TY - CHAP AB - Abstract Social enterprises (SEs) have become important new actors in solving grand challenges in a VUCA world. Nevertheless, International Business (IB) research has paid little attention to them. To address this gap, we draw upon a comparative case study of two SEs: one addressing poverty and the other tackling ocean plastics pollution. Our analysis uncovers two issue-specific internationalization paths: a multi-local path and a born-glocal path. On the basis of the findings, we re-conceptualize internationalization in the context of SEs as an ongoing, issue-specific process of social impact scaling through bricolage, global optimization, and local integration. We conclude by offering suggestions for further accounting for SEs in the IB research agenda. VL - 14 SN - 978-1-83867-256-0, 978-1-83867-255-3/1745-8862 DO - 10.1108/S1745-886220190000014019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1108/S1745-886220190000014019 AU - Ritvala Tiina AU - Riikkinen Rilana ED - Rob Van Tulder ED - Alain Verbeke ED - Barbara Jankowska PY - 2019 Y1 - 2019/01/01 TI - The Internationalization of Early Stage Social Enterprises T2 - International Business in a VUCA World: The Changing Role of States and Firms T3 - Progress in International Business Research PB - Emerald Publishing Limited SP - 357 EP - 380 Y2 - 2024/03/28 ER -