Index

The Tourism–Disaster–Conflict Nexus

ISBN: 978-1-78743-100-3, eISBN: 978-1-78743-099-0

ISSN: 2040-7262

Publication date: 12 November 2018

This content is currently only available as a PDF

Citation

(2018), "Index", Neef, A. and Grayman, J.H. (Ed.) The Tourism–Disaster–Conflict Nexus (Community, Environment and Disaster Risk Management, Vol. 19), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2040-726220180000019009

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2019 Emerald Publishing Limited


INDEX

Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” with numbers indicate footnotes.

Accumulation by dispossession
, 145

Aceh Culture and Tourism Agency
, 106

Aceh humanitarians
, 110

Aceh Tsunami Museum
, 106, 112

Activist tourists
, 13

Airbnb providers
, 10

Ajeg Bali movement
, 36–37, 45

Akagera National Park in Eastern Rwanda
, 131

Al-Sh`abaab’s strategy
, 20

Andaman Pilot Project
, 148

Angkor, Cambodia
, 123–126

Annapurna (trekking route), Nepal
, 92

Asian Economic Crisis
, 36

Baan Rawai
, (see also Urak Lawoi of Baan Rawai, Phuket Island), 143, 154

Baan Tungwa
, (see also Moklen of Baan Tungwa, Khao Lak), 143

Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi (BRR)
, 110

Bali

averting environmental disaster
, 45–48

Badung Regency
, 44

ceremonial place for presenting offerings
, 40

communal water management
, 39–42

contested reclamation of Benoa Bay
, 44–45

decentralisation, new tourism markets and a growing environmental crisis
, 37–39

discontents of tourism and agricultural development
, 35–36

evolution as Indonesia’s prime tourist destination
, 35–39

Forum Rakyat Bali Tolak Reklamasi Teluk Benoa (ForBALI)
, 45

Kebalian
, 37

limits to agricultural revival and government regulation
, 43–44

polluted water canal in Ubud
, 42

privatisation of ‘tradition’
, 41–42

PT Tirta Wahana Bali Internasional (TWBI)
, 44

public water crisis
, 39

rice production
, 36

rice terraces
, 40

terrorism, crisis and ‘Ajeg Bali’
, 36–37

threats to irrigated agriculture, cultural heritage, and marine environments
, 42–45

