Index
International Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets: Nature, Drivers, Barriers and Determinants
ISBN: 978-1-78769-564-1, eISBN: 978-1-78769-563-4
ISSN: 2040-7246
Publication date: 18 November 2019
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2019), "Index", Haddoud, M.Y., Jones, P. and Onjewu, A.-K.E. (Ed.) International Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets: Nature, Drivers, Barriers and Determinants (Contemporary Issues in Entrepreneurship Research, Vol. 10), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2040-724620190000010018
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Action concerns commitment
, 9–10
Active involvement
, 164
Active termination of business relationship
, 23–24
Advanced economies (AEs)
, 8, 10
Advanced factors
, 169
Agglomeration strategy
, 82
Alliance capabilities
, 171
Amazon
, 153
Analytical approach
, 124–125
Antediluvian technology
, 93–94
Apparel firms
, 101
Barriers to internationalisation
, 145, 165–168
personal level barriers
, 149–151
process level barriers
, 151–153
structural barriers
, 146–149
Beautiful exit. See Relationship—dissolution
‘Born global’ firms
, 86–87
‘Born-global’ model
, 168
Brazilian National Development Bank
, 62
Brazilian service of assistance to micro and small enterprises (SEBRAE)
, 57–59
Brazilian technology
, 3
technological firms
, 53
Business
, 170
incubator
, 70–71
market knowledge
, 86
networks
, 9, 56
Business clusters
, 82
cluster internationalisation in developing economies
, 90–91
clustering policy in developing and emerging economies
, 83–84
collective learning, cooperation and upgrading
, 92–93
constraints to internationalisation
, 88
emerging economy
, 82–83
exporting clusters’ performance in emerging economies
, 93–94
institutional and policy environment for internationalisation
, 91–92
methodology
, 88–90
theoretical discussions on export networks
, 85–86
theoretical perspective on export knowledge
, 86–87
Business relationship
active termination of
, 23–24
forced termination of
, 23
Capital, access to
, 146–147
Case-based approach/analysis
, 14, 34–35
China
, 164
Cluster(ing)
, 82, 89
cluster-based strategies
, 57
clustered firms
, 83
internationalisation in developing economies
, 90–91
policy in developing and emerging economies
, 83–84
of transnational/multinational corporation
, 83
Co-ethnic markets
, 119
Co-ethnic ties
, 130–131
Co-location
, 82
Codes
, 16, 62
Cognitive frames
, 52, 69
Collaborative activities and export propensity
, 39–40
Collective learning
, 92–93
Commitment role in internationalisation
, 10
Committed involvement
, 164
Communication strategies
, 13
Company barriers
, 144
Comparative qualitative scale
, 62–63
Competitiveness
, 166
Constraints to internationalisation
, 88
Contact networks
, 91
Contagion transmission
, 40
Context
, 116–119
of internationalisation
, 168
Contract manufacturing
by EM SMEs
, 102–103
experiences
, 106
Contract manufacturing
, 101
Contractual internationalisation strategies
, 100
Convenience sampling
, 41
Cooperation
, 92–93
Corruption
, 167, 170
CRIATEC
, 56
Cross-case analysis
, 62
comparison approach
, 125
qualitative analysis
, 128
Cross-national factors
, 167
Cultural, Administrative, Geographic and Economic distances (CAGE distances)
, 5, 163
benefits of international markets
, 170–171
benefits of internationalisation
, 163–164
government role in promoting SMEs internationalisation
, 168–170
institutional theory, barriers and CAGE of internationalisation
, 165–168
internationalisation process theory
, 171–172
of SMEs
, 162–163
stages and modes of entry for SMEs internationalisation
, 164–165
Cultural barriers
, 150–151
Culture
, 169
