Index

International Business in the Information and Digital Age

ISBN: 978-1-78756-326-1, eISBN: 978-1-78756-325-4

ISSN: 1745-8862

Publication date: 10 December 2018

This content is currently only available as a PDF

Citation

(2018), "Index", van Tulder, R., Verbeke, A. and Piscitello, L. (Ed.) International Business in the Information and Digital Age (Progress in International Business Research, Vol. 13), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 409-425. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1745-886220180000013018

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2019 Emerald Publishing Limited


INDEX

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” with numbers indicate notes.

Accounting
, 104

Accredited investor
, 147–148

Achievers
, 226, 235

Action Network
, 106

Additive manufacturing (AM)
, 107, 296

comparison between United States and countries in patenting activity
, 305

data, empirical strategy and methodology
, 308–310

data and descriptive statistics
, 301–306

distribution of granted patents and patent applications on
, 303

econometric findings
, 310–314

economies of scale, production stages and GVCs
, 299–300

effects
, 311–312

empirical evidence
, 306–310

and GVCs
, 298–301

patent as share of population
, 308, 310

in patents data
, 301–305

skill intensity and GVCs
, 300–301

technologies and applications
, 297–298

technology terms searched in USPTO databases
, 302

Advanced manufacturing
, (see Industry 4.0)

Airbnb
, 19, 92, 110

Alexa (Echo speaker)
, 210n3, 341

Ali Cloud
, 340

Ali Health
, 343

Alibaba
, (see also Amazon), 100, 193–194, 198–200, 328–329, 331, 335, 338–339

conceptual framework
, 329–335

findings
, 337–351

methodology
, 335–337

physical assets
, 341

statistics and facts on
, 336

AliExpress
, 194–195, 344

Alipay
, 199, 341

Alliances
, 110

Alphabet
, (see also Google), 20, 40

Amazon
, (see also Alibaba), 19, 92, 100, 188, 206, 329, 331, 338

business model
, 342

conceptual framework
, 329–335

Echo
, 340–341

findings
, 337–351

methodology
, 335–337

physical assets
, 341

statistics and facts on
, 336

Amazon AWS
, 340

Amazon Lockers
, 342

Amazon Marketplace
, 341–342

Amazon Mechanical Turk
, 102, 331

Amazon Prime
, 341–342

Amazon Prime Air
, 342

Amazon Web Services (AWS)
, 198, 330, 341–342

America Makes
, 297, 315n1

ANPROTEC
, 398–399, 401–402

Anti-market “shelter strategies”
, 26

AppAnnie
, 210n3

Apple
, 20, 46, 204

App Store
, 346

Apple Pay
, 341

Application Full-Text and Image Database (AppFT)
, 302

Artificial intelligence (AI)
, 101, 104, 111, 341

ask.com
, 19

Assembler model
, 251–252

Asset builders
, 332

“Asset-light” nature of Internet platforms
, 332

Asset-lightness
, 44–48

Assignee Country principle
, 316n9

Assisted-delivery services
, 352n6

Auditing firms
, 104

Authenticity
, 144

Automated price-comparison algorithms
, 101

Automotive industry
, 17

Avvaz
, 106

Baidu
, 19, 194, 200–201

Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent (BAT)
, 202

‘Base-case’ models
, 314

Basque Country
, 277

Beijing Tiexue Tech
, 349

Big data

analysis
, 81

analytics
, 107

Bing
, 19

Bitcoins
, 103–104, 142

Bivariate correlations
, 170–171

Blockchain technology
, 103–105, 111, 141–142

decentralized control
, 144

exchanging value
, 143–144

shared ledger
, 142–143

Blockchain ventures and international business

blockchain, stakeholders, and borders
, 144–146

blockchain technology
, 142–144

competitors
, 152–154

customers
, 150–151

governments
, 154–155

investors
, 146–150

suppliers
, 151–152

Borders
, 144–146

Born digitals businesses
, 19

‘Born Global’ literature
, 160, 396–397

Boston Consulting Group
, 359–360

BOTs
, 101

Brazil–Germany Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Porto Alegre (RS AHK)
, 402

Brazilian SPs
, 397

“Brick-and-mortar” businesses
, 19

Business
, 76–77

strategy process
, 67

Business Incubators and Technology Parks Network of State of Rio Grande do Sul
, 400

