Index
Multinational Enterprises and Sustainable Development
ISBN: 978-1-78743-164-5, eISBN: 978-1-78743-163-8
ISSN: 1876-066X
Publication date: 25 September 2017
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2017), "Index", Multinational Enterprises and Sustainable Development (International Business and Management, Vol. 33), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 237-246. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1876-066X20170000033013
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2017 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” indicate figures and tables respectively.
AAI
See accelerated access initiative (AAI)
ABB Group
, 217
Abbot
, 78
Abdullah, H.
, 102
accelerated access initiative (AAI)
, 54
acceptability of products/services
, 50
accessibility of products/services
, 50
ACHAP
See African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships (ACHAP)
active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)
, 78
AES
See Applied Energy Service (AES) Corporation
affordability of products/services
, 50
Africa
Chinese FDIs
, 180, 181
FDI inflows
, 180–181
share in global FDI inflows
, 180
African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships (ACHAP)
, 55
agricultural research system, India
, 136–137
Amadi, B. O.
, 102
American Chamber of Commerce of Rio de Janeiro
, 215
Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification
, 72
Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs
, 54
API
See active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)
Applied Energy Service (AES) Corporation
, 215–217
Arogya Parivar
, 27
ASEAN countries, employment effects of FDI in
, 201
Asian countries
, 226–227
Austin, J. E.
, 167
availability of products/services
, 48
Bacillus thuringiensis
, 133, 137
See also Bt cotton
Bandyopadhyay, K. R.
, 199
Barwale, Badrinarayan R.
, 137–138
Bayer AG
, 85
Belderbos, R.
, 20
bilateral agreements
, 152
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
, 52
Blue Skies, Ghana
, 25–26
Bollgard
, 138
BoP
See Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP)
Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP)
, 4
market investment
, 92–93
Brazil
Light for All Program (LfA)
, 203–220
Petrobras
, 220
pharmaceutical MNEs
, 53
public–private consortia
, 53
reasons for low access to electricity in
, 207
regions
, 203
Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS)
, 55
Bt brinjal
, 139
Bt cotton
, 133
controversy over
, 138–139
drivers of adoption
, 134, 134t
illegal seeds
, 139
Indian case study
, 135–142
literature finding
, 133–135
policy swings
, 139
post-adoption profit drivers
, 135t
Canada
, 181
cancer medicine
, 85
See also Sorafenib Tosylate
Caretrace, online traceability system
, 25
CDSCO
See Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO)
Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras SA (Eletrobras)
, 203
Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO)
, 72
Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)
, 72
Child Friendly Companies
See Applied Energy Service (AES) Corporation
China
economic growth
, 179
in Ghana
See Chinese MNEs, in Ghana
China effect
, 2
Chinese MNEs, in Ghana
, 174, 183–188
cultural and language barriers
, 186, 187
diffusion of managerial knowledge
, 186
employees gain skills from
, 185t
employment of locals
, 187–188
findings
, 187
learning potential
, 186
skill development/transfer
, 183, 184t
technologies
, 187
chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
, 84
civil society
, 79
Clarke, R.
, 21
clean energy, access to
, 3
clinical trials
, 158
CMIE
See Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)
Cocoa Plan, Nestlé
, 27
Coelce
, 217–218
Collaborating Centre for Drugs Statistics Methodology (WHO)
, 72
Commission on Macroeconomics and Health
, 61
competition-based pricing
, 161–162
consumption, globalization of
, 229
controversy, over Bt cotton in India
, 138–139
corporate brand
, 169
corporate social responsibility (CSR)
, 4, 54, 179–180
Ghana
, 190–191
investment for poverty alleviation
, 93–94
pharmaceutical companies
, 54
corpus on “Multinational” AND “Poverty”
compilation
, 94–96
databases
, 94
meta-analysis
, 96–102
Scopus
, 94, 95–96, 107t–129t
corruption
, 98, 220
Creating Shared Value (CSV) program
, 26–27
credibility
, 168
Crespo, N.
, 21
crowding out
, 4
cry1Ac gene
, 133
Cry family genes
, 137
CSIR-Science and Technology Policy Research Institute (STEPRI)
, 182, 183
CSR
See corporate social responsibility (CSR)
CSV
See Creating Shared Value (CSV) program
DALY
See disability-adjusted life-year (DALY)
demonstration effect
, 176–177
See also managerial knowledge spillovers
Department of Biotechnology (DBT)
, 138
Department of Health and Family Welfare, India
, 78
Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Government of India
, 72, 78
Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
, 152
diffusion of management practices
, 177
See also managerial knowledge spillovers
DIPP
See Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Government of India
disability-adjusted life-year (DALY)
, 52, 58, 62n1
diseases
identified
, 58t–59t
noncommunicable
, 59t
DNDI
See Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDI)
Doh, J. P.