Customer–supplier collaborations
, 57
Data analysis
of qualitative data
, 124–125
techniques
, 16
Deductive approach
, 62
‘Densely tied’ business networks
, 11
Descriptive coding
, 16, 20
Developed market multinational enterprises (DMNE)
, 4, 101, 107
Developing countries
CAGE’ to internationalisation of firms in
, 171
corruption in
, 167
institutional framework elements
, 169
SME internationalisation in
, 162
Discrete impact of social forces
, 52
Discrimination hazards
, 162
DMNE–SME relationship
, 4
Domestic marketing
, 164
Dynamic capabilities
perspective
, 103
theory
, 4
Dynamic international capabilities
, 108
Ease of doing business
global ranking for
, 170
government role in firm internationalisation
, 169
reducing barriers associated with
, 162
SMEs internationalisation and
, 163
Eclectic Paradigm
, 168
Economic
development processes
, 166
growth driver
, 164
informality
, 169
Economic growth, driver of
, 164
Efficiency-driven stage
, 166
Electronics cluster
, 85
Emerging economies (EEs)
, 8, 10, 52–53, 82–83
clustering policy in
, 83–84
entrepreneurial SMEs
, 14
exporting clusters’ performance in
, 93–94
governments in
, 21
Emerging markets (EM)
, 100, 144–145
SMEs
, 108–109
Emotionally grounded action
, 9–10
Entrepreneurial/entrepreneurs (see also Transnational entrepreneurs (TEs))
, 15, 57, 143, 150
cognitive frames and opportunity-recognition
, 57–59
ecosystem model
, 169
from ethnic minorities
, 133
internationalisation
, 171
orientation
, 38–39
SMEs
, 12–13
Entrepreneurship
, 52–53, 55–56, 170
Equity-based internationalisation strategies
, 100
Ethnic minority-owned firms’ problems
, 120–121
Exit process
, 12
Experiential knowledge
, 3, 10, 54, 57, 69, 86
Experimental involvement
, 164
Experimental knowledge
, 86
Exploratory interviews
, 123
Export knowledge, theoretical perspective on
, 86–87
Export networks
, 85–86
Export perceptions
, 39
Export propensity
, 34
collaborative activities and
, 39–40
managerial attributes and
, 37–39
Export-related innovativeness
, 39
Exporting clusters’ performance in emerging economies
, 93–94
External barriers
, 144, 166
Face-to-face interviews
, 16
Factor-driven stage
, 166
Family ownership, liability of
, 27
Finance
, 169
Firms
, 16, 85, 162
acquired knowledge
, 87
government support internationalisation
, 170
human capital related elements of
, 171
internationalisation
, 9, 163
strategy
, 169
tendency
, 37
Forced termination of business relationship
, 23
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
, 53, 163, 165
Foreign markets
evolution
, 20–22
Formal business network theory
, 9
Formal institutions
, 166
Foxconn
, 163
Franchising products and services
, 164
Free markets
, 162
Free trade zones
, 162
Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA)
, 152
Fuzzification
, 42
Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA)
, 34–35, 41–42
calibration
, 42
necessity analysis
, 42
sufficiency analysis
, 42–43
Gioia Approach. See Gioia Method
Gioia Method
, 125, 140
Global cross-border business activities
, 1
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)
, 5
Google Scholar
, 89
Government
, 168
assistance
, 171
role in promoting SME internationalisation
, 168–170
Heterogeneity of entrepreneurs
, 116–117
Higher Education Institutions (HEI)
, 59
Home-based networks
, 22
active termination of business relationship
, 23–24
forced termination of business relationship
, 23
Human capital
, 104–105, 169
In-depth semi-structured interviews
, 16
Individual cognitive frames
, 53
Individual entrepreneur
, 15, 144
Individual level entrepreneur
, 9
Industrial districts
, 40
Industry barriers
, 144
Informal institutions
, 166–167
Informal networks
, 9
Information communication technology (ICT)
