Index
Tourism as an Instrument for Development: A Theoretical and Practical Study
ISBN: 978-0-85724-679-0, eISBN: 978-0-85724-680-6
ISSN: 2042-1443
Publication date: 26 July 2014
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2014), "Index", Tourism as an Instrument for Development: A Theoretical and Practical Study (Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice, Vol. 5), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 389-406. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2042-144320140000006009
Publisher
:Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2014 Emerald Group Publishing Limited
INDEX
Aboriginal Tourism Australia
, 186
Absolute poverty
, 199
Accountability
, xii, xviii, 130, 197, 203, 204, 208, 318, 320
Activity, tourism
, xix, 70, 82, 88, 89, 96, 116, 140, 141, 184, 188, 201, 229, 231, 233, 234, 238, 239, 240, 245, 247, 248, 252, 311, 322, 325
Actor, tourism
, 103, 108, 113, 274, 279
Air transport
, 154, 283
Amin, S.
, 17–18
Analysis, tourism
, 80
Argentina
Buenos Aires, tourism in
, 230–234
comparison of past and present policies
, 228–230
Federal Strategic Plan for Sustainable Tourism
, 229–230
land use strategic plan
, 233
provincial strategic plans
, 232–234
provincial tourism law 14.209
, 231–232
rural or ranch tourism
, 233–234
for southwest micro region
, 234–238
tourism chain, establishment of
, 233–234
Attraction, tourism
, 103, 142, 174, 175, 176, 181, 189, 271
Australia
indigenous population of
, 184
indigenous tourism and events of
, 185
economic development opportunities from
, 186
employment generation
, 186
international arrivals
, 185–186
Torres Strait Islands, case of
, 187–194
Tourism Queensland’s tourism strategy
, 186–187
national tourism strategy of
, 185
tourism and events, significance of
, 184
Balance of payments
, x, xi, 319
Baran, Paul
, 16
Monopoly Capital
, 16
The Political Economy of Growth
, 16
Basic needs theory
, 18
Beach tourism
, 259, 304
Becker, G. S.
, 31, 37
Behavior, tourist
, 258
Best practice
, 26, 95, 128, 144, 216, 290, 311, 319
Biological diversity, tourism
, 90, 273
Brundtland Commission
, 105
Brundtland Report
, 243
Budget
, xvi, 117, 130, 135, 136, 139, 140, 142, 145, 164, 165, 223, 292, 318
Business tourism
, 169, 170, 291
Capital
, x, xi, xii, xiii, xv, xviii, xx, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 14, 17, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 33–51, 68, 70, 73, 78, 105, 107, 112, 115, 136, 154, 186, 212, 267, 319, 320, 323
Capital formation
, xv, 40, 49, 54, 80, 319
Capital resources
, x, 108
Career, tourism
, 117, 289
Case study, tourism
, xvii, 121, 170, 185, 227, 238, 245, 247, 312
Chamberlin, Edward
The Theory of Monopolistic Competition
, 10
Change, socio-cultural, tourism
, 90, 177–178
Civil society
, 49
Classical economic thought
, 6–8
Classical political economy
, 8
Climate change, tourism
, 54, 294, 317
Clinical approach
, 319, 325, 326
Cluster, tourism
, xv, xix, 280, 325
Cluster analysis
, 59, 85, 166, 221, 271, 273, 280
Codex, tourism
, 319
Co-evolution
, xiii, xv
Collaboration, tourism
, 103, 121, 122, 123, 132, 144, 175, 282, 293, 294
Collective social capital
, 51
Colombia
, 324
achievements in terms of tourism policy
, 219–222
average hotel occupation rates
, 213
challenges
, 213–217
civilian security problems and
, 213
competitiveness aspects
, 213–214
diversified offers
, 216–217
economic benefits
, 215–216
international arrivals
, 213
local governments, role of
, 214
policy for
, 217–224
positive aspects
, 216
reflexive modernization and
, 214
strategic decisionmaking processes, role of
, 222–224
and sustainable development
, 217
technical regulations
, 218
Colonialism and economic development
, 6–7
Commercialization
, 72, 82, 177, 255
Community of knowledge
, 319
Community-based tourism
, 96
Comparative advantage
, 7, 57, 60, 65, 81, 86, 109, 218, 321
Comparative study
, 7, 57, 60, 65, 66, 74, 81, 109, 110, 218, 249, 321
Competitive advantage
, 57, 74, 81, 109, 110, 111, 116, 119, 225, 248
Competitive markets
, x
Competitiveness
, x, xv, xix, 20, 34, 55, 57, 58, 65, 72, 73, 80, 81, 86, 102, 103, 112, 120, 129, 138, 140, 179, 201, 214, 218, 219, 220, 231, 281, 282, 283, 286, 289, 297, 320
Complex adaptive system
, xii, xv, xxi
Complexity theory
, xiii
Computer reservation
, 172
Conservation, tourism
, xv, 88, 94, 115, 116, 117, 121, 228, 243, 304
Constraints, tourism
, x, xi, 284, 290, 319, 321, 322
Consumers, tourism
, 16, 20, 58–61, 71, 81, 82, 167, 186, 288
Content, tourism
, 233, 245
Convention
, xiv, xv, 15, 18, 30, 38, 51, 52, 54, 68, 105, 180, 202, 216, 220, 221, 294
Convention and visitor bureau
, 202
Conventional capital
, 30
Cooperation
, ix, xi, 21, 25, 29, 35, 41, 51, 53, 104, 113, 133, 164, 175, 267, 271, 275, 277, 278, 310
Corporate social responsibility
, 330
Cost-benefit analysis
, 46, 107
Creative destruction
, xiii, 38
Creativity
, 119, 175
Crisis management
, 202, 313
Cruise tourism
, 175, 189, 193
Cultural capital
, 44
Cultural conflict
, 257
Cultural resources
, 129, 137, 139, 283
Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)
, 152
Culture, tourism
, 177, 192, 287, 288
