Abbasid Revolution

, 32

Accessibility

, 249–250

Active participation

, 178–179

and memories

, 183–185

Adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI)

, 237–239

Adolescents

, 137, 138, 141

motivations and satisfaction

, 141

Amir Bazaar

, 37–38

Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran

, 33–34

Anthropocentrism

, 270

Anthropologists

, 47–48

Anti-Western authoritarian theocracy

, 34

Apadana

, 31

Apathy

, 258–259, 261, 264–269, 313

and community development

, 264–270

dimensions based on literature

, 272

individual aspects of

, 270–271

meaning and related constructs

, 265–269

Architectural heritage

, 214

Architectural renaissance

, 32–33

Art history

, 35, 140–141

Art tourism

, 213

Arts tourists

, 108

Ashura (10th day of Muharram in Islamic calendar)

, 305

Authenticity

, 77, 173, 210, 211–212, 312–313

Authoritarian theocracy

, 34

Autobiographical memory

, 87–89

Average variance extracted (AVE)

, 234–237, 248

Awareness

, 6, 76, 89–90, 224–225, 229, 287–291

brand

, 225–226, 231

Bakhtiari

, 208

Banks

, 55

Basking

, 89, 96–97

Benchmarking and culture

, 90–93

Biodiversity

, 69

Booking sites

, 191

Booking.com

, 190

databases of

, 195–196

Bootstrapping

, 250–251, 252

Bourgeoisie

, 17

Brand

awareness

, 225–226, 231

equity concepts

, 225–226

image

, 313

personality

, 226

value

, 225

Branding

, 218–219

operations

, 313

Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice

, 2

Cambridge History of Iran, The

, 30–31

Caspian Sea region, second-home tourism in

economic impacts

, 280–281

environmental impacts

, 281–282

host community attitudes toward second-home impacts

, 288–291

second homes in Iran

, 279–280

second-home market

, 278–279

sociocultural impacts

, 282–283

study methodology

, 283–285

study results

, 285–291

Casual leisure

, 107

Chicago Institute & The Oriental Institute (2014)

, 36

Chronology

, 5–6

Civilization

, 97–98

Co-creation

, 122–124

Coding procedure

, 178, 180

Collective memory

, 70

Communication

, 125–126

development

, 190

heritage

, 217

systems

, 192–203

Community

, 78

community-based approach

, 112–113

community-based tourism development

, 259

development

, 264–270

heritage and culture

, 112

Community participation and limits

, 260–261

limitations to community participation in tourism

, 261

Comparative fit index (CFI)

, 237–239

Composite reliability (CR)

, 234–237, 248

Confirmatory factor analysis

, 231

Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)

, 33

Constitutionalists

, 33

Constructed assets

, 119–120

Constructive authenticity

, 122

Consumer behavior, eWOM and

, 194

Consumer-generated content (CGC)

, 176

Contact dimension

, 107

Content analysis

, 175–176, 177–178, 181

Country’s morphology

, 208–209

Critical incidents

, 43–44, 51

Critical invisible cultural heritage features

, 67

Cronbach’s alpha

, 234

Cross-cultural relations

, 114–115

Cultural heritage

, 30, 67–68, 69–70, 105, 120, 211, 216, 218, 309, 314

management

, 120–121, 216–217

sites

, 213–214

tourism

, 120–122, 170

See also Intangible cultural heritage (ICH)