, 145, 153–154
Information technology (IT)
, 4
Initial quantitative analysis
, 125–128
Innovation-driven stage
, 166
Institutional/institutions
, 55–56, 162
actors
, 145, 154
capital
, 36–37
environment
, 55
factors
, 166
framework
, 169
institution-based view of entrepreneurship
, 55
market knowledge
, 86
mechanisms
, 52, 70
theory
, 165–168, 171
Inter-firm relationships
, 13
Intermittent internationalisation
, 2, 8–9
commitment role in
, 10
foreign market evolution
, 20–22
influencing home-based networks
, 22–24
network perspective of IP model
, 9–10
networks influence on exit and subsequent re-entry experiences
, 10–14
relationship reactivation to re-enter foreign markets
, 24–27
research methodology
, 14–15
sampling of cases, data collection and analysis
, 15–20
Internal barriers
, 144, 166
International business (IB)
, 8, 10–11, 15, 100
International Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO)
, 38–39
International entrepreneurship (IE)
, 1–2, 10, 82, 86, 143
DMNE–SME relationship
, 4
firms
, 4–5
literature
, 35
SMEs
, 2–3
theories
, 143
International new ventures (INVs)
, 85
International opportunity recognition
Beckert’s conceptual framework
, 54–55
Brazilian technological firms
, 53–54
business incubator
, 70–71
case studies
, 59
collection and analysis of information
, 59, 62, 79
cross-case comparison of results
, 69
demography of sample
, 60
dominant social forces at each stage
, 64–65
emerging economies
, 52–53
entrepreneur’s cognitive frames
, 69–70
HRM case
, 63
institutions, entrepreneurship and opportunity-recognition
, 55–56
INT case
, 66
literature review
, 54
methodology
, 59
networks and opportunity-recognition
, 56–57
OIL case
, 67
presentation of results
, 63
social forces impact in
, 52
sources used for primary data collection
, 61
SUB case
, 67
VIS case
, 68–69
International orientation
, 38
Internationalisation (see also New venture internationalization)
, 37, 59, 67, 85, 88, 142, 144, 162
barriers to
, 145–153
benefits
, 163–164
constraints to
, 88
contract manufacturing
, 102–103
drivers to
, 153–154
of EM SMEs
, 107
of entrepreneurial activities
, 82
of entrepreneurial ventures
, 143
of firms
, 100
government role in promoting SMEs
, 168
human capital
, 104–105
institutional and policy environment for
, 91–92
institutional framework
, 166
institutional theory, barriers and CAGE
, 165
knowledge
, 82
limitations and future research direction
, 107–109
manufacturing productivity capabilities
, 105–106
MNEs
, 100–101
product innovation capabilities
, 106–107
relational capital
, 104
scholars
, 106
of SMEs
, 8, 162
speed
, 168
Internationalisation process model (IP model)
, 8–9, 171–172
Interpretive coding
, 20
Interviews
, 19, 25, 139
protocol
, 16
Investors
, 146
Knowledge
experiential
, 3, 10, 54, 57, 69, 86
experimental
, 86
foreign
, 37
knowledge-based firms
, 87
knowledge-intensive firms
, 87
markets
, 86
non-experiential
, 3, 54, 57, 59, 70
objective
, 86
theory
, 143
KOSGEB
, 35–36
Language skills
, 38
Learning-by-exporting
, 84
Lenovo
, 106
Less experienced entrepreneurs
, 57
Liability of family ownership
, 27
Licensing products and services
, 164
Likert scales
, 42
Macro-environmental barriers
, 144
‘Mainstream market’ targeting strategy
, 131
Managerial attributes
, 3
entrepreneurial orientation
, 38–39
export perceptions
, 39
and export propensity
, 37
foreign knowledge
, 37
international orientation
, 38
Manual coding
, 125
Manufacturing productivity capabilities
, 105–106
Market-supportive institutional environments
, 55
Markets
, 169
barriers
, 144
commitment
, 10
developments through network reconfiguration
, 20–22
knowledge
, 86
liberalisation
, 55