Data, tourism
, 40, 50, 51, 56, 136, 165, 204, 263
De facto protection
, 7
Decentralization
, 128, 129, 130, 147, 222, 226, 324
Decisionmaking, tourism
, xii, xvii, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 18, 32, 33, 44, 46, 47, 51, 52, 58, 59, 63, 66, 72, 81, 85, 96, 97, 98, 102, 104, 107, 110, 112, 113, 115, 118, 122, 124, 128, 129, 130, 131, 144, 145, 146, 194, 198, 217, 222, 225, 246, 263, 285, 296, 302, 318, 322
Deficit
, 184, 235
Demand, tourism
, x, 55, 59, 74, 93, 114, 186–187, 262, 292–294
Demography
, 178, 230
Demonstration effect
, 203, 260, 261
Denison, E. F.
, 36
Destination
, xvi, xviii, xix, 47, 54, 55–86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 128, 129, 131, 132, 144, 167, 169, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 189, 196, 198, 199, 201, 204, 207, 212, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 230, 233, 242, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 251–262, 265–280, 284, 285, 286, 288, 291, 292, 296, 298, 299, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327
Destination benchmarking
, 66, 118
Destination competitiveness
, 73, 80, 109, 118, 195, 286
Destination management
in academic literature
, 62–65
agents, role of
, 60
issue of boundaries
, 61–62
key areas of tourism policy
, 58–59
spatial, objective perspective
, 59–60
subjective, tourism-consumer perspective
, 60
systemic approach
, 60–62
Destination marketing organization
, 320
Destination policy
, 79
Destination strategy
, 65, 85, 102
Destination sustainability
, 88, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 115, 116, 123, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 251–262, 263, 322, 323, 326
Deterministic planning
, xiii, xxi
Developing country
, 12, 15, 18, 19, 32, 53, 91, 117, 122, 128, 129, 130, 147, 314
Development, clinical approach
, 319, 325, 326
Development, community
, 183, 191, 192
Development, concept of
, xi
bilateral and multilateral agencies for
, 5
dependency theory
, 32
evolution of viewpoint
, 4
human capital and human development
, 24–25
local binding constraints and
, 319
presumptive path to development policies
, 318–319
social-institutional capital as a factor for
, 41
and structural changes
, 33
Development, diagnostic approach
, xiii, 326, 327
Development, tourism for
, ix–xiv, xx, 32, 54, 86, 88, 89, 95, 98, 103, 105, 124, 268, 278, 318, 321, 322, 326, 327
Development paradigms
, 23, 31, 32, 99, 326
Development theories
, xii, 6–25, 26, 30, 321, 326
Diagnostic method
, xii, 74, 327
Distribution, tourism
, x, xvi, xx, xxi, 9, 27, 32, 47, 82, 90, 93, 95, 96, 98, 105, 107, 112, 118, 119, 120, 128, 129, 142, 156, 215, 243, 261, 263, 293, 304, 321, 322
Distribution channel
, 118
Domar, Evsey
, 14
Domestic tourism
, 174, 282, 287, 288, 292, 304
Dynamic knowledge creation
, xi
Ecology, tourism
, 243, 244
Econometrics, tourism
, 50
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
, 19
Economic development
, 5–6
Barcelona Consensus
, 22
basic needs approach
, 18
Beijing-Seoul-Tokyo (BeST) Consensus
, 23
in capitalist system
, 8
classical economic thought
, 6–8
colonialism and
, 6–7
contemporary theories
, 11–12
early mercantilist thoughts
, 6
free trade and
, 7
heterodox theories of
, 15–19
markets and price equilibrium mechanisms
, 9
models of economic growth
, 12–13
neoclassical economic paradigm
, 9–11
neo-marxist theories of
, 16–17
precursors’s perspective
, 13–15
productive effort, significance of
, 6
protectionism vs
, 7
questioning the orthodox views of
, 19–25
redistribution of incomes and welfare
, 18
Seoul Consensus
, 23
structuralism theories
, 15–16
unequal exchange, concept of
, 18
Washington Consensus
, 19–22
Economic growth, models of
, 12–13
agglomeration and linkages, role of
, 15
development poles for
, 15
endogenous growth theories
, 13, 3738
exogenous growth theories
, 12
government economic policies, role of
, 14
Harrod–Domar model
, 12
institutional approach to development issues
, 15
modernization theories
, 13–14, 17
natural rate of growth
, 14
Solow model
, 12, 36
Economics, tourism
, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 19, 23, 24, 27, 41, 44, 45, 62, 101, 173
Ecotourism
, xix, 88, 90, 97, 203, 216, 218, 220, 221, 243, 306, 308, 310, 312
Education, tourism
, xv, 18, 26, 30, 31, 34, 36, 40, 54, 132, 144, 185, 200, 214, 217, 248, 250, 285, 311
Egypt
achievements and limitations
, 312–313
beach resorts
, 307
challenges
, 313–314
Egyptian Tourism Authority (ETA) and
, 304–305
Egyptian Tourism Development Authority (TDA), role of
, 303–305
Egyptian Tourism Federation and
, 305
Egyptian tourism policy
, 301–315
human resources at different levels, development of
, 311–312
international funds and technical expertise, use of
, 309–310
NGO’s, role of
, 309
for private investments
, 305–307
reengineering organizational structure and governance
, 303–305
rules and regulations of land allocations
, 303–305
in 1980s
, 302
Siwa Sustainable Development Initiative
, 309
for socioeconomic welfare in remote regions
, 310–311
for sustainable tourism
, 307–309
telecommunication services
, 307
Emergent property
, xviii, xv
Emmanuel, A.