, 179
Driffield, N.
, 21
Driffield, N. L.
, 200
Drug Controller General of India (DCGI)
, 72
Drugs@FDA
, 72
Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDI)
, 58
Dunning, J. H.
, 179, 200
electricity
, 3
See also Light for All Program (LfA), Brazil
government intervention
, 196, 199
low carbon sources
, 196
poverty and
, 196
renewable sources
, 196–197
supply
, 196
WEO-2016 on
, 196
electrification
, 3
demand for
, 196
environmental regulations
, 201
government regulation and incentives
, 200–201
grid expansion
, 199
income generation activity
, 196
infrastructure
, 199–200
off-grid solutions
, 199–200
sourcing resources
, 199
Eletrobras
See Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras SA (Eletrobras)
Elkington
, 141
employment effects of MNEs
, 201–202
energy policies
, 198–199
essential medicines, access to
, 42–43
pharmaceutical industry in
, 46
pricing
, 161–162
Ethical Criteria for Medical Drug Promotion
, 160
European International Business Academy (EIBA) Conference 2014–2016
, 7
European MNEs, in Ghana
, 174, 183–186
educational background employment
, 188
employees gain skills from
, 185t
findings
, 188
gender sensitivity
, 188–189
learning potential
, 186, 188
skill development/transfer
, 183, 184t
Fatima, S. T.
, 200
Feenstra, R.
, 201
Ferrara, I.
, 201
Firth, R.
, 4–5, 200
Fontoura, M. P.
, 21
Foreign Capital Census in Brazil
, 217
foreign direct investments (FDI)
, 2
in Africa and Ghana
, 180–181
economic incentives
, 4
emerging countries
, 4
in Indian pharmaceutical sector
, 74, 76, 77–79
knowledge spillovers
, 175, 200
local capability building and
, 175
managerial knowledge transfer and
, 176–177
negative effects of
, 197
positive effect of
, 3
poverty alleviation and
, 6, 14–15, 203
preconditions for benefits from
, 198
reverse spillover effects
, 200
Fortanier, F.
, 200
France
, 181
Free Zone Enclave, Ghana
, 26
Fresenius Kabi
, 29, 80
Fu, X.
, 179
Gaz de France and Suez (GDF SUEZ)
, 215
GEAC
See Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC)
gender inequality
, 202
Gene Campaign
, 138
generic medicines
, 156
branded
, 156
corporate brand vs. product brand
, 169
at low cost
, 156
quality assurance
, 159
genetically modified plant varieties (GMV)
, 132–133
collaborating local actors in innovation
, 142
commercialization, product and business legitimacy for
, 141
outreach to farmers
, 141–142
value to farmers
, 141
Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC)
, 138–139
G-Finder Report
, 52
Ghana
Blue Skies
, 25–26
Chinese MNEs in
, 174, 183–188, 184t–185t
CSR
, 190–191
economic development trends in
, 178
education
, 190
European MNEs in
, 174, 183–186, 184t–185t, 188–189
FDI inflows
, 180–181
GSGDA
, 177–178
Industrial Policy
, 178, 179, 190
Nestlé
, 26–27
per capita income
, 177
performance of key economic sectors
, 178, 179f
policy implications
, 189–191
tax rebates and concessions
, 190
Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC)
, 179, 180
Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA)
, 177–178
Ghana Statistical Service
, 183
Ghauri, P. N.
, 4–5, 21, 200
Gilead licenses
, 79
GIPC
See Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC)
GlaxoSmithKline
, 56
globalization
, 152–153, 229
GMV
See genetically modified plant varieties (GMV)
Grains Quality Improvement Programme
, 27
Green Peace-India
, 138
Green Revolution
, 132
GSGDA
See Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA)
Gujarat, India
, 138
HAL
See Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd. (HAL)
Hall, D.
, 102
Hanson, G.