market-based barriers
, 143
market-entry decisions
, 53
market-entry strategies
, 66, 70, 72
power
, 11
selection
, 131–132
Micro-multinationals
, 4
Migration
, 117
Motivations
, 171
Multinational enterprises (MNEs)
, 82, 84, 100–101
National Export Strategy
, 92
Necessity analysis
, 42
Network(s)
, 2, 52
IB researchers
, 10–11
influence on exit and subsequent re-entry experiences
, 10
in intermittent internationalising
, 14
managing network engagements over time
, 21–22
market developments through network reconfiguration
, 20–21
model
, 168
with multinational customers
, 70
network-driven commitments during intermittent internationalisation
, 14
and opportunity-recognition
, 56–57
perspective on exit
, 12
relationships
, 3, 56
relationships dissolution and re-engagement
, 12–14
SMEs
, 11–12
Networking
, 69, 85
Non-equity-based internationalisation strategies
, 100
Non-experiential knowledge
, 3, 54, 57, 59, 70
Non-financial support
, 171
Non-probability sampling
, 41
Objective knowledge
, 86
Online interviews
, 144
Online questionnaire
, 41
Opportunity recognition
, 52, 55–56
entrepreneurs’ cognitive frames and
, 57–59
networks and
, 56–57
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
, 88, 166, 170
Origin environment, country of
, 129–130
Overarching coding process
, 20
Ownership, location and internalisation model (OLI model)
, 168
Particularization
, 125
Patented technology
, 67, 70
Personal level barriers to internationalisation
, 149
cultural barriers
, 150–151
lack of skills and experience
, 149–150
Personal values
, 171
Peruvian clusters
, 84
Policy
, 169
Polish born global firms
, 171
Porter’s framework
, 168–169
Pre-export
, 164
Price setting
, 152
Prior contract manufacturing
, 106
relationships
, 4
Proactiveness
, 39
Process coding
, 145
Process level barriers to internationalisation
, 151–153
Product barriers
, 144
Product innovation capabilities
, 106–107
Production factors
, 169
Progressive focussing
, 125
Public organisations
, 70
Public policies
, 55
Public-private collaboration
, 91
Purposive sampling
, 15
Qualitative interviews
, 2
Qualitative research
, 16, 125, 144
R2 value
, 43
Raw Coverage
, 43
Re-engagement in networks
, 12
Re-enter foreign markets
dishonesties of social networks
, 26–27
domestic business activity
, 24–25
involvement of social networks
, 25–26
relationship reactivation to
, 24
Re-internationalisation theory
, 25
Recognition of opportunities
, 52–54, 56
Refugee resettlement
, 117
Regulatory institutions
, 55
Relational capital
, 36–37, 104
Relational hazards
, 162
Relational view
, 168
Relationship
active termination of business
, 23–24
dissolution
, 12
DMNE–SME
, 4
forced termination of business
, 23
inter-firm
, 13
network
, 3, 56
reactivation to re-enter foreign markets
, 24–27
resources-performance
, 118
Replication logic
, 62
Resource
commitment
, 10
resource-augmenting external collaborative partners
, 91
resource-constrained firms
, 57
resource-constrained new ventures
, 168
resources-based theory
, 143
resources-performance relationship
, 118
Resource Based View (RBV)
, 117
Salmon cluster
, 85
Sampling frame
, 122–123
ScienceDirect
, 89
Semi-structured approach
, 59
Semi-structured interviews
, 62, 124
Settlement environment, country of
, 128
Shared Services Centre
, 69
Small and medium sizes enterprises (SMEs)
, 2–3, 8, 11–12, 34, 82, 100–101, 162
barriers to internationalisation
, 145–153
CAGE of
, 166
drivers to internationalisation
, 153–154
findings
, 145
government role in promoting internationalisation
, 168
internationalisation in EMs
, 142
internationalising
, 11
literature review
, 143
methods
, 144–145
Organisation
, 35
participant information
, 160
policy interventions