Tri Hita Karana philosophy
, 43

water resources
, 34

Bali Bombings (2002 and 2005)
, 6

‘Bali for the World’ campaign
, 37

Bali Hotel Association
, 37

Bali Tolak Reklamasi
, 45

Balinese bomb attacks
, 36–37

Balinisation
, 37

Baliseering
, 37

Banda Aceh
, 106, 113

Behavioral and organizational response approach
, 56–57

Benoa Bay

contested reclamation of
, 44–45

reclamation project
, 43

Bifurcation
, 110

Black magic
, 159

Blank slate
, 142

Bougainville, tourism in
, 132–134

Bouncing forward
, 90, 98–101

Branding

‘gorillas and genocide’ tourism in Rwanda
, 24

PCT and
, 120–123

‘Build back better’ concept
, 91

Businesses
, 89

resilience
, 89

sectors in Nepal
, 88

Cairo Earthquake (1992)
, 20

Cambodia, tourism in
, 123–126

Catastrophes
, 56

Cautious travellers
, 9

Ceningan Island, Bali
, 48

Cessation of Hostilities Agreement (CoHA), Aceh, Indonesia
, 108

‘Challenger brand’
, 122

Chao leh (sea people)
, 142–143

Chiang Mai Lamphun Valley
, 61

Chinese tourism megaproject in southwestern Cambodia
, 6

Chumchonthai Foundation
, 155

Civil conflict, disasters as triggers and intensifiers of
, 18–20

Civil Defence and Emergency Management Agency in Auckland
, 10

‘Classicist’ model of humanitarianism
, 109

Climate change
, 54

Coastal vegetation
, 6

Commodification
, 145, 161, 162

Commodification of disaster
, 113–115

Common-pool resource (CPR)
, 40

Communal land tenure
, 75

Communal water management to public water crisis
, 39–42

Community leaders
, 79

Community Organisation Development Institute
, 150

Community-based tourism (CBT)
, 69, 128, 129

Fiji’s TLTB and influencing on framing
, 73–75

Fijian context
, 68–72

methodology
, 72

tourism’s benefits, poverty reduction, and funding
, 75–80

women’s benefits as evidence of new rationalities
, 80–82

Conflict
, 1–5, 10–23, 120

perception
, 122

resolution
, 20–21

Conscious travellers
, 9

Consensus-based decision-making process
, 69

Contact hypothesis
, 11

Coral Coast of Fiji’s Viti Levu Island
, 82

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
, 79, 98

Courageous travellers
, 9

Cultural cache
, 17

Cultural clashes
, 15–16

Cultural heritage
, 42–45

Cultural risks
, 70

Cyclone Marcia in Queensland (2015)
, 8

Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar (2008)
, 20

Cyclone Pam in Vanuatu (2015)
, 7

Danger zone tourism
, 12–14

Dark heritage tourism
, 12–14

Dark tourism
, 13

Decentralisation
, 37–39

Decision-making processes
, 82

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
, 129–130

Department of National Park (Thailand)
, 149

Department of Special Investigation (DSI) (Thailand)
, 156

Destination rebranding
, 14–15

Destructive creation
, 145, 161, 162

Developing world
, 2, 5

Development industry
, 69

Disaster
, 3, 4, 56–59

capitalism
, 18, 21–22

diplomacy
, 20–21

intra-household conflict
, 22

knowledge
, 57

manmade
, 4

natural
, 4

rapid-onset
, 4, 17–18

risk reduction strategies in tourism sector
, 9–10

slow-onset
, 4, 17

Dispossession

facing indigenous communities
, 162

practices in tourism
, 145

Disruptive events
, 88–89

as catalysts for change
, 89–91

Dukuh Sibetan (in Bali)
, 48

Dutch colonisers (in Bali)
, 35

Earthquake recovery processes
, 96–97

East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (2011)
, 4

Ebola outbreak in West Africa
, 4

Eco-tourism
, 17, 69

‘EcuadorNOW’ tourism recovery campaign
, 94

El Salvador
, 127

Emergency Events Database
, 4

Empowerment
, 71

Enclosure
, 145, 161, 162

Environmental crisis
, 37–39

Environmental disaster, averting
, 45

acknowledging mutual dependence among stakeholders
, 47

avoiding ‘tragedy of open access’ through polycentric resource governance
, 46–47

from quantitative to qualitative growth through ecotourism
, 47–48

Environmentally based uncertainties
, 57

Epidemics
, 4

Erasure
, 145, 161, 162

Ethnographic methods
, 59

Everest (trekking route)
, 92

Everyday resistance
, 145

Extraction
, 145, 161, 162

Fiji

Bure houses
, 16, 77

Fiji’s TLTB and influencing on framing of tourism
, 73–75

Fijian context
, 68–72, 83n3

Mataqali
, 73, 74, 78, 84n4

Native Land Trust Board (NLTB)
, 71, 75

“People-and-land” indivisibility
, 75

Sevusevu
, 84n5

Solesolevaki
, 78

Turaga ni koro
, 78

‘Vinaka Fiji’
, 79

Financial events
, 4

‘Fire problem’
, 57

‘Food banks’ pilot project in Naviti Island
, 79

Foreign-owned resorts in Yasawa Islands
, 80

Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, GAM)
, 106, 108

Fukushima nuclear accident (2011) in Japan
, 9

Funding for disaster prevention and recovery
, 75–80

Garfuna fishing communities (Nicaragua)
, 17

Gender-based violence
, 22

Geopolitical discourses of haze production
, 54

Geopolitical ecologies

scholarship
, 55

of tourism
, 61–63

Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM)
, 106, 108

Global South tourism sector
, 71

‘Gorillas and genocide’ tourism
, 129–132

Gorkha Earthquake (2015) in Nepal
, 8, 88–89, 91, 99

Green economy
, 69

Green Revolution model
, 36

Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 2

Ground Zero in New York City
, 13

Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding
, 106

Heritage
, 107–108

Honduras
, 127

Human Development Index (HDI)
, 120

Human Rights Museum, Aceh, Indonesia
, 106, 112

Human-made disasters
, 4

Humanitarianism
, 110

‘classicist’ model of
, 109

Fassin’s definition
, 110

political humanitarianism
, 109

Hurricane destruction index
, 7

Hurricane Katrina in Gulf of Mexico (2005)
, 4

Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004)
, 9, 20, 22, 142, 143, 147

Indigenous Mapuche communities (in Chile)
, 17

Indigenous Sea Nomads in Southern Thailand
, 142–143

Kabang (boats)
, 142, 148

Katoy Oken (Lord of the Sea)
, 147

Moken of Koh Surin, Andaman Sea
, 146–150

Moklen of Baan Tungwa, Khao Lak
, 150–154

ne-en lobong ceremony
, 147

Urak Lawoi of Baan Rawai, Phuket Island
, 154–161

Indonesian Development of Education and Permaculture Organization (IDEP), Bali
, 34