, 18
Employment, tourism
, x, xi, xv, 6, 11, 13, 18, 32, 33, 40, 53, 72, 91, 96, 102, 104, 105, 112, 113, 133, 151, 165, 173, 175, 184, 186, 191, 192, 234, 237, 252, 253, 256
Energy, tourism
, 113, 145, 185, 243, 245, 251, 256, 271, 280, 285
Entrepreneurship, tourism
, xiii, xviii, 18, 20, 23, 26, 30, 33, 49, 70, 80, 88, 90, 91, 95, 96, 102, 104, 106, 118, 121, 123, 139, 142, 160, 161, 165, 172, 177, 179, 190, 212, 213, 214, 216, 221, 241, 242, 243, 249, 251, 256, 258, 260, 275, 290, 294, 297, 301, 303, 304, 307, 309, 312, 320, 322
Environment
, xvii, 23, 49, 70, 71, 80, 91, 94, 96, 104, 106, 118, 123, 143, 160, 161, 165, 172, 173, 177–178, 216, 224, 233, 242, 243, 246, 248, 251, 257, 258, 275, 282, 284, 285, 286, 290–291, 294, 302, 307, 322
Equity
, xvi, xxi, 14, 27, 128, 203, 294, 312, 313, 315
Ethics, tourism
, 27, 31, 244
European Commission
, 113
European ComTur Project (Eureka Programme)
, 66
European Tourism Policy
, 113
Excellence program
, 117–118
Expenditure, tourism
, x, xx, 16, 30, 37, 73, 174, 186, 245, 251, 252, 255, 262
Extractive institutions
, xiii, 24
Factors, tourism
, x, 29–53, 66, 68, 109, 274, 297, 322
Fairness
, xvi, 98, 107, 130, 321, 322
FAS (Factors–Attractors–Support services) model of destination management
, 57–58, 65–84
advantages
, 65–66
agent interrelations, analysis of
, 82–84
agents, role of
, 70–73
attractors, classification and analysis of
, 70, 74–76
classification of destination types
, 67
conventional forms of capital in
, 68, 70
destination archetypes, analysis of
, 79–80
distribution of value-added, analysis of
, 82
dynamics of a destination
, 70–71
empirical trial of
, 67
endogenous stage
, 71–72
exogenous stage
, 72–73
factors, analysis of
, 78–79
factors/resources of destination in
, 68
fundamental characteristic of
, 68
joint analysis of structural elements
, 79–81
measurement of human capital in
, 68
model building parameters
, 66–67
origins
, 66–67
sectorial tourism policy, analysis of
, 81
strategic issues, analysis of
, 81
structure
, 67–73
support systems, analysis of
, 76–78
synergy approach
, 70
t-destination competitiveness
, 80
tourism policy and governance, analysis of
, 82
uses
, 65
Financial benefits
, xix, 53, 93, 96, 319
Financial capital
, x, xii, 17, 59, 63, 124
Finland
, 325
destination development and managerial issues
, 270–271
growth rate
, 266
intra and inter-sector cooperation
, 267
knowledge sharing and innovation
, 279
Land of the Rising Stone project
, 267, 273–274
national polices
, 267
Ostrobothnia region
, 271–277, 280
tourism policy and regional development
, 268–270
tourism system
, 267
Travel and Relax Project
, 274–277
wellbeing tourism development project
, 274–277
Fiscal instruments
, 19, 214, 319, 321
Fiscal policy
, 19, 319
Forecasting, tourism
, xiii, 159, 164
Frank, Andre Gunder
, 17
Free trade and economic development
, 7, 9
Free-trade globalization
, 7
Friedman, Milton
, 17
Future, tourism
, xix, xx, 142, 281, 298
Fuzzy logic technique
, 66
Globalization, tourism
, 7, 81, 170
Governance
, ix, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xx, xxi, 5, 11, 12, 21, 22, 23, 25, 30, 31, 47, 54, 55–86, 89, 94, 98, 101–124, 128, 129–144, 149–168, 195–209, 220, 225, 227, 228, 238, 244, 245, 251, 256, 264, 280, 282, 288, 302, 317–327
Governance systems
, xvi, xvii, 98, 104, 120, 121–123, 198, 321, 322, 323, 324
Government-led development
Egypt
, 303–307
Singapore
, 174–175
Vietnam
, 160, 163–166
Government-led tourism
, 323–324
Great Recession
, 17, 318
Green Paper for tourism policy
, 103, 106–108
Growth