Cultural tourists

, 1–2, 105–115, 311

host–guest relations and expected sociocultural impacts

, 109–113

prospects of tourism development in Iran

, 113–115

Culture

, 1, 19, 50, 61–62, 67, 90–93, 104–105, 137–138, 155–156, 311–312

assets

, 66

attractions

, 106, 180–181

barriers

, 258

challenges

, 19

chronology and heritage of Iran

, 30

confusion

, 49–50

contacts

, 107

contrariety

, 13

culture-led agendas

, 78

of destination

, 2

diversity

, 213

encounters

, 49

exchange

, 209–210

identity

, 136

landscape

, 2, 35, 73–74

resources

, 171, 214–215

tourism

, 1–2, 30, 39–42, 65–66, 105, 109, 208, 311

Currency

, 55

Customary laws

, 75

Customer

engagement

, 123–124

enthusiasm

, 225

satisfaction

, 54–55

Customs

, 19

Dark tourism. See International tourist arrivals

Data extraction process

, 196

Decentralization of tourism management

, 309–310

Decision-making processes

, 12–13, 139

Deductive procedure

, 179

Deductive thematic analysis

, 126–127

Deductive-inductive analysis approach

, 180–181, 182–183

Demographic variables

, 231

Descriptive coding

, 180

Destination

, 224

branding

, 217, 218–219

destination-specific attributes

, 125

image of

, 6–7

personality

, 6, 228, 231, 313

Destination brand awareness (DBA)

, 227–228, 231, 235–237

Destination brand image (DBI)

, 225–240, 235–237

convergent and discriminant validity and model fits

, 238

data analysis and study results

, 231–240

demographic profile of respondents

, 232–234

exploratory factor analysis results

, 235–237

hypothesis development

, 227–229

research methodology

, 229–231

Destination brand value (DBV)

, 227, 235–237

development

, 225

Destination image (DI)

, 171–185, 224, 244–253

measurement model

, 249–250

profile of respondents

, 247

structural model

, 250–253

study methodology

, 246

study results

, 246–247

Destination loyalty (DL)

, 226–227, 244–253

Destination personality contemporaneity (DPC)

, 235–237

Destination personality excitement (DPE)

, 235–237

Destination personality ruggedness (DPR)

, 235–237

Divorce

, 45

Domestic tourism

, 76, 208

Driving behaviors

, 52–53

Durbin-Watson test

, 142

E-commerce

, 190

E-democracy

, 261

Ecocentrism

, 270

Economic(s)

, 46–47, 55

challenges

, 17–19

diversification

, 276

system

, 46

Ecotourism

, 104, 208

Education and learning

, 138

Educational and multidisciplinary agency

, 34

Eiconics

, 173

Eid al-Adha (feast of sacrifice or Hajj festival)

, 305

Eid al-Fitr (marking end of Ramadan)

, 305

Elamite civilization

, 34–35

Electronic word of mouth (eWOM)

, 192, 193

and consumer behavior

, 194

tourism development

, 193

Emotional labor

, 50

Emotions

, 50, 178–179

Encyclopædia Iranica

, 30–31

Engagement

, 119, 122–124

Enthusiasm

, 50

Entry visa

, 15–16

Environment(al)

, 137–138

apathy

, 270

impacts of second-home tourism

, 281–282

Ethnicity

, 34

Ethnography

, 71–72

Evolution

, 192–193

Exceptional hospitality

, 312

Existential authenticity

, 122–123

Experiential images in photographs

, 176

“Exuberance” category

, 180–181

Facebook

, 59, 312

Factor loadings

, 234–237

“Fake culture”

, 282–283

Fars Province

, 213–214

Feminine cultures

, 93

Festivities

, 69

Feudalism

, 16–17

Flickr

, 176

Food

, 53, 54

Fruitful policy approach

, 113

Functioning cultural heritage site experience

, 119–130

co-creation, socialization, and engagement

, 122–124

cultural heritage tourism

, 120–122

memorable tourism and positive post-travel intentions

, 124–126

study methodology

, 126–127

study results

, 127–130

See also Intangible cultural heritage (ICH)

Gastronomic tourism

, 213

Gay relationships

, 45

Generic process

, 90

Geopolitical borders

, 70–71

Global Muslim Travel Index

, 301–302, 305

Glocalization

, 11–12

of tourism

, 20–22

Gonbad-e Qabus

, 37

Goodness of fit index (GFI)

, 237–239

Governance

, 12–13

Government

, 12–13, 18

control economic processes

, 14

Great Persian Famine (1870–1871)