, 201
health and economic development
, 43–44, 46f
behavioral changes
, 44
demographic transition
, 43
human capital accumulation
, 44, 45t
labor productivity
, 44, 45t
healthcare infrastructure, in rural areas
, 161
health outcomes
See also pharmaceutical MNEs
health expenditure
, 45
pharmaceutical products and
, 45–47
health promotion, pharmaceutical industry in
, 48–60
areas of contribution
, 48–50, 49t,, 50f,, 51t
strategies
, 51–56
high electric bill
, 207
Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd. (HAL)
, 72
HIV/AIDS
, 50, 51, 55, 57, 58, 61
Hoechst GmbH
, 28
host country government, in poverty alleviation
, 32
HRES
See hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES)
human capital accumulation, health and
, 44, 45t
Human Development Atlas
, 203
Human Development Index (HDI)
, 203
Hussein, A.
, 162
hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES)
, 214–215
hydroelectricity, Brazil
, 210, 211–212
drawbacks
, 212
Hymer, S. H.
, 227
ICAR
See Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
IDPL
See Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (IDPL)
IFPMA
See International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA)
ILO
See International Labor Organization (ILO)
Imatinib Mesylate
, 84
IMS Health
, 71, 72, 73
India
, 181
access to medicine
, 164
agricultural research system
, 136–137
Bt brinjal
, 139
Bt cotton in
, 135–142
GEAC
, 138–139
industrial sector’s contribution to GDP
, 178–179
Mahyco
, 137–139
new chemical entities (NCE)
, 69, 70, 72, 81, 83
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
, 138
Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (IDPL)
, 72
Indian Patent Act
, 70, 73, 83–84
Indian pharmaceutical sector, MNEs in
, 69–86
approvals of, as compare to United States
, 82t
balancing public health and trade
, 85–86
civil society
, 79
contribution of
, 74f
FDI in
, 74, 76, 77–79
Imatinib Mesylate
, 84
Indian Patent Act
, 70, 73, 83–84
intellectual property
, 83–85
methods of research
, 71–73
new biological entities (NBE)
, 69, 70, 72, 81, 83, 83t
overview
, 70–71
research and development
, 72, 79–81, 80t
research questions
, 71
sales values
, 73, 74t,, 75t–76t, 77f
Sorafenib Tosylate
, 85
intellectual property rights (IPR)
, 70, 86, 164
India
, 83–85
overcoming barriers of
, 56
internal communication systems
, 177
International Energy Agency
, 3
International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA)
, 55
International Labor Organization (ILO)
, 201
IPR
See Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
job security
, 4, 202
Jstor
, 94
Kachwamba, M.
, 162
Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha (KRRS)
, 138
Kathuria, V.
, 200
Kenya
, 180
Knowledge Ecology International and Act Up Paris
, 56
knowledge spillovers
, 175, 200
managerial
, 176–177
KRRS
See Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha (KRRS)
Krugman, P.
, 228
Kuznets, S.
, 90
labor legislation
, 202
labor productivity
, 44, 45t
Law of Increasing Firm Size
, 227
Law of Uneven Economic Development
, 227
laws of development
, 227
Levin, T.
, 200
Lieberthal, K.
, 230
life expectancy
, 44
Light for All Program (LfA), Brazil
, 203–220
features of
, 204
impact of
, 207–220
MNEs contribution
, 214–220
overview
, 203–207
performance of
, 204–206, 206t
qualitative interview
, 212–214
quantitative assessment
, 209–210
sources of electricity
, 210–212
living standards
, 2
Lobina, E.
, 102
local firms, poverty alleviation and
, 29–30
London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases, 62n3
lower middle-income countries
, 2
Lundan S. M.
, 179
M&A
See mergers and acquisitions (M&As)
Mahyco
, 137–139
managerial knowledge spillovers
, 176–177
demonstration effect
, 176–177
diffusion of management practices
, 177
internal communication systems
, 177
movement of labor
, 176
market-based pricing
, 161–162, 165
MDG
See Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)
, 56
medicine
, 2, 3
access to
, 42–43
consumption of
, 45
costs of
, 45
expenditure on
, 42, 46–47, 47f
new, prescription of
, 46
nonmarket efforts improving access to
, 54–55
OECD countries
, 42, 46–47
pricing
, 53–54, 161–162
Medicines for Malaria Venture
, 53
Medicines Patent Pool (MPP)
, 56
Merck & Co.
, 55
mergers and acquisitions (M&As)
, 78
meta-analysis
of abstracts
, 96–102
defined
, 96
steps
, 96
Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
, 2, 90
Millennium Summit in September 2000
, 2
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India
, 72
Ministry of Health of Brazil
, 55
Ministry of Trade and Industry (MOTI)
, 178
MNEmerge project
, 5–7
activities
, 6
consortium
, 5
geographical partners
, 5
objectives
, 5–6
Monsanto
, 137–142
See also Bt cotton
Morck, R.