, x, xi, xii, xvii, xviii, xix, 3–8, 11–20, 22–23, 25–26, 31–33, 35–38, 41, 44, 48, 50, 52, 53, 88, 91–93, 95, 97, 105, 127, 129, 153, 154, 170, 172, 173, 175, 177, 179, 180, 181, 184, 186, 190–192, 194, 211–226, 229, 232–233, 239–240, 242–243, 247–251, 253–254, 256–262, 266, 268–271, 279, 282–283, 287, 319, 321, 323, 326–327
Harrod, Roy
, 14
Health, tourism
, xv, 12, 18, 30, 36, 37, 53, 54, 67, 91, 185, 196, 200, 214, 216, 218, 237, 250, 253, 261, 274, 275, 283, 290, 308, 310, 317, 324
Heritage
, 97, 142, 173, 174, 179, 180, 181, 185, 231–233, 238, 248, 287, 307–310, 315
History, tourism
, xii, xiv, 14, 17, 35, 48, 142, 151, 159, 170, 174, 179, 181, 185, 188, 189, 216, 238, 247, 257, 320
Homo economicus
, 9
Human capital
, x, xi, xv, 4, 12–13, 17, 18, 24–25, 27, 30–31, 33–41, 46, 50–52, 54, 63, 68, 70–72, 86, 112–113, 116–117, 124, 136, 173, 317, 319–321, 323, 326–327
applied research into the role of
, 40
Becker’s study
, 31
economic growth and
, 35–38
investments in
, 37
measuring performance
, 38–41
positive feedback effects of
, 38
qualitative approach
, 38–39
quantitative perspective
, 38–40
Human development
, 200
Human Development Index
, 25, 200
Human development reports
, 24
Human resource development
, 22, 33, 311–312, 323
Ideology, tourism
, xii, 242
Image, tourism
, 73, 81, 131, 170, 176, 180, 192, 213, 219–220, 222, 250, 252, 255, 257, 259, 262, 268, 280, 290
Impact, tourism
, xv, xx, 5, 32, 38, 56, 58, 66, 86, 88, 90–94, 96–97, 102, 114, 116, 120–122, 139, 145–146, 160–161, 165, 175, 184, 188, 192, 196, 207, 212–213, 215–217, 219, 224–225, 229, 242, 243–244, 253, 256, 258, 260, 278, 282–283, 290, 292, 302–304, 311–313, 319–320, 322
Imperfect competition
, 11
Inclusive institutions
, 70, 124, 320, 325, 327
Indicator
, xviii, 18, 25–27, 30, 35, 38, 40, 49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 67–68, 74–75, 78, 92, 104, 115, 116, 123, 159, 185, 196, 199–200, 204–206, 206, 209, 243, 245, 246, 250, 251–257, 258, 259, 262, 283, 297, 318
Indigenous tourism and events of Australia
, 185
economic development opportunities from
, 186
employment generation
, 186
international arrivals
, 185–186
Torres Strait Islands, case of
, 187–194
Tourism Queensland’s tourism strategy
, 186–187
Information, tourism
, 5, 9, 10, 13, 46, 47, 49, 51, 58, 62, 71, 73–76, 85, 113, 115, 119, 136–137, 144, 146, 164–165, 173, 204, 232, 246, 263, 266, 267, 274, 284, 288, 290, 293, 296, 304, 317
Information technology
, 164
Infrastructure
, 14, 22, 36, 53, 60, 62, 71, 93, 94, 115, 121, 132, 133, 140, 153, 160–161, 165, 172–173, 175–177, 179–180, 193, 214–215, 222, 225, 232, 237, 239, 242, 245, 250–252, 258, 260–262, 269, 274, 279, 280, 283, 293, 303, 305–307, 310, 311, 319
Innovation
, xiii, 4–8, 12–13, 16, 30, 32–34, 36, 38, 58, 63, 66, 86, 113, 115, 119–120, 124, 171, 175, 178–180, 247, 275, 277–279, 288, 317
Innovation program
, 119
Input-output analysis
, 56, 124
Institutional capital
, 27, 38, 98, 105
Institutional fabric
, x, xiii, 30
Institutional framework
, x, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, 4, 5, 13, 26, 46, 57, 98, 102, 113, 120, 122, 217, 281, 320, 323–325
Intelligence, tourism
, 66, 85, 113, 115, 285
Intelligence/info program
, 113–115
International Institute of Artificial Intelligence (IIAI)
, 66
International Monetary Fund
, 30
International tourism
, x, xi, 56, 92–93, 161, 163, 165, 170, 175, 177, 180, 213, 221, 267–268, 305–306, 318
Investment, tourism