, 33

Great Silk Road

, 163

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 40–41

Guest–host relationship

, 122–123

Hadis, Islamic traditions

, 161

“Hajj”, Ancillaries of Faith

, 92

Halal

, 296–297

accommodation

, 298–299

airport services

, 299

destination facilities

, 300–301

finance

, 300

food and beverage

, 298

tour packages

, 299–300

Halal tourism

, 296, 297

in Iran

, 303–305

in Islamic countries

, 301–302

Hamadan

, 213–214

Handicraft production

, 15–16

Handicrafts townships

, 104

Haram

, 298

Health tourism development

, 208–209

Healthcare

, 58

Heritage

, 2, 34, 67–68, 104–105, 119–120, 137–138

experience

, 121, 183

tourists

, 108, 171–185

value

, 182–183

Heritage attractions (NA)

, 249–250

Heritage sites of Shiraz

, 5, 244

destination image, satisfaction, and loyalty in

, 244–253

measurement model

, 249–250

profile of respondents

, 247

structural model

, 250–253

study methodology

, 246

study results

, 246–247

Heritage tourism

, 135–136, 170, 171, 172, 212–214, 263

cultural heritage

, 34–37

cultural tourism

, 39–42

historical context

, 31–34

historical perspective

, 30–42

Islamic and post-Islamic heritage

, 37–39

See also Intangible cultural heritage (ICH)

Heterogeneity

, 106

Higher education

, 58

Hijab (Islamic dress)

, 305

Historical heritage

, 30–31, 104

Hospitality

, 2–3, 5–6, 312

in everyday life

, 157–166

history of hospitality in Iran

, 163–164

Iranian food hospitality

, 162–163

Iranian literature

, 159–160

Iranian people

, 164–166

Iranian religious beliefs

, 160–162

Host communities

, 6–7, 258, 269–270

Host culture, portraiture of

, 59–62

Host–guest relations

, 109–113

Hostilities

, 30, 34

Hotel performance indicators

, 195

Hotel search engines

, 190

Human behaviors

, 19

Ideology

, 13

Image

, 171, 173

of destination

, 210, 244–245

formation of Iran

, 170

values

, 313

See also Destination brand image (DBI); Destination image (DI)

Imports

, 55

Incident analysis

, 52–53, 54–55, 56–58

Incomplete formation of civil government

, 16–17

Independent (newspaper)

, 164–166

Independent traveler

, 191

Inductive procedure

, 179

Inductive thematic analysis

, 126–127

Information

processing theory

, 174

technology

, 172

Infrastructure (I)

, 249–250

maintenance

, 75

Innovation

, 312–313

in territorial governance

, 214–216

Instagram

, 312

Institutional barriers

, 20

Intangible asset

, 65–66

Intangible cultural heritage (ICH)

, 65–66, 67–78, 172, 310–311

domestic and international tourism

, 76

interaction within Persian context

, 70–71

study methodology

, 71–72

study results

, 72–76

beyond tangible

, 68–69

tourism and ICH interaction

, 69–70

See also Heritage tourism

Intangible culture

, 1

Intangible heritage

, 120

Intellectual comprehension

, 178–179, 182–183

Intellectual motivations

, 136

Intention to recommend (IRC)

, 235–237

Intention to revisit (IR)

, 235–237

Intercultural dialogue, tourism and

, 216–218

Internal marketing

, 313

International calendar (Gregorian) system

, 15–16

International tourism

, 76

activity

, 211

development

, 312–313

industry

, 156–157

in Iran

, 211

market

, 104–105

See also Tourism

International tourist arrivals

, 13

Internet

, 176, 190, 192–193, 196, 199

Interview process

, 127

Iran

, 2, 3, 7, 11–12, 70, 208, 212–213, 224–225, 296, 305

cultural heritage

, 34–37

future of past in

, 218–219

future of tourism in

, 208

halal tourism in

, 303–305

heritage tourism in

, 212–214, 263

innovation in territorial governance

, 214–216

second homes in

, 279–280

tourism and intercultural dialogue

, 216–218

tourism development in Iran

, 210–219

tourism in

, 302–303, 304

Iran Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization (ICHTO)

