143
externalities
, 2
factors
, 190
modifications to support walking
, 193
attitudes and support and relationships
, 198
natural environment and human-made changes
, 194–196
services, systems, and policies
, 196–198
Equity
, 155–156
Exercise
, 68–69, 250
‘Eyes on the street’
, 89, 318
Facility costs
, 88
Fatal pedestrian collisions
, 200–221
Fatality Analysis Reporting System database
, 221
Filtered permeability
, 148
Finance
, 156
Finnish Diabetes Prevention Programme
, 69, 74
Fitbit One
, 21
Fitbit Zip
, 21
Follow-up studies
, 12
Footpath Width Priorities Transportation 2040 Plan
, 312
Framing policy
, 3
Free-living conditions, issues related to walking measurement in
, 31–32
Freiburg in Germany
, 145–146
Functionality
, 119–120
Funding
, 358
Future of walking
, 388, 394–396
characteristics of visions
, 395
dependence on walking
, 389–391
types of walking
, 391–393
walking focussed environments
, 393–394
Gaebong-ro 3rd street
, 371–372
Gender roles
, 215–216
General ambulation
, 15
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
, 22
Global warming
, 354
Glucose metabolism
, 68–69
Green space
, 145–146
Green Streets
, 304
enhancing walkability through
, 308
signage
, 309
See also Complete Streets
Green Streets Corner Bulge and Traffic Circle
, 310
Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
, 354
emissions
, 107
Greenways development
, 298–299
Greenways plan
, 299–300
Growing population
, 191–192
Habitability
, 182–184
Haemostatic factors
, 67–68
Hampline, The
, 156
HDL cholesterol
, 67
Health, indirect impacts of safe walking environments on
, 221–222
Health benefits of walking
, 61
all-cause mortality and walking
, 73
avoidance of mortality and morbidity
, 72–73
and coronary heart disease
, 62
early intervention studies
, 63
future research directions
, 75
mental health benefits of walking
, 70–72
physical health benefits of walking
, 64–70
PubMed US National Library of Medicine
, 63
risks of walking
, 74–75
walking and specific diseases
, 73–74
Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT)
, 89
Health Insurance Plan questionnaire (HIP questionnaire)
, 27
Health-enhancing walking (HEW)
, 29
Healthy Neighbourhood Discovery Tool
, 262
Heckman’s sample selection model
, 52
Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP)
, 157n1
Household Travel Survey (HTS)
, 3, 44, 47, 239
dataset
, 52
Household-based travel survey
, 392
Hover boards
, 389
Hub for Action on School Transportation Emissions (HASTE)
, 110
Human-made changes
, 194–196
Hybrid Development
, 259
Immune function markers
, 67–68
‘In-between-mile’ approach
, 173–175
Incidental and Planned Exercise questionnaire (IPEQ)
, 23
Incidental walking. See Secondary purpose walking
Indirect objective methods
, 16
accelerometers
, 16
commercial activity trackers
, 21
GPS
, 22
pedometers
, 16–17
See also Direct subjective methods
Individual-level analysis
, 29
Individual-level interventions
, 253
adaptive interventions
, 254–255
powerful consequences to sustain walking
, 256
technology applications
, 253–254
Inflammatory markers
, 67–68
Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
, 337
Inner street pavement
, 378
Innovation incubator of walkability
, 296–297
Institute for Transportation and Development (ITDP)
, 283
Institutional introduction of the Pedestrian Priority Street in Korea
, 368–370
Integrated Transportation System (SITP)
, 356
feeder system
, 358
Intelligent Energy Europe programme (IEE programme)
, 336–337
Intensity
, 142
‘Intensively adaptive’ interventions
, 254
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
, 67, 68
International Classification of Functioning (ICF)
, 189
International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI)
, 244
International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)
, 27
International Walking Data Standard
, 393
Interurban Railway electric streetcar tracks
, 292
Interventions