, ix, x, xi, xii, xv, xix, xx, 4, 6, 12–14, 16, 20, 22, 27, 30–31, 33–37, 40, 53, 68, 109, 115, 116, 121, 129, 130, 144, 152–156, 160–162, 164, 169, 171, 173–174, 177, 180, 184, 193, 215, 217, 219, 225, 230, 238–239, 282, 294, 296, 302, 303–307, 312–315, 319–320, 323–324
Invisible hand
, x, 4, 7–8, 318
Jevons, William Stanley
Theory of Political Economy
, 9
Job-destruction and tourism
, xii
Kahn, Richard
, 11
Keynes, John Maynard
, 10
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
, 11
Keynesian economics
, 11
Knowledge, tourism
, xi, xii, xiv, xx, 6–7, 13, 15, 17, 21, 22, 25, 30, 31, 33–38, 48, 52, 53, 58, 62–63, 68, 85–86, 96, 107, 109–111, 113, 116–118, 121, 123, 128, 160, 186, 198, 203, 237, 246, 263, 267, 270, 277, 279–280, 284, 285, 291, 298, 317, 319, 321, 326
Knowledge management
, xi, xiii, xviii, xx, xxi, 16, 23, 32, 33, 58, 115, 321
Knowledge management policy
, xi, 115, 321
Knowledge program
, 116–117
Knowledge sharing
, xi, xix, 22, 279, 325
Lanzarote
analysis of tourist flows
, 258
economic improvements
, 248–249, 251
evolution of indicators, analysis of
, 250–251
facilities, development of
, 260
growth of mass tourism
, 248
indicators supports Lanzarote as destination
, 251–257
island’s socioeconomic context
, 246–247
Lanzarote Life Project 2001–2004
, 249
protests against
, 260
regulatory framework on land use
, 247, 249, 260
responsible tourism
, 244–245
service industry, development of
, 248
study methodology
, 245–246
sustainable tourism
, 243–245
territorial status
, 257–258
tourism governance
, 245
tourist cycle
, 257–262
Leakage, tourism
, 92, 118
Lee, Keun
, 23
Legislation
, 73, 132, 133, 162, 164, 196, 268
Lewis, Arthur
, 14
Local actors
, 130, 219, 270, 325
Local government
, 71, 82, 83, 86, 96, 127, 146, 154, 209, 214, 290, 296–297
Macroeconomics
, 11
Magdoff, Harry
, 17
Malthus, Thomas Robert
, 6
on production and effective demand
, 7
Management, tourism
, 128, 165, 228, 256, 308, 309
Manila Declaration
, 31
Marginalization
, 200
Market efficiency
, xi
Market externalities
, xi
Market forces
, 8, 23, 318, 319, 322
Market fundamentalism
, x, xi, 20, 21, 30
Marketing
, 59, 71, 90, 104, 118, 164, 176, 209, 218, 230, 234, 244, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272, 275, 279, 282, 285, 291, 292, 298, 306, 313, 320
Marshall, Alfred
Principles of Economics
, 9
Marx, Karl Heinrich
, 7
on capitalism
, 8
institutional transformations, importance of
, 8
Massive tourism
, 215
Matthews, John
, 23
Menger, Carl
Principles of Economics
, 9
Mexico
, 88, 121, 195–209, 323, 324
Microeconomics
, 11
Mill, John Stuart
, 7
economic democracy
, 8
failures and corrections of market
, 8
The Principles of Political Economy: With Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy
, 7–8
Millennium Development Goals
, 22, 65, 89, 319
Mitigation of centralization
, xvi
Model, tourism
, 212, 225, 255
Modernization theories
, 13–14, 17
Monetary instruments
, 19, 25, 51, 319, 321
Monetary policy
, 5, 25, 26, 30, 319, 321
Multiplier effect
, 91, 92
Myrdal, Karl Gunnar
, 15
Myth of tourism
, ix
National tourism
, x, xi, 56, 60, 92, 93, 97, 133, 160, 161, 164, 166, 180, 185, 213, 225, 229, 265, 277, 278, 281, 282, 285, 286, 287, 291, 292, 294, 297, 298, 302, 307, 311, 312
National wealth
, 6
components of
, 30
Natural capital
, x, xi, xv, 54, 67, 79, 124, 319
Nature tourism
, 221, 222, 223, 274
Negative capital
, 44
Neoclassical economic paradigm
, 9–11
assumptions
, 10
automatism of markets
, 9
free trade, importance of
, 9
marginalist paradigm
, 10
State intervention, role of
, 9–11
Neoliberal economics
, 30, 101
Neoliberal framework
, 19
Neo-marxist theories of economic development