, 20

Iran National Tourism Development Plan

, 15, 20

Iranian

, 155–156

automobile industry

, 55

citizens

, 85

cultural beliefs

, 157

food hospitality

, 162–163

history

, 30, 39

hospitality

, 53

Islamic architecture

, 37

literature

, 159–160

monuments (1931)

, 36

Muslims

, 92

people

, 164–166

Plateau

, 29–30, 31

religious beliefs

, 160–162

society

, 14–15, 34, 43–44, 52, 155–156

tour guides

, 43–44, 51

tourists

, 84

Iranian cultural heritage (ICH)

, 212–213

sites

, 119

Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO)

, 34

Iranian culture

approaching cultures

, 44–62

economics

, 46–47, 55

of hospitality

, 158–159

kinship

, 45–46, 51–55

knowledge emotions

, 49–50

politics

, 48–49, 57–59

portraiture of host culture

, 59–62

religion

, 47–48, 55–57

study method and results

, 50–51

tour guides

, 50

Iranian Revolution (1979)

, 34

Islam

, 84–85, 161

Islamic

architecture

, 214

culture

, 161, 214

festivals

, 158–159

finance

, 300

heritage

, 37–39

national symbols

, 156

religion

, 32

Islamic Republic of Iran. See Iran

Islamic Revolution (1979)

, 17–18, 304–305

Islamic tourism

concept and practice

, 296–305

halal accommodation

, 298–299

halal airport services

, 299

halal destination facilities

, 300–301

halal finance

, 300

halal food and beverage

, 298

halal tour packages

, 299–300

halal tourism in Iran

, 303–305

halal tourism in Islamic countries

, 301–302

tourism in Iran

, 302–303

See also Second-home tourism

Jafari’s tourist immersion model

, 86

Japanese economic marketing methods

, 20–21

Kandovan. See Kandovan Village

Kandovan Village

, 118

“Karans”

, 118

Kermanshah

, 213–214

Khuzestan Province

, 213–214

Kinship

, 45–46, 51–55

Kinship, economics, religion, and politics (KERP)

, 44–45, 59

Knowing

, 89

Knowledge

, 50

accessibility

, 61–62

emotions

, 49–50, 59

and skills

, 138

Land

, 69

Learning

, 139–140

Leisure, landscapes, and learning tourists (3 “L” tourists)

, 210–211

Life

, 69

Life-enriching activity

, 93

Likert scale

5-point

, 230, 231

7-point

, 230, 231

Linear regression analyses

, 142, 144–145

LISREL version 9. 30

, 234

Literary heritage

, 213

Literature

, 69

Local community

, 258, 277, 278, 313–314

engagement

, 215

Local lifestyle

, 73–74, 279

Longevity

, 85

Loyalty

, 226–227

of tourists

, 244

Luxuriating

, 89

commentary

, 100

Market segment

, 276

Marketing

, 218–219

Marriage

, 51–52

Marveling

, 89

Masculinity tendencies

, 93

Mashhad

, 304

Masjed-e Jame (Friday mosque)

, 37

Material heritage

, 67, 68

Mausoleum of Oljaytu

, 37

Mazandaran province

, 284

Means

, 143

Measurement model

, 249–250

Medieval-style Muslim society

, 33

Memorable experience

, 5, 107, 116, 124–125, 132

Memorable tourism

, 124–126, 130

Memorable tourism experiences (MTEs)