, 156–157
stages and modes of entry for internationalisation
, 164–165
youth entrepreneurial barriers and drivers to internationalisation
, 155
Social forces
, 53–54, 70
impact in international opportunity recognition
, 52
Social networks
, 9, 56
effect of
, 52
dishonesties
, 26–27
and institutions
, 53
involvement
, 25–26
South Asian TEs
, 116
background and research question
, 117
background characteristics of interviewees
, 139
barriers to internationalisation and overseas trade assistance
, 121–122
co-ethnic ties
, 130–131
context
, 118–119
contribution
, 119
country of origin environment
, 129–130
country of settlement environment
, 128–129
cross case qualitative analysis
, 128
data analysis of qualitative data
, 124–125
data collection
, 123–124
ethnic minority-owned firms’ problems
, 120–121
examples from qualitative data analysis
, 140
heterogeneity of entrepreneurs
, 116–117
implications
, 132–133
initial quantitative analysis
, 125–128
limitations and future research
, 133
market selection
, 131–132
operating micro-multinational enterprises
, 119–120
sampling frame
, 122–123
Spatial clustering of firms
, 82–83
Spinoff from resource-based theory
, 103
Stage theory
, 143
Stakeholders
, 117
State-run clusters
, 83
Strategic choice theory
, 143
Structural barriers to internationalisation
, 146
access to capital
, 146–147
legal restrictions
, 147
support of government through legislation and institutions
, 147–149
Success-factor approach
, 34
Sufficiency analysis
, 42–43
Survival clusters
, 84
Telephonic interviews
, 16
Thematic analysis
, 145
Trade assistance
, 121
Traditional internationalisation school (TIS)
, 86
Traditional internationalisation theories
, 143
Transaction cost theory
, 143
Transitioning capability
, 168
Transnational entrepreneurs (TEs) (see also Entrepreneurial/entrepreneurs; Youth entrepreneurs)
, 4, 116–118
assistance requirements
, 127
perceived barriers
, 126
Turkey
, 34–35
Turkish SMEs
collaborative activities and export propensity
, 39–40
conceptual framework
, 36
context
, 35–36
fsQCA approach
, 41–43
managerial attributes and export propensity
, 37–39
method
, 41
relational capital
, 36–37
Unfamiliarity hazards
, 162
Upgrading cluster
, 92–93
Uppsala model
, 8, 168
Venture capitalists (VC)
, 146
Venture-participant (VP)
, 145
Western Province
, 145
Wholly owned subsidiary
, 165
Youth entrepreneurs (see also Transnational entrepreneurs (TEs))
, 145, 151–154
barriers and drivers to internationalisation
, 155
Youth entrepreneurs
, 4
- Prelims
- Introduction: A Primer on International Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets
- Chapter 1: A Network Perspective on the Intermittent Internationalising Experiences of Emerging Economy Entrepreneurial SMEs
- Chapter 2: Managerial Attributes and Collaborative Behaviours as Determinants of Export Propensity: Evidence from Turkish SMEs
- Chapter 3: Assessing the Impact of Social Forces in International Opportunity Recognition: A Case Study of Brazilian Technology Firms
- Chapter 4: Driving Business Exports in Emerging Markets: Business Clusters as a Policy Option for Internationalisation
- Chapter 5: Outward Internationalisation of Emerging Market Small and Medium Sized Enterprises: Contract Manufacturing Relationship with Developed Market Multinational Enterprise(s) and Capabilities Development
- Chapter 6: Trade Barriers and Assistance Requirements of South Asian Transnational Entrepreneurs
- Chapter 7: Barriers and Drivers of SMEs’ Internationalisation in Emerging Markets: Study of Sri Lankan Youth Entrepreneurs
- Chapter 8: The Cage Around Internationalisation of Smes and The Role of Government
- About the Editors
- About the Authors
- Index