Infrapolitics
, 145

International Finance Cooperation (IFC)
, 92

Intra-household conflict in wake of disasters
, 22

Intrepid Travel
, 92

Intrigued tourists
, 13

Irrigated agriculture, threats to
, 42–45

Israel–Palestinian conflict
, 13

iTaukei Land Trust Board (TLTB)
, 71

Izmit Earthquake 1999 (Turkey)
, 20

Jakarta
, 112

Jaringan Ekowisata Desa (JED) in Bali
, 48

Jimbaran Bay, Bali
, 36

Kashmir Earthquake 2005 (Pakistan, India)
, 20

Kenya
, 130

Khao Lak
, 142

Khmer Rouge torture prisons in Cambodia
, 13

Kiadan Pelaga (Bali)
, 48

Knowledge and environmental narratives
, 56–59

Koh Surin
, (see also Moken of Koh Surin, Andaman Sea), 143

Komisi Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi (KKR)
, 114

Land
, 39

tenure system
, 75

Land conflicts
, 17

Land grabs
, 21–22

Least developed countries (LDCs)
, 120

Little Ice Age
, 18

Luxor Massacre (1997) in Egypt
, 6

Maasai communities in Tanzania
, 17

Male tourism landscape
, 70

Mangrove forests
, 6

Marine environments
, 42–45

Marine Fisheries Conservation Unit
, 146

Market system
, 69

Mass tourism
, 2

Maya Biosphere Reserve of Guatemala
, 17

Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
, 106

Memorials
, 107–108

Memory
, 107–108

Military Operations Zone
, 108

Miyamoto (Japan)
, 92

Moken of Koh Surin, Andaman Sea, Thailand
, 142, 146–150

Moklen of Baan Tungwa, Khao Lak, Thailand
, 142, 150–154

Mt Agung on Bali
, 35

Museums
, 106

Human Rights Museum, Aceh, Indonesia
, 106, 112

memory, memorials and heritage
, 107–108

Tsunami Museum, Aceh, Indonesia
, 111, 112, 113–115

Myanmar

military government
, 2

transboundary blame on
, 60–61

Naïve models
, 19

National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department (Thailand)
, 146