, 87–89

Memory and savoring

, 85–99

benchmarking and culture

, 90–93

key positive savoring terms

, 89

mean scores for savoring dimensions

, 95

study findings

, 94–99

study method

, 93–94

value of vacations

, 89–90

Memory-based story

, 86

Mesopotamian models

, 36

Metasearch engines

, 190

Migration of tribes

, 41

Mithraism

, 160–161

Mixed-method approach

, 312

Motivations

, 137

motivational factors

, 137

to visit museums

, 139–140

Mozzafarieh Bazaar

, 37–38

Multivariate statistical analysis technique

, 246

Museums

, 136

measures and data analysis

, 142–143

motivation to visit museums

, 139–140

satisfaction and experience

, 140–141

study methods

, 141–142

study results

, 143–145, 147

and tourism

, 137–145

Muslim conquest of Persia (633–656 ce)

, 31–32

Muslim-friendly tourism

, 297

Naqqali (Iranian art of dramatic storytelling)

, 212–213

National economic development

, 18

National Geographic (newspaper)

, 164–166

National identity of Iran

, 310

National oil-based economy

, 16

Natural heritage

, 170, 177

Natural resources

, 171, 214–215

Niche market

, 170

Nomad tours

, 208

Nonmaterial heritage

, 67

Normed fit index (NFI)

, 237–239

Nowruz (ancient Persian New Year)

, 212–213

Object-based authenticity

, 122

Oil

, 11–12

income

, 17–18

oil-based economic society

, 17–18

Online comments

, 191

Online commercialization

, 190

Online reputation

of hotels

, 194–195

management

, 191

Online travel agencies (OTAs)

, 190, 192

Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

, 301

Organizational structure

, 20

Organized tour

, 182–183

“Paideia approach to cultural heritage management”

, 217

Parse-Pasargad Research Foundation

, 35, 36

Partial least squares (PLS-SEM)

, 246

Pasargadae Ensemble

, 35

Pearson’s bivariate correlations

, 143

Perceived authenticity

, 77, 173

Performative labor

, 50

Performing arts

, 69

Persepolis

, 39

Persia. See Iran

Persian

, 156

culture

, 32, 92, 311

Gardens

, 35–36

Gulf

, 31

heritage

, 70–71, 84–85

interaction within Persian context

, 70–71

politeness

, 54

Persianate process

, 32

Persianization

, 32

Perso-Islamic gardens

, 35–36

Photo-based research approaches

, 175

Photographs

, 176

Pictorial analysis method

, 179–180

Pictorial image

, 6

Pictorial materials

, 175

Pilgrimage

, 36, 38, 41–42, 56, 96–97

Policymaking

, 12–13

for tourism development

, 23

Political beliefs

, 13

Political economy

, 12, 15

development

, 11–12

economic challenges

, 17–19

glocalization of tourism

, 20–22

incomplete formation of civil government

, 16–17

institutional barriers

, 20

priorities of tourism policymaking in Iran

, 23

sociocultural and religious challenges

, 19–20

study results

, 22–23

and tourism in Iran

, 12, 14–23

Political ideology

, 13, 19

Political tensions

, 30–31, 40

Politics

, 48–49, 57–59

Portraiture of host culture

, 59–62

Positioning of hotel

, 191

Positive post-travel behavioral intentions

, 130

Post-Islamic heritage

, 37–39

Post-revolution tourism movement

, 313–314

Post-travel intentions

, 124–126

Pre-Islamic era

, 30

Pre-Islamic Iranian architecture

, 35

Pre-Islamic national symbols

, 156

Pre-Revolution period

, 14

Preachers Travels, The

, 39

Price

, 312

Price and value (PV)

, 249–250

Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972)

, 68

Psychology

, 270–271

and memory studies

, 84

Public participation

, 215

Pyramidal stepped monument

, 34–35

Python programming language

, 196–197

Qashqai

, 208

R-square value (R² value)

, 253

Recollection of experience

, 87

Recreational experiences

, 121

Religion

, 47–48, 55–57

Religious beliefs

, 47–48, 70, 160–162

Religious tourism

, 19–20

Reproductive technologies

, 45

Residents

, 262

Residents’ apathy

, 258–259, 264

and tourism community development

, 259–271

Respondents

, 143

Restoration of relics

, 104

Risk averse cultures

, 93

Root mean square error of approximation, (RMSEA)