, 188
Morrissey, O.
, 201
MPP
See Medicines Patent Pool (MPP)
MSF
See Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)
multilateral agreements
, 152
multinational enterprises (MNE)
, 2
See also Indian pharmaceutical sector
MNEs in
pharmaceutical MNEs
poverty alleviation, MNEs in
BoP population
, 4
CSR and
, 4, 179–180
employment effects
, 201–202
engagement
, 4–5
gender inequality
, 202
important role
, 4
internal communication systems
, 177
job security
, 4, 202
local firms and
, 200
policy implications for
, 231–233
renewable energy supply
, 214–218
technological spillovers
, 4
workplaces created by
, 3–4
Munday, M.
, 21
Nagarajan, L.
, 137
Natco
, 85
National Development Planning Commission (NDPC)
, 177
National Interconnected System, Brazil
, 207, 210
Navbharat Seeds
, 138
NBE
See new biological entities (NBE)
NCE
See new chemical entities (NCE)
NDPC
See National Development Planning Commission (NDPC)
Nestlé, Ghana
, 26–27
new biological entities (NBE)
, 69, 70, 72, 81, 83, 83t
new chemical entities (NCE)
, 69, 70, 72, 81, 83
new development paradigm (NDP)
, 200
Nexavar
See Sorafenib Tosylate
Niger Delta region
, 102
Nigeria
, 180
nongovernmental organizations (NGO)
, 54, 229
poverty alleviation
, 31–32
Noor, H. M.
, 21
Novartis, India
, 27
OECD
See Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
OPPI
See Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producers of India (OPPI)
Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producers of India (OPPI)
, 72
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
, 42
Ozgediz, D.
, 161
Palit, D.
, 199
Paris Climate Conference (COP21, 2015)
, 196
Park, B. I.
, 21
Parliamentary Standing Committee Reports on GM crops, India
, 139
PATH
See Programme for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH)
Penrose, E.T.
, 227
Petrobras
, 220
Petroleum Local Content and Local Participation Regulation of 2013
, 189–190
Pfizer
, 56, 78
pharmaceutical MNEs
, 151–170
See also Indian pharmaceutical sector, MNEs in
acceptability
, 50
affordability
, 50
contribution to health
, 48–51, 49t, 51t
distribution for penetration
, 160–161
engaging local firms in innovation
, 157–158
focus of
, 58
geographical accessibility
, 50
in Ghana
, 154
greenfield vs. brownfield investments
, 157
initiatives for sustainable development
, 154
investments
, 157
market- and competition-based pricing
, 161–162
marketing
, 158, 160
as part of complex system
, 56–58
physical availability
, 48
public–private partnerships
, 161
quality assurance
, 159
R&D-based
, 154, 157–158, 160
recovery, branding for
, 159–160
social development initiatives
, 163–170
strategies of
, 51–56, 155–156
PHFI
See Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI)
Pirmal Healthcare
, 78
policy makers, in poverty alleviation
, 30–31
policy swings, on GM crops in India
, 139
Pool for Open Innovation against Neglected Tropical Diseases
, 56
poverty alleviation, MNEs in
, 2, 13–27, 225–233
See also pharmaceutical MNEs
BoP market investment
, 92–93
case studies
, 25–29
conceptual framework
, 22–24, 91–93
corpus
See corpus on “Multinational” AND “Poverty”
CSR investment
, 93–94
employment
, 17
FDI effect on
, 6, 14–15, 203
findings
, 29–35
future
, 229–230
host country government role
, 32
limitations
, 233
local firms
, 29–30
methodology
, 24–29
NGOs’ role
, 31–32
overview
, 14–16
past
, 227
policy implications
, 231–233
policy makers role in
, 30–31
present
, 228–229
research question
, 16–18
spillover effects
, 30
theoretical background
, 18–22
PPP
See public-private partnership (PPP)
Prahalad, C. D.
, 230
Pray, C. E.
, 137
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)
, 152
pricing of medicine
, 53–54, 161–162
private health sector
, 153
product brand
, 169
production, globalization of
, 229
products/services, pharmaceutical MNEs
acceptability
, 50
accessibility
, 50
affordability
, 50
availability of
, 48
Programme for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH)
, 52
Projeto Solar Água Vermelha
, 217
public health and trade
, 85–86
Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI)
, 163–164
public-private partnership (PPP)
, 5, 52–53, 55, 161
PwC
See PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)
Rajagopala Ayyangar Commission, India
, 73
raltegravir
, 55
Ranbaxy
, 78
“Recycle More, Pay Less,”
, 216
remote rural areas
, 3
renewable energy
, 196–197
renewable energy supply
, 214–218
renewable sources of electricity
, 196
Riviello, R.