, 389
adaptive
, 254–255
community-level
, 257–261
emphasising behaviour change in existing social networks
, 258–259
emphasising exposure to new social networks
, 257–258
individual-level
, 253–256
intensively adaptive
, 254
multi-level
, 261–263
policy
, 261–263
static
, 254
step-by-step walking
, 31
studies
, 70
Intoxicated pedestrians
, 217–218
Intra-class correlation (ICC)
, 27
Kennedy, Jacky
, 100–101
Kingdon’s policy streams
, 237
Korea, pedestrian death rate
, 366
Land use, connectivity to
, 140–142
Latin America
, 348, 357
LDL cholesterol
, 67
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
, 313
Leashing policies
, 123
Leisure patterns
, 390
Leisure time physical activity type
, 14
Level-of-Service (LOS)
, 86
Lifestyle approach
, 12
Liveable Development
, 259
Liveable Green Network
, 243
Local tax measures
, 150
Log-likelihood function values
, 52
Machine learning
, 32
Male pedestrians
, 215–216
Mall walking
, 195
MAPS3
, 168–169
Measurement reactivity
, 264–265
Medical model
, 189
Mental health benefits of walking
, 70
intervention studies
, 70
mental health problems
, 72
treatment for depression
, 72
walking study
, 71
See also Physical health benefits of walking
Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET)
, 73
Metabolic equivalents (METs)
, 16
Metropolitan planning organisations (MPOs)
, 157n1
Metropolitan scale, walking at
, 169–171
Microscale attributes
, 260, 261
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korean government (MoLIT)
, 368
Mitchell Hepburn Public School
, 107–108
Mobility
Agency
, 331
basic
, 87
Mobility Agency for Vienna
, 326–327
Modal split of walking
, 320–321
Model city for walking and cycling
, 148
Modelling of walking time
, 3
Motorcycles
, 355
Motorised traffic
, 396
Multi-disciplinary approach
, 2
Multi-level interventions
civic engagement and policymaking
, 262–263
effects of walking-related policies
, 261
Multimodal city
, 168–170
‘Multiple Stream’ theory
, 235, 237, 238
Multisectoral community programme
, 276
Musculoskeletal health and fitness
, 69–70
Myeonmok-ro 48th street
, 372–373, 374
National Association of City Traffic Officials (NACTO)
, 223
National Household Travel Survey (NHTS)
, 144
National Institute of Clinical Health and Excellence (NICE)
, 64
National Travel Survey (NTS)
, 392
Natural environment
, 194–196
Nearness dynamics
, 170, 182–183
Neighbourhood
built characteristics
, 118–119
environment
, 118
Greenways
, 300
walkability
, 119–120
watch
, 122
Network of Ciclovías of Colombia (RECOVIAS)
, 284
New South Wales (NSW)
, 3, 43, 235
Government Department of Premier and Cabinet
, 237
Government policy makers
, 241
walking target and walking strategy development
, 238
New York City
, 152
New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT)
, 94
1997 City of Vancouver Transportation Plan
, 297
1997 Transportation Plan
, 297–298
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs)
, 169
Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program
, 85
Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA)
, 169
Nule Group
, 350
Observation camera on PPS
, 375
Observational methods
, 30
Older adults
, 214
with disabilities
, 191
pedestrians
, 216
Olympic Village
, 312–313
Ontario Street Greenway
, 299
Public Art
, 300
Openspace Preservation
, 93
Operating fund
, 150
Option value
, 87
‘Our Voice’ process
, 262
Outdoor City Strategy
, 169
Paffenbarger questionnaire. See College Alumni Questionnaire (CAQ)
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
, 283
Parks
, 124–125, 145
Particularly walking
, 192, 348
Pedestrian characteristics risk, factors of
, 214
children and young pedestrians
, 215
disabled pedestrians
, 216–217
distracted pedestrians
, 217–218
intoxicated pedestrians
, 217–218
male pedestrians and gender roles
, 215–216
older adult pedestrians
, 216
SES
, 217
Pedestrian infrastructure
, 5
and roadway design
, 220