Natural disasters
, 4

Navala village

household survey in
, 77

iconic Bure architecture
, 78

modern wooden house in
, 78

Nazi concentration camps in Auschwitz
, 13

Negative media coverage
, 8

(Neo)colonialism
, 145, 161, 162

Nepal Tourism Board (NTB)
, 93

Nepal’s tourism sector
, 88–89, 98

resilience
, 8

tourism business community
, 93

‘NepalNOW’ campaign
, 94

Netherlands-based Centre
, 92

Neutrality politics
, 109–111

New Orleans
, 4

New tourism markets
, 37–39

Nicaragua, tourism in
, 126–129

9/11 attack impacts
, 7

Non-governmental organisation (NGO)
, 108

Nusa Dua, Bali
, 36

Nyumgwe Forest National Park (Rwanda)
, 131

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
, 130

Papua New Guinean mine workers (PNG mine workers)
, 132

Partai Aceh
, 116n2

Partai Aceh-ruled government
, 112

Pastoralism
, 17

Patriarchal construction of tourism processes
, 70

Peace

peace-through-tourism studies
, 12

tourism as force for
, 10–12

Phang Nga province
, 7, 142–144

Philippine island
, 16

Phoenix tourism
, 14–15, 120, 121

Phuket Province
, 142, 143–144

Political

ecologists
, 58

ecology
, 55

economic/environmental approach
, 56–57

economists
, 57

events
, 4

humanitarianism
, 109

political-economic crisis, complications due to
, 94–96

Pollution
, 54

Post-conflict
, 109

tourism development in post-conflict settings
, 14–15

Post-conflict destinations
, 123

Bosnia and Herzegovina
, 12, 15

Bougainville
, 132–134

Burundi
, 15

Cambodia
, 123–126

Nicaragua
, 126–129

Rwanda
, 129–132

Post-conflict tourism (PCT)
, 120

and branding
, 120–123

Post-disaster discourse
, 113–114

Post-revolutionary period
, 127

Post-structuralism
, 90

Poverty reduction
, 75–80

Powers of exclusion
, 145

Predatory land grabs
, 21

Privatisation of ‘tradition’
, 41–42

Ptolemaic Egyptian Empire
, 18

Public–private initiatives
, 92

Qualitative interviews
, 59

Reconceptualisation of tourism studies
, 3

Relocation
, 162

Recovery process, tourism as
, 7–9

Reliable transport
, 133

Resilience
, 89, 90

Responsible tourism
, 68–69

Rice terraces
, 43

Rights and Liberties Protection Department, Thailand
, 156

Rights-based approach
, 47

Rise of Artisans
, 97

Robben Island, South Africa
, 107

Royal Project, Thailand
, 148

Rwanda, tourism in
, 129–132

Salacca wood
, 149

SARS epidemic (2003)
, 37

Slow-onset disasters
, 4, 17

Small island settings
, 16

Social change approach
, 56–57

Social conflict
, 5

Solidarity tourists
, 13

Southwest Pacific
, 71

Stability, tourism as force for
, 10–12

‘Strategic land grabs’
, 22

Subak traditional water governance, Bali
, 40–41

Suharto regime (Indonesia)
, 108

Suharto’s government (Indonesia)
, 35–36

Sun Fruit Dan
, 63

Surin Islands Marine National Park (Thailand)
, 146

Sustainable development
, 69

project
, 44

Sustainable development goals (SDGs)
, 2

Taman Sari Resort and Spa in Pemuteran, Bali
, 48

Tanzania
, 130

Tenganan Pegringsingan
, 48

Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI)
, 114

Thanatourism
, (see Dark tourism)

Tikar Pandan Community, Aceh, Indonesia
, 111–113

Top-down ‘Green Revolution’ campaign
, 36

Tourism
, 2, 91

benefits
, 75–80

checks and balances
, 92

complications due to political-economic crisis
, 94–96

corporate social responsibility
, 98

international visitor arrivals to Nepal
, 95

in post-conflict context
, 121

post-conflict destinations
, 123–134

practices of dispossession
, 145

practitioners
, 61–62

recovery
, 91, 96–97

resort areas
, 36

restoring destination image
, 93–94

stakeholders
, 96, 99–100

Tourism as a Driver of Peace
, 11

Tourism business response

bouncing forward or transformation
, 98–101

disruptive events as catalysts for change
, 89–91

methodology
, 91

Nepal’s tourism sector and disruptive events
, 88–89

recovering tourism industry
, 91–98

Tourism-focused social scientists
, 55

Tourism–disaster–conflict nexus
, 2

danger zone tourism and dark heritage tourism
, 12–14

disaster capitalism
, 21–22

disaster diplomacy and conflict resolution
, 20–21

disaster risk reduction strategies in tourism sector
, 9–10

disasters as triggers and intensifiers of civil conflict
, 18–20

entanglements of disaster and conflict
, 17–22

gender-based violence and intra-household conflict in wake of disasters
, 22

impacts of disasters on tourism industry
, 6–7

linkages between
, 5–10

tourism and conflicts over land and resources
, 16–17

tourism and cultural clashes
, 15–16

tourism as driver of recovery process
, 7–9

tourism as force for peace and stability
, 10–12

tourism as trigger and amplifier of disasters
, 6

tourism development in post-conflict settings
, 14–15

tourism–conflict interface
, 10–17

Tourists
, 3, 62–63

Transboundary haze disaster in Thailand
, 54, 56, 59

geopolitical ecologies of tourism
, 61–63

knowledge and environmental narratives
, 56–59

research methods
, 59

transboundary blame on Myanmar
, 60–61

Transboundary Haze Pollution Act (THPA)
, 54

Transformation
, 98–101

Trophy hunting tourism
, 17

Tropical Cyclone Winston (2016), Fiji
, 71

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), Aceh, Indonesia
, 107–108

Tsunami
, (see also Disaster)

boats
, 107

disaster in Indonesia’s Aceh province
, 20

Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004)
, 9, 20, 22, 142, 143, 147

Tsunami Land Tenure Committee
, 150–151

Tsunami Museum, Aceh, Indonesia
, 111, 112, 113–115

Typhoon Haiyan (2013) in the Philippines
, 19, 21

UKAID-supported Samarth Nepal Market Development Program
, 92

UN Declaration for Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
, 163

Única
, 126–129

United Nations Department of Safety and Security
, 110

United Nations Transitional Authority Cambodia (UNTAC)
, 124

United States Department of Homeland Security
, 5

Urak Lawoi of Baan Rawai, Phuket Island
, 142, 154–161

Value-based approach
, 34

Vietnam
, 125–126

‘Violent tourism geographies’
, 145

Virunga Volcanoes, Rwanda
, 130–131

Viti Levu, Fiji
, 72

Volunteer tourism
, 8

Voluntourism
, 8

Voluntourists
, 3

War zones
, 13

Water scarcity
, 39

Wet-rice cultivation
, 39–40

Wildlife reserves
, 17

Women

benefits as evidence of new rationalities
, 80–82

identity
, 70

violence against
, 22

World Bank
, 73

‘World ecotourism destination’ of Costa Rica
, 127

World Tourism Organization
, 2

World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)
, 2