, 237–239

“Royal garden”. See Perso-Islamic gardens

Royal Mosque (Masjed-e Shah)

, 38–39

“Royal Road”

, 31

Rural development

, 287

Rural tourism

, 276

Russo-Persian Wars (1804–1813 and 1826–1828)

, 33

Sacred natural sites

, 76

Sacred symbolism

, 38

Satisfaction

, 224, 228–229

of destination

, 244–253

and experience

, 140–141

Savoring, memory and

, 85–99

benchmarking and culture

, 90–93

key positive savoring terms

, 89

mean scores for savoring dimensions

, 95

study findings

, 94–99

study method

, 93–94

value of vacations

, 89–90

Schools

, 136

Scrapy

, 196–197

Sea, sand, and sun tourist (3 “S” tourist)

, 210–211

Second generation of web-based services

, 176

Second homes

in Europe

, 280

in Iran

, 279–280

market

, 278–279

owners

, 283

users

, 278–279

Second-home tourism

, 276–291, 313–314

economic impacts

, 280–281

environmental impacts

, 281–282

growth of

, 277

host community attitudes toward second-home impacts

, 288–291

second-home market

, 278–279

sociocultural impacts

, 282–283

study methodology

, 283–285

study results

, 285–291

See also Islamic tourism

Segregated public spaces

, 56

Semiotic analysis

, 175–176

Sensory perception

, 178–179, 181–182

“Serious leisure”

, 107

Shab-e Chelleh

, 158

Shab-e Yalda

, 158

Sharia tourism

, 297

Shia Muslims

, 158–159

Silk Road

, 39, 163

Sizdah Bedar

, 212–213

Smart tourism

, 261

Smart-PLS

, 246, 250–251

Social elements

, 69

Social exchange theory

, 264, 277

Social factors

, 121

Social media

, 312

average rating of staff

, 201

average value of comfort

, 200

comments by country within Booking. com

, 202

and communication systems

, 192–203

databases of TripAdvisor and Booking. com

, 195–196

eWOM and consumer behavior

, 194

filtering

, 58–59

for marketing purposes

, 176

online reputation

, 194–195

study methodology

, 196–197

study results

, 197–203

websites

, 176

Social process

, 47

Social travelers

, 210–211

Socialization

, 122–124, 129, 145

Society

, 18

Sociocultural

conditions

, 12

effects

, 110

factors

, 14–15

and religious challenges

, 19–20

Sociocultural impacts

, 109–113

of second-home tourism

, 282–283

Socioeconomic activity

, 76

Solar (Hijri) system

, 15–16

Souvenirs

, 85–86, 157, 162

Spectrum of accessible knowledge

, 60

Spillover effect

, 108

Spirituality

, 69

Sport tourism

, 208–209

SPSS 23.0

, 234

Spyder

, 197, 199

Staff rating

, 199

Stakeholders

, 259, 278

attitudes

, 277

theory

, 278

Standard deviations

, 143

Standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)

, 237–239

State ideology

, 11–12, 13–14

State policies

, 12–13

Storytelling

, 6

Storytelling

, 312

“Stranger” culture

, 282–283

Strategic management theory

, 66

Strategy making

, 71–72

Structural equation modeling (SEM)

, 246

Structural model

, 250–253

Sunni sect

, 56

Surprise

, 49

Sustainability

, 277–278

assessment

, 47

Sustainable development

, 67, 136, 277–278

Sustainable policy

, 259

Sustainable tourism

development

, 65–66, 262

programs

, 259

Symbols

, 69

Ta’arof

, 54, 157

Takht-e Soleyman

, 37, 215–216

Tangible asset

, 65–66

Tangible cultural assets

, 164

Tangible culture

, 1

Tangible heritage

, 120

Tangible pre-Islamic assets

, 159

Territorial governance, innovation in

, 214–216

Textual analysis

, 178–179

Textual and visual-based exposition of Iran

active participation and memories

, 183–185

emotions category

, 180–181

heritage tourist and DI

, 171–185

intellectual comprehension category

, 182–183

pictorial analysis method

, 179–180

sensory perception category

, 181–182

study methodology

, 176–180

study results

, 180–185

textual analysis method

, 178–179

Textual data

, 170, 175, 178

Thanksgiving

, 89, 95–96

Time-based momentum

, 86

Times, The (newspawer)