in Vienna
, 323
Pedestrian Priority Streets (PPS)
, 7, 366, 368
Bukchon-ro in Jongno-gu
, 378–379
evaluation
, 373
observation
, 373–375
survey
, 375–377
follow on projects
, 377–378
Gaebong-ro 3rd street
, 371–372
guideline of
, 369
implications
, 381–383
institutional introduction of PPS in Korea
, 368–370
site location of PPS Project
, 370, 378
taming urban streetscape of Seoul
, 366–368
Pedestrian safety
conceptual framework
, 212–214
cultural and societal shifts
, 222–223
indirect impacts of safe walking environments on health
, 221–222
risk factors of pedestrian characteristics
, 214–218
walking environments and risk factors
, 218–221
Pedestrians
convenience, safety, and comfort
, 86–87
environments
, 82
improvements
, 90
information pillars for
, 326
pedestrian number per unit of time
, 22
Streetscape
, 145
zones
, 146
Pedometers
, 16–17, 20
Peñalosa, Enrique (current mayor of Bogotá city)
, 349
People with disabilities
, 191
in planning process
, 202–203
Personal Activity Location Measurement System (PALMS)
, 22
Personalised Travel Planning (PTP)
, 337
Physical activity (PA)
, 42, 72, 234, 276, 277, 280, 348, 351, 352, 353
among dog owners and non-owners
, 114
formation
, 120
Physical Activity for People with Disability (PAD)
, 190
Physical environmental factors
, 126
Physical health benefits of walking
, 64
blood lipids
, 67
blood pressure
, 66
body composition
, 65
cardiovascular fitness
, 65
glucose metabolism
, 68–69
haemostatic factors
, 67–68
immune function markers
, 67–68
inflammatory markers
, 67–68
musculoskeletal health and fitness
, 69–70
vascular function
, 66
See also Mental health benefits of walking
Physical inactivity
, 42
Planning walkable environments
, 199–201
Planning walking environments
benefits of environments
, 198–199
Brian case
, 188–189
disability
, 189–190
environmental modifications to support walking
, 193–198
growing population
, 191–192
people with disabilities in planning process
, 202–203
planning for maintenance
, 203–204
planning walkable environments
, 199–201
U.S. Surgeon General
, 202
walkability audits on accessibility
, 201–202
walking
, 190–191
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
, 67
Pleasure Drives
, 293–294
Policies
, 196–198
decision makers
, 245
development
process
, 235–236
theories
, 236
entrepreneurs
, 236, 237, 238, 240–241, 244
interventions
civic engagement and policymaking
, 262–263
effects of walking-related policies
, 261
makers
, 236
stream
, 236–237, 240–241
window
, 235, 237, 242–244
Policy environment
and dog walking
, 117
aesthetics
, 120–121
destinations
, 123–125
functionality
, 119–120
neighbourhood built characteristics
, 118–119
safety
, 121–123
factors
, 126
Politics stream
, 236–237, 241–242
Pollution reductions
, 92
Premier’s Council for Active Living (PCAL)
, 235, 237
Primary purpose walking
, 14
Privatisation
, 156
Problem stream
, 236–237, 237–240
Pseudo nodes
, 53
Public fitness and health
, 88–89
Public health
, 140, 145, 235, 281–282, 283
conceptual framework
, 212–214
cultural and societal shifts
, 222–223
indirect impacts of safe walking environments
, 221–222
researchers
, 2, 236
risk factors of pedestrian characteristics
, 214–218
walking environments and risk factors
, 218–221
Public infrastructure and services
, 93
Public spaces
, 124
Public transport (PT)
, 170–171
infrastructure and walking
, 144–145
adding value to travel experience
, 171–172
‘Carrefour de Mobilité’ in Grenoble
, 175–181
expanding reach of walking at metropolitan scale
, 169–171
habitability, next disruptive paradigm
, 182
‘in-between-mile’ approach
, 173–175
walking as ‘default’ mode in city
, 182–184
walking at core of multimodal city
, 168–170
networks
, 183–184
operators
, 171–172
promotion policies
, 182
trips
, 51, 352
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
, 22
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs)
, 65