, 16–17
planned industrialization
, 16
surplus value, concept of
, 16
Network
, 24, 41, 44, 45, 46, 53, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 70, 85, 103, 107, 119, 120, 122, 124, 132, 155, 197, 203, 220, 260, 267, 272, 274, 322
New Institutional Economics (NEI)
, 47
Non-governmental organization
, 5, 21, 134, 135, 157
North Anatolia region, case of
, 141–143
cities
, 141
share of agriculture in economic output
, 141–142
tourism development programs
, 142–143
Nurske, Ragnar
, 14
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
, 35, 40, 50, 112–113
Overcrowding
, xvii, 179
Overdependence
, xix, 92
Paradigm
, xi, xvii, xx, xxi, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 22, 26, 31, 32, 37, 52, 59, 87, 89, 101, 106, 115, 318, 321, 323, 326
Peace, tourism
, 15, 276
Perroux, François
, 15
Petty, William
, 35
Physical capital
, xi, 12, 17, 30, 34, 36, 40, 41, 50, 51, 68, 79, 115, 124
Planning, tourism
, 90, 97, 98, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 144, 146, 147, 193, 243, 270, 296, 298, 302, 309
Policy
, ix, xiii, xvi, 3, 4, 5, 16, 19, 22, 23, 25, 27, 30, 32, 33, 48, 50, 51, 54, 56, 58, 59, 63, 65, 66, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 101–124, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 147, 176–178, 180, 190–191, 196, 197, 198, 201–202, 208, 217–224, 227–240, 265–280, 286–288, 291–292, 301–315, 317–327
Politics, tourism
, 31, 41, 197, 243, 266
Poverty
, 199–200
of subsistence
, 199
Product, tourism
, xix, 16, 59, 60, 67, 68, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 142, 144, 160, 164, 175, 178, 187, 193, 197, 202, 208, 209, 214, 222, 230, 243, 251, 261, 270, 284, 287, 293, 294–295, 298, 304, 312, 313
Promotion/communication program
, 118–119
Property rights
, 13, 20, 37, 47, 57, 62, 156, 283, 319
Pro-poor condition for tourism
, xi–xii
Public goods
, 9, 71, 217
Public–private partnerships in tourism
, x, 122, 178, 220–221, 225, 282, 288, 291–293, 298, 324
Pueblos Mágicos (Magic Towns) program
, 325
attractiveness of locations
, 202–203
development, measuring of
, 199–200
effect of the program, analysis of
, 204–208
governance processes
, 197–199, 203–204
objectives of
, 202
operation of
, 203
program operating rules
, 202–203
social backwardness, analysis of
, 204–206
Putnam, R.
, 48–49
Qualitative methods
, 9, 38, 39
Quality, tourism
, 90, 91, 117, 118, 140, 167, 178, 215, 219, 232, 251, 256, 276, 295
Quality employment
, xii, 54, 72, 256
Quantitative methods
, 9, 14, 38, 39, 40, 51, 67, 74, 113, 132, 214, 245, 280
Redistribution with Growth
, 18
Regional Commission for Europe
, 113
Regionalization
, 228, 233, 236, 324
Relative poverty
, 199
Resource, tourism
, xvii, 54, 55, 57, 60, 74, 109, 128, 160, 161, 188, 266, 272
Resource curse
, xi
Revenues from tourism
, x, 92, 177, 179, 184, 186, 192
Ricardo, David
, 6
on free trade
, 7
Risk, tourism
, 89, 308
Robinson, Joan
, 10–11
Rodrik, Dani
, 20
Role, tourism
, xiv, xviii, 25, 279, 288
Rostow, Walt Whitman
, 14
The Stages of Economic Growth: A non-communist manifesto
, 14
Rural tourism
, 88, 139, 142, 144, 229, 236, 237, 239, 243, 282, 286, 287, 288, 290, 294
Russian October Revolution of 1917
, 4
Samuelson, Paul
, 16
Satellite account, tourism
, 56, 114, 124, 172
Say, Jean-Baptiste
, 35
Schultz, T. W.
, 36–37
Schumpeter, Joseph
, 16
Seasonality, tourism
, xi–xii, 33, 117, 190, 193, 263, 265, 268, 270, 273, 287, 288, 289
Segmentation
, 243
Sen, Amartya
, 21
Service, tourism
, 59, 70, 220, 237, 277, 279, 286, 287, 289
Sharpley, R.