, 164–166

“Top Things to Do” category

, 177–178

Tour guides

, 50

Tourism

, 1–2, 13–14, 49, 66, 137–138, 171, 210–211, 277, 313–314

activity

, 211–212

behavior

, 119

decisionmakers

, 75–76

destination

, 300–301

future in Iran, agenda for

, 309

government and governance

, 12–13

and hospitality industry

, 2–3

and ICH interaction

, 69–70

impact

, 110

and intercultural dialogue

, 216–218

in Iran

, 192, 302–303

Iran’s political economy and tourism

, 14–23

management

, 75–76

in Muslim

, 296

photography

, 175–176

planning and development

, 258

planning and strategy making

, 71–72

state ideology and tourism

, 13–14

Tourism community development

, 259–271

apathy and community development

, 264–270

community participation and limits

, 260–261

conceptual frameworks

, 270–271

factors shaping residents’ support

, 262–263

heritage tourism in Iran

, 263

Tourism development

, 209, 215, 258, 309–310, 312–313

based on eWOM

, 193

in Iran

, 113–115, 209–219, 314

Tourism-phobia

, 263

Tourismification process

, 309–310

Tourist(s)

, 70

cycle

, 86

experience

, 224

stories

, 87–89

tourist-generating markets

, 15

tourist-oriented reproduction-style alternatives

, 121

Tourist’s satisfaction (TS)

, 140, 224, 226, 228–229, 235–237

Trackers

, 196

Traditional Islamic hospitality

, 41

Traditions

, 156–157

Transformational tourism

, 218

Travel

, 93

career

, 108–109

encounters

, 71

photography

, 175

and tourism

, 296

Travel companion

, 142

Travel Environment (TE)

, 249–250

TripAdvisor

, 170, 177–178

databases of

, 195–196

normalizes WoM recommendations

, 125–126

Twitter

, 59

Two-step model approach

, 234

UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN)

, 213

UNESCO World Heritage Convention (1972)

, 120

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

, 163

world heritage site

, 118–119

United Nations World Trade Organization (UNWTO)

, 15

“Unnatural” culture

, 282–283

Urban cultural tourists

, 113–114

Urban destinations

, 113

User-generated content

, 177–178

Vacation memories

, 90

“Value & significance” category

, 180–181

“Value co-creation”

, 119

Value of vacations

, 89–90

VB-SEM

, 248

Visit museums, motivation to

, 139–140

Visitors’ satisfaction

, 137

Visual content analysis, motifs/objects extracted from

, 185

Visual data

, 175

analysis

, 170, 174

Visual image

, 171

Visual movement

, 174

Visual stimuli

, 175, 184–185

Visual support

, 174

“Vitality & fascinating” category

, 180–181

Volcanic remnants

, 118

Vulnerability of mono-economy

, 208

Web Qualitative Data Analysis (webQDA)

, 178, 180

White Revolution

, 33–34

Wi-Fi

, 199

Women

clothing

, 55–56

public wear

, 161–162

in society

, 52

Word of mouth (WOM)

, 192–193

recommendations

, 125–126, 245

World Development and Annals of Tourism Research

, 12–13

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 138

World Heritage List (WHL)

, 30–31

World heritage sites

, 109, 170, 177

World Tourism Organization

, 106–107

World Travel & Tourism Council (2017)

, 40–41

YouTube

, 176, 312

Ziyarat

, 303–304

Zoroastrianism

, 32, 74–75, 160–161