Red de Ciclovías Recreativas de las Américas (CRA)
, 283
Regional development
, 218–220
Regionalism
, 156
Rehabilitation Act
, 197
Reinforcer
, 265n1
RESIDE study
, 143, 259
Residual landscape
, 356
Resource adequacy
, 240
Respondents
, 52
Retrofitting traditional streets
, 366
evaluation of PPS
, 373
observation
, 373–375
survey
, 375–377
follow on projects
, 377–378
guideline of
, 369
implications
, 381–383
institutional introduction of PPS in Korea
, 368–370
taming urban streetscape of Seoul
, 366–368
Road link density
, 53
Safe Healthy Active People Everywhere (SHAPE)
, 110
Safe Routes to School
, 101
Safe walking environments
, 214
indirect impacts
, 221–222
Safety
, 121–123
from traffic
, 5
See also Pedestrian safety
Salt Lake City Department of Transportation (SLCDOT)
, 88
School Travel Planning (STP)
, 100
anecdotal feedback
, 104–105
Canadian STP Model
, 101–102, 105–107
implementation
, 107–110
Jacky Kennedy
, 100–101
modal shift from vehicular transport to active travel
, 103
tools, resources and Canadian partners
, 110
School Zone
, 367
Seasonality
, 263–264
Secondary purpose walking
, 14, 15
Segways
, 389
Self-selection
, 264–265
SenseCam
, 22, 30
Sensor technology
, 176–177
Seoul’s streets work
, 366
See also Pedestrian priority street (PPSs)
Services
, 196–198
Shared autonomous vehicle (SAV)
, 154
Signage scheme
, 372
Signal-based traffic system
, 370
Single-item walking question
, 28
Skateboards/skates
, 389
Smart Growth
, 93
Smartmat
, 22
Smartphone applications
, 21
Social ecological models
, 117, 222
Social environment
correlates of dog walking
, 116
interventions emphasising
behaviour change in existing social networks
, 258–259
exposure to new social networks
, 257–258
Social equity objectives
, 87
Social factors
, 190
Social implications
, 355
Social marketing public health messaging
, 41, 43
literature context
, 43
average walking time per person per day
, 45
factors
, 47
PA
, 44
utilitarian walking
, 46
PA
, 42
Sydney, NSW, Australia case study
, 47–57
Social networks
interventions emphasising behaviour change in existing
, 258–259
interventions emphasising exposure to new
, 257–258
Socially framed app
, 255
Societal shift
, 222–223
Society walking
, 390
Socio-economic status (SES)
, 217
Sprawl developments
, 141
State Government
policy makers
, 244
walking
, 235
Static interventions
, 254
Step-by-Step walking intervention
, 31
Strategy Paper Pedestrian Traffic
, 319, 341
Street design
, 146–147
Street-car
, 146
Streetcar
, 292, 293
Streetlife Festival
, 334
Streets
, 366
Strolling promenades
, 324–325
Substantial agreement
, 30
Suburban developments
, 141
Sufficient and health-enhancing walking (SufHEW)
, 29
Sufficient walking (SufW)
, 29
Sunday Streets
, 284
Support and relationships
, 198
Surface subways
, 348
Surface Transportation Program (STP)
, 157n1
Surveillance questionnaires
, 27
Sustain walking, powerful consequences to
, 256
Sustainability
, 117–118, 263
Sustainable Sydney (2030)
, 243
Sustainable transportation
, 281–282, 283
Sydney, NSW, Australia
, 47
cumulative distribution of average walk time
, 51
cumulative distribution of time spent
, 49
descriptive statistics of sample living
, 53
double-hurdle model
, 52, 54
households
, 57
impacts of explanatory variables
, 56
modal share and proportion of activities
, 50
probability of positive walking time
, 54
PT trips
, 51
Sydney HTS
, 47
Sydneysiders
, 48
tour-based analysis
, 50
Sydney Greater Metropolitan Area (GMA)
, 48
Sydney’s Walking Future
, 243
Sydneysiders
, 48, 51
Systems
, 196–198
Taming urban streetscape of Seoul
, 366–368
Target groups, Vienna
, 337–338
Taxonomy of walking
, 13–15
Technical feasibility
, 240
Thematic Concept for Mobility
, 319
‘This city is going on a diet’
, 168
‘Till the Cows Come Home’
, 300, 301
Time use diaries
, 30
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
, 67
Tour-based analysis
, 50
Traffic calming measures