, 161
Roberts, A.
, 21
Royal Dutch Shell
, 102
Rugman, A. M.
, 167, 179
sanitation
, 2, 3
Sanofi India
, 28–29, 78
Sass
, 98
Science Direct
, 94
Scopus, corpus obtained from
, 94, 95–96, 107t–129t
Seguino, S.
, 202
Seitanidi, M. M.
, 167
Shell Petroleum Developing Company
, 102
SINDELETRO
, 217–218
social development initiatives
, 153
social development initiatives, by pharmaceutical MNEs
, 163–170
analysis
, 164–166
direct returns on
, 168–169
indirect returns
, 167–168
recommendations
, 169–170
Sofosbuvir
, 79
Sorafenib Tosylate
, 85
South Africa
, 180
South Korea
, 180, 181
spillover effects, poverty alleviation
, 30
STEPRI
See CSIR-Science and Technology Policy Research Institute (STEPRI)
strategies, of pharmaceutical MNEs
, 51–56, 155–156
health outcomes through R&D
, 51–52
intellectual property rights, overcoming barriers of
, 56
licensing agreements
, 55–56
nonmarket efforts
, 54–55
PPPs
, 52–53, 55
pricing
, 53–54
technology transfer
, 55–56
Streeten, P.
, 227
subcontracting local firms
, 4
Sub Saharan Africa (SSA)
, 153
Chinese FDIs in
, 180
Sumner, A.
, 203
Supreme Court, India
, 139
sustainable development
defined
, 90
sustainable development agenda
, 2–5
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
, 2
PPP and
, 5
SDG1 (goal 1)
, 89–105
SDG3 (goal 3)
, 151–170
SDG8 (goal 8)
, 174
SDG9 (goal 9)
, 173–174
TB Drug Development
, 53
technological spillovers
, 4
Technology and Management Centre for Development (TMCD)
, 182, 183
technology transfer
, 3, 4
Te Velde, D. W.
, 201–202
Thomas, V. M.
, 200
Thuringia, Germany
, 137
Tractebel Energy
, 215
trade, public health and
, 85–86
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
, 159, 162
Indian Patent Act and
, 84
transfer pricing
, 161–162
“Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,”
, 2
TRIPS
See Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
UNIDO
See United Nations Industrial Development organization (UNIDO)
Unilever
, 196
United Kingdom
, 181
United Nations
, 90
United Nations Industrial Development organization (UNIDO)
, 7
United Nations Millennium Declaration
, 2
United States
, 180
UN Sustainable Development Agenda
, 2–5
USFDA
See U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)
, 72
VHAG
See Voluntary Health Association of Goa (VHAG)
Volta River Authority (VRA)
, 190
Voluntary Health Association of Goa (VHAG)
, 29
VRA
See Volta River Authority (VRA)
Welch, D. E.
, 187
Welch, L. S.
, 187
WHO
See World Health Organization (WHO)
women, MNEs and
, 202
World Energy Outlook for 2016 (WEO-2016)
, 196
World Health Organization (WHO)
, 153, 154
Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification
, 72
Collaborating Centre for Drugs Statistics Methodology
, 72
Commission on Macroeconomics and Health
, 61
Ethical Criteria for Medical Drug Promotion
, 160
medicine pricing
, 161–162
World Investment Report 2015
, 180
World Trade Organization (WTO)
, 154, 227
Xenogiani, T.
, 202
- Prelims
- Introduction: How multinational enterprises can contribute to achieving sustainable development goals
- The impact of multinational enterprises on sustainable development and poverty reduction: Research framework
- The contribution of the Pharmaceutical Industry to the health status of the developing world
- MNEs contribution to the Indian pharmaceutical sector
- On nudging MNE towards SDG1: a policy perspective
- MNE led new market creation in Emerging Countries: The case of Bt cotton
- Returns from Strategies Adopted by MNEs to Improve Global Health and Wellbeing: Third Sustainable Development Goal
- MNEs and Capabilities Building in Ghana
- MNEs’ Contribution to Sustainable Energy and Development: the case of ‘Light for All’ Program in Brazil
- Multinational Enterprises, Sustainable Development and Poverty Alleviation: Past, Present and Future
- Index