, 89
Singapore
, 323–324
branding of Singapore
, 176
future perspectives
, 178–180
general development and planning in Singapore
, 171–173
government support to
, 174–175
“iconic lifestyle destinations,” development of
, 176
international arrivals in
, 174, 179
political background and social context of Singapore
, 170–171
Singapore Tourism Board (STB), role of
, 176
sustainable development
, 177
tourism facilities
, 175
tourism policies
, 176–178
tourist volumes and revenues
, 177
Singapore Chng Holdings
, 162
Smith, Adam
, 6, 35
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
, 6
conditions for productivity and wealth
, 7
free elections of individuals
, 7
invisible hand of the market
, 7–8
Social backwardness
, 200
Social capital
, 319
in applied research
, 48–51
and behavioral rules
, 41
collective
, 51
commons vision
, 46
community perspective
, 24
definitions
, 42–43
and economic development
, 44–46
effects of public policies
, 49
formation of
, 49
idea of social interactions as capital
, 44
institutionalist approach
, 24, 46–48
internal vs external
, 44
interrelation between economic growth and
, 50
measuring
, 49, 51
NEI thinking
, 47
networks perspective
, 24, 46
objectives of social capital research
, 49
social relations in productive systems, role of
, 48–49
viewpoint of
, 41–44
Social Capital Assessment Tool
, 51
Solow, R. M.
, 36
South Africa
, 324
action and implementation
, 289–290
Airlift Strategy
, 290–291
business and events related to
, 293–294
challenges
, 292
collaborative partnerships
, 291–292
competitiveness
, 283–284
domestic tourism
, 292–293
Domestic Tourism Growth Strategy 2012–2020
, 287
future institutional arrangements and engagement framework
, 295–297
implementation of the White Paper
, 291
initiatives at local levels
, 284–285, 289–290
international arrivals
, 281–282
investments in
, 294
local tourism stakeholders, role of
, 285
National Heritage and Cultural Tourism Strategy
, 286
National Rural Tourism Strategy
, 287
National Service Excellence Strategy
, 287–288
National Tourism Sector Strategy
, 286
National Tourism Sector Strategy (NTSS)
, 282
niche-product opportunities and rural tourism
, 294–295
principle of providing decent work
, 289
proactive engagement of all levels
, 292
quality assurance program related to
, 295
regional approach to
, 293
research and information management
, 291
safety and security
, 290
success factors
, 297–298
and sustainable growth
, 290
Tourism Act No 72 of 1993
, 282
Tourism Resilience Strategy
, 288
tourism strategy and policy
, 282, 286–288
Tourism White Paper of 1996 on the Development and Promotion of Tourism
, 282
transformation of tourism
, 289
vision and strategic focus areas
, 288–289
Soziale Marktwirtschaft (social market economy), concept of
, 19
Spain
, 50, 241–264
Spencer, Herbert
, 10
institutional change (development)
, 10
The Theory of the Business Enterprise
, 10
The Theory of the Leisure Class
, 10
Sraffa, Piero
, 11
Stakeholder, tourism
, xv, xix, 9, 14, 35, 49, 50, 57, 58, 60, 62, 64, 70, 71, 85, 90, 96, 98, 102, 105, 109, 111, 112, 116, 118, 120, 123, 127, 129, 131, 135, 136, 137, 144, 145, 146, 150, 204, 242, 244, 273, 275, 282, 285, 289
Statism
, 9–11
Statistics, tourism
, 164, 171, 179, 188, 222, 312
Stiglitz, Joseph
, 20–21
versions of social capital
, 48
Strategy, tourism
, 142, 185, 187, 268, 269, 274, 282, 286, 287, 290, 294, 297, 302
Structuralism theories
, 15–16
policy recommendations for development
, 16
and underdeveloped economies
, 16
Supply, tourism
, 91, 187
Sustainability perspective to development
, x, 87–88
as a barrier to development
, 89
Bhutan as a destination
, 97
community-based tourism
, 96
ecotourism projects of Costa Rica
, 97
in framework of tourism
, 88–91, 94–97
in less developed countries
, 93
and poverty reduction
, 97
World Tourism Organization perspective
, 90
Sustainability program
, 115–116
Sustainable tourism. See Sustainability perspective to development
Sweezy, Paul
, 16
SWOT analysis
, 109, 110
System, tourism
, xxi, 60, 65, 70, 101, 103, 106, 111, 113, 120, 199, 244, 246, 258, 262, 264, 267, 271, 273
Technological framework
, xi
Technology, tourism
, 12, 16, 38, 164, 179, 308, 317
Thang Loi Investment Trade and Tourism
, 162
Theory, tourism
, ix, xi, 5, 10, 11, 14, 23, 25, 56, 318, 326
Thrace region, case of
, 137–141
budget for development plan
, 139–140
Competitiveness Enhancement Projects
, 140
competitive strength
, 139
infrastructure improvement projects
, 140
population
, 138
share of agriculture in economic output
, 138–139
tourism-related projects
, 141
Torres Strait Islands, case of
, 187–194
Cape York Peninsula and Torres Strait Tourism Development Action Plan 2008–2011
, 190
development strategies for
, 191
festivals in
, 189
natural attractions of
, 189
regional characteristics
, 187–188
Torres Strait Islanders
, 188
tourism and events
, 191–194
tourism policy
, 190–191
tourist statistics
, 188–189
Tourism
as base for development strategies
, 32
community-based tourism