, 5
Traffic speeds
, 220–221
Traffic volumes
, 220–221
Train commuters
, 144–145
Transit
, 293–294
transport infrastructure
, 144–145
TransMilenio (TM)
, 348
in Bogotá
, 348–350
environmental implications
, 354–355
improving TM infrastructure and accommodating passengers
, 358–359
limitations and shortcomings of
, 356–358
Peñalosa, Enrique
, 349
social and cultural implications
, 355
TM influence on walking
, 351–354
Transport Canada (TC)
, 90
Transport(ation)
, 351
and health
, 1, 2
mode
, 388
physical activity
, 196
technologies
, 352
Transportation 2040 Plan
, 311
Transportation Alternatives Program (TAP)
, 157n1
Travel-related walking
, 14–15
Triaxial accelerometers
, 16
Trips
, 389
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)
, 67
Tupper Neighbourhood Greenway
, 300–304
Tupper Students’ Action Team (TSAT)
, 303
Type 2 diabetes
, 69, 74
UK Department for Transport (DfT)
, 86
Urban Development Plan
, 2025, 319
Urban form, connectivity to
, 140–142
Urban landscape taskforce
, 298–299
Urban planning
, 117–118, 351
Urban sprawl
, 218–220
US Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
, 88, 283
User enjoyment, walking
, 88
US Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
, 85
U.S. Surgeon General
, 202
Utilitarian walking
, 15, 46
Value acceptability
, 240
Vancouver
, 290
Bartholomew Plan
, 293–294
Blooming Boulevard Demonstration Project
, 304–308
Blooming Boulevards
, 304
in Canada
, 6
City of Vancouver Archives
, 291
City of Vancouver City Hall
, 296–297
CityPlan
, 297–298
development of greenways
, 298–299
enhancing walkability through Green Streets
, 308
Green Streets
, 304
greenways plan
, 299–300
Neighbourhood Greenways
, 300
1997 Transportation Plan
, 297–298
Stanley Park
, 290
synthesis of walkability approaches
, 312–313
Tupper Neighbourhood Greenway
, 300–304
20th century
, 292–293
urban landscape taskforce
, 298–299
walkability and
, 308–312
walkable, three 20th century decisions
, 294–296
Walking in Olympic Plaza Near Myfanwy McLeod’s Birds
, 314
Vancouverites
, 292
Vascular endothelium
, 66
Vascular function
, 66
Vehicle miles travelled (VMT)
, 219
Vienna, walking in
embracing active travel
, 336
face-to-face interviews in calm situations
, 338
tailored approach
, 337–338
Viennese SWITCH Campaign
, 338–340
information pillars for pedestrians
, 326
liveable city and hidden treasure
, 318–319
modal split of walking
, 320–321
pedestrian infrastructure in Vienna
, 323
policies for walking
, 319–320
research about walking
motivating people to walk
, 322
people from walking
, 322–323
streets for people
, 323–324
strolling promenades
, 324–325
urban lifestyle–long-term communication and awareness
, 326–327
walking and health
, 340–342
‘Year of Walking’
, 327, 328–336
Vienna City Route Network
, 319
Vienna Walking App
, 328, 331
Vienna Walking Map
, 330
Viennese SWITCH Campaign
, 338–340
Visibility
, 220–221
Vision Zero
, 153, 223
policies
, 153
programmes
, 155–156
Visioning approach
, 393–394
characteristics of visions
, 395
Visions 2030 project
, 393
von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF)
, 68
Walk-friendly environment
, 173–174
Walk21 International Conference on Walking and Liveable Communities
, 243
Walkability
, 82, 83, 142, 175, 304–308, 366
approach synthesis
, 312–313
audits on accessibility
, 201–202
benefits and costs
, 84
cluster
, 175
clear signage
, 181
Echirolles
, 175–176
hot summer days
, 180
parklet
, 179
sensor technology
, 176–177
train station
, 177–178
upper deck platform
, 178
economic impacts
, 83–86
enhancement through Green Streets
, 308
impacts from improving
, 86
basic mobility
, 87
facility costs
, 88
pedestrian convenience, safety, and comfort
, 86–87
property value and business activity
, 87–88
innovation incubator
, 296–297
and Vancouver
, 308–312
Walkable Communities
, 202
Walking
, 3, 61, 62, 114, 122, 190–191, 212–213, 214, 222, 234, 388, 396
assessment methods
, 15–16
behaviour
, 156–157
Café
, 332
Calendar
, 332
Communities
, 202
as ‘default’ mode in city
, 182–184
environments
, 214, 221
density, regional development and urban sprawl
, 218–220
pedestrian infrastructure and roadway design
, 220
and risk factors in built environment
, 218
traffic volumes, traffic speeds and visibility
, 220–221
future
, 388, 394–396
characteristics of visions
, 395
dependence on walking
, 389–391
types
, 391–393
walking focussed environments
, 393–394
health and economic benefits
, 3
objective and self-report measures
, 2–3
policies for
, 319–320
TM influence on
, 351–354
walking-related policies effects
, 261
Wheel of Fortune
, 333
See also School Travel Planning (STP)
Walking interventions
, 250
for adults
, 251
community-level interventions
, 257–261
conceptual model of
, 251–253
individual-level interventions
, 253–256
methodological considerations
baseline scores
, 264
measurement
, 263
seasonality
, 263–264
self-selection and measurement reactivity
, 264–265
policy and multi-level interventions
, 261–263
Walking measurement
, 11
behavioural research on physical activity
, 12
combined methods to strengthening
, 30–31
diaries for walking assessment
, 28–30
direct subjective methods of walking assessment
, 23–28
emerging research areas in physical activity and
, 32
indirect objective methods for assessing walking behavior
, 16–23
instruments
, 17–19
issues related to walking measurement in free-living conditions
, 31–32
observational methods
, 30
taxonomy of walking
, 13–15
walking assessment methods
, 15–16
Walking policy
case study
, 237, 238
development process
, 244
entrepreneurs
, 245
NSW
, 235
physical activity
, 234
politics stream
, 241–242
problem stream
, 237–240
research evidence
, 236–237
stream
, 240–241
window
, 242–244
Walkscore Index
, 88
WalkScore™
, 142
Wayfinding
, 197–198
Whitehall Study
, 23
Windsor Castle on Windsor Street
, 300
Windsor Street
effectiveness
, 308
Public Art
, 307
in Vancouver
, 304
Word pictures
, 2
World Health Organisation (WHO)
, 42, 189, 212, 216, 283
Worldwide vehicle fleet
, 154
‘Year of Walking’
, 327, 328, 329
Barefoot Track’
, 333
Mobility Agency
, 331
1 map–100 pens–1,000 ways
, 334, 335
people at big events
, 332–333
Streetlife Festival
, 334
in ‘Urban Village’
, 334
Vienna Walking App
, 328, 331
Vienna Walking Map
, 330
Walking Café
, 332
Walking Calendar
, 332
‘Year of Walking 2015’ Campaign–evaluation
, 334, 336
Young pedestrians
, 215
Zoning
, 153, 156, 295
- Prelims
- Introduction
- Section 1 Walking: its Prevalence, its Benefits and its Variety
- Measurement of Walking
- Understanding the Determinants of Walking as the Basis for Social Marketing Public Health Messaging
- The Health Benefits of Walking
- Economic Value of Walking
- Walking to and from School
- Dog Walking
- Section 2 Environments and Walking
- The Built Environment and Walking
- Public Transport Infrastructure and Walking: Gearing Towards the Multimodal City
- Planning Walking Environments for People with Disabilities and Older Adults
- Pedestrian Safety and Public Health
- Section 3 Public Policy for Walking
- Walking Policy Steps – The Policy Development Process for the First State Walking Target in New South Wales, Australia
- Developing Sustainable Walking Interventions: Integrating Behavioural, Ecological and Systems Science to Promote Population Health
- Promotion of Recreational Walking: Case Study of the Ciclovía-Recreativa of Bogotá
- Section 4 Case Studies
- Vancouver and the Walker: The Evolution of the Walkable City
- Walking in Vienna: Smoothing the Way for Creating a New Urban Lifestyle
- Walking for Transportation and TransMilenio in Bogotá: Strengths and Shortcomings
- Retrofitting Traditional Streets for Shared Uses: The ‘Pedestrian Priority Street’ in Seoul
- Section 5 Into the Future
- The Future of Walking?
- About the Authors
- Index