, 96
as a contributor to development
, 91–94, 105–106, 318
in developing countries
, 91
direct effects of
, 114
economic benefits of
, 33
and economic growth
, 93
and leakage of revenues
, 92
for poverty alleviation
, 92
in poverty alleviation
, 88, 92, 95–96, 121–122, 127, 129
secondary effects of
, 114
state’s responsibilities
, 129–130
Tourism governance
, 129–131, 149–151, 197–199, 320–321
issues
, 318
in Mexican tourism policy
, 202–204
organizations
, 70
Tourism policy. See also
specific entries
collaborative approach
, 106
in context of sustainable tourism
, 103
definitions
, 104
for development
, 104–123, xiii
Green Paper
, 103, 106–108
methodology for
, 105–106
role of state and nonstate actors
, 104–105
systemic actions of
, 102–103
Tourism Policy Plan
, 103, 111–123
White Paper
, 103, 108–111
Tourism Policy Plan
, 103, 111–123
excellence program
, 117–118
governance and implementation of policies
, 120–123
innovation program
, 119
intelligence/info program
, 113–115
knowledge program
, 116–117
models
, 114–115
promotion/communication program
, 118–119
sustainability program
, 115–116
Tourism Satellite Account
, 114
Touristic Hotels and Investors Association
, 132
Transfer of knowledge
, 121, 323
Transparency
, xviii, 52, 136, 144, 146, 157, 203, 204, 208, 318, 320
Trickle-down effect
, x, xi, 320
Turkey
, 324
characteristics of regions
, 136–137
civil society organizations, role of
, 132
competitiveness of regions
, 137
EU policy framework and
, 132
governance of RDAs
, 134
governance structure
, 129–134
macro-level developments
, 133
Ninth Development Plan (2007–2013)
, 133
North Anatolia region, case of
, 141–143
planning and policymaking
, 131–132
regional development agencies (RDAs), role of
, 128–129, 133–134
at regional level
, 135–137
regional planning model, evaluation of
, 143–144
sources of finance
, 134–135
stakeholders participation
, 137
state–society relations in Turkey
, 132
Thrace region, case of
, 137–141
Turkish Tourism Investors’ Association
, 132
Typology, tourist
, 59, 64, 66, 67
Underdevelopment, reasons for
, 5, 16–17, 32
Unequal exchange, concept of
, 18
United Nations Development Program
, 35
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 57/264
, 24
United Nations Program for Development
, 24
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
, 66, 88
context of policy discussions
, 112–113
European Regional Commission
, 106
Sustainable Tourism for Eliminating Poverty program
, 95
tourism in Southeast Asia
, 165–166
Veblen, Thorstein Bunde
, 10
Vietnam
, 324
Air Asia–VietJet joint venture
, 162–163
Democratic Republic of Vietnam, economy of
, 152
establishment of Joint Ventures (JVE)
, 156–158, 162–163
foreign investments, restrictions on
, 154–155
Geneva Accords and
, 151
land-use rights and disputes
, 157–158
New Deal model of economic plan
, 152–153
public sector companies (SOE) in
, 153–155
regulations in tourism
, 160, 163–166
Republic of Vietnam, economy of
, 151–152
Skybridge Dragon Sea project
, 162
tourism development in
, 158–163
tourism economy
, 159
Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (VNAT)
, 159
Voluntary standards
, 318
Wallerstein, Immanuel
, 17
Walras, Leon
Elements of Pure Economics
, 9
Washington Consensus
, 19–20, 105, 318, xi
criticism
, 20–22
Washington Think Tank Institute for International Economics
, 19
White Paper for tourism policy
, 103, 108–111
Williamson, John
, 19
Wolfensohn, James
, 21–22
World Bank
, 18–19, 30
World systems, theory of
, 17
World Trade Organization (WTO)
, 30
- Tourism as an Instrument for Development: A Theoretical and Practical Study
- Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice
- Tourism as an Instrument for Development: A Theoretical and Practical Study
- Copyright Page
- Introduction Myths and Realities of Tourism for Development
- Chapter 1 The Political Economy of Development A Historical Perspective
- Chapter 2 Key Factors for Development
- Chapter 3 The FAS Model Destination Analysis and Governance
- Chapter 4 Sustainability Issues Tourism as an Instrument for Development
- Chapter 5 Tourism Policy and Governance for Development
- Chapter 6 The Role of Regional Agencies Tourism Development in Turkey
- Chapter 7 Governance by Excess The Case of Vietnam
- Chapter 8 Tourism and Development in Singapore
- Chapter 9 Indigenous Tourism and Events for Community Development in Australia
- Chapter 10 A Tourism Governance Proposal in Mexico The Magic Towns Program
- Chapter 11 Tourism in Colombia Growth versus Development
- Chapter 12 Tourism Policy in Argentina The Case of the Buenos Aires Province
- Chapter 13 Times of Tourism Development and Sustainability in Lanzarote, Spain
- Chapter 14 Tourism Development in Finland Destination Management and Policy
- Chapter 15 South Africa’s Tourism Development Journey
- Chapter 16 Political Uncertainty Challenge to Egyptian Tourism Policy
- Conclusion Strategic Policy and Governance in Tourism for Development
- About the Authors
- References
- Index