Business models
, 92

in digital economy
, 330–333

globalization
, 151–152

Business to Consumer (B2C)
, 381

“Business-scape”
, 220

Business-to-business (B2B)
, 198, 218

digital relationships in B2B
, 219–221

face
, 381

findings and discussion
, 234–236

logic
, 373

research approach
, 222

social media for B2B companies–shortcut case study
, 223–234

Business-to-consumer (B2C)
, 218

Business transactions
, 40

perspective
, 373

Buyer-driven value chains
, 329

BuzzFeed
, 113n13

Cainiao Network
, 342

Canada–US Free Trade Agreement (CUSFTA)
, 23

Capital

access to
, 147–148

capital-intensive production
, 56

intensive products
, 17

Captive market exploitation
, 285–286

Case study approach
, 364–365

Cash
, 48–50

Centrality of supplied assets in user’s value-creation processes
, 289

Certified Public Account (CPA)
, 154–155

Change.org
, 106

Chief executive officer (CEO)
, 222, 277

China

apparel value chain
, 332

Internet governance model
, 350

Internet regulations
, 348–349

MIIT
, 348

MNEs
, 334

platform economy
, 190

presence measurements in overseas markets
, 190–194

state-owned enterprises
, 334

tourism market
, 206

China Internet Network Information Center
, 190

China Manufacturing 2025
, 297, 315n2

China Mobile
, 348

China Smart Logistics
, 342

China Telecom
, 348

China Unicom
, 348

Chinese digital platform firms

Alibaba
, 198–200

Baidu
, 200–201

Chinese digital platforms globalization strategies
, 194–195

context for Chinese platform economy
, 190

future prospects for Chinese digital platform globalization
, 206–207

globalization of Chinese platform firms
, 202–205

measurements of Chinese presence in overseas markets
, 190–194

obstacles to Chinese digital platform globalization
, 207–208

Tencent
, 195–198

Chinese digital platform globalization

future prospects for
, 206–207

obstacles to
, 207–208

strategies
, 194–195

CIENTEC funding agencies
, 400

Classical IB theories
, 63

ClickAuto
, 145–146

Cloud computing
, 66–67, 71, 380

Clusters
, 379–380

intricacies
, 380–384

reconciling cluster attributes with industry 4.0 features
, 384–386

Cnova
, 328

Co-evolutionary process
, 247–248

Collaborative strategies
, 110

Communications
, 69, 74

Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Mediumsized Enterprises (COSME)
, 167

Competitors
, 152

alignment of interests
, 153–154

global modular platform architectures
, 153

online presence
, 226

vertical disintegration
, 153

Complementary assets
, 288–289

Complex international value chains
, 381

Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
, 210n6

ConnectJob
, 152

“Consumer proximity” logic
, 364

Consumer to business (C2B)
, 381

Consumer to consumer (C2C)
, 381

site
, 331

Content regulation
, 346

Contract manufacturing organisations (CMOs)
, 58

Control variables
, 169

Cooperation among stakeholders
, 145

Core economies
, 17

Corporate diplomacy
, 109

Corporate governance
, 146–147

Corporate marketing communication strategy
, 234

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
, 92, 109

accounting
, 104

for MNCs
, 106–107

Countable.us
, 106

Craigslist
, 100

“Create money”
, 146

Cross-case analysis
, 369–371

CrossFire
, 195–196

Crowd complementors
, 106

Crowd technologies
, 102

Crowd-based organisations
, 109

Crowd-based value co-creation
, 106

Crowdfunding sites
, 103

Crowdlending platforms
, 103

Cryptocurrencies
, 141, 146

Cryptography
, 144

key
, 143

Ctrip
, 202–205

Customer relationship

deepening
, 285–286

diversification
, 287

management
, 372–374

Customers
, 150

direct costs
, 150

increased transaction speeds
, 150

increased transparency
, 151

Cyber physical systems (CPS)
, 363, 380

Cyber security standards
, 61

Cybercrime
, 348

Cybersecurity
, 280, 284, 346

Cyberspace Administration of China
, 349

Dailyhunt
, 205

Decentralized control
, 144

Demand online marketplaces

characteristics of online marketplace for talent
, 251–267

innovation management
, 266–270

online marketplace for innovation
, 247–250

Dependent variables
, 168

Design-build-deliver model
, 300

Didi
, 204

Digital capability
, 337–344

Digital content
, 339–340

category
, 46

producers
, 20

providers
, 46

Digital economy
, 16, 18, 21, 40, 62, 330–331

analytical framework
, 41–42

digitalisation of wider economy
, 52–60

firm typologies and business models
, 330–333

firms
, 20

investment policy challenges
, 60–62

MNEs
, 25, 42–52

new theories of international production
, 62–63

pervasiveness of
, 40–41

Digital FDI, geography of
, 50–51

Digital firms
, 20

Digital hubs
, 44

Digital manufacturing
, 110

Digital MNEs
, 42

FDI by
, 44–50

geography of digital FDI
, 50–51

lightning-speed growth of
, 44

mapping
, 42–44

Digital platforms
, 152, 188

Digital presence growth
, 224

Digital relationships in B2B
, 219–221

Digital revolution
, 16

Digital sector
, 330

“Digital servitization” logic
, 373

Digital solutions
, 20, 340–341

Digital technologies
, 58, 363

Digital transformation
, 55–56, 381–382

economic aspects of
, 381

Digitalisation
, (see also Internationalisation), 48, 56, 58

potential impact on international production
, 54–60

transformation
, 52–54

of wider economy
, 52

Direct costs
, 150

Direct manufacturing/rapid manufacturing (DM/RM)
, 298

Discharge-Co
, 278–283

Disciplinary fragmentation
, 97

Discriminatory hazards
, 30

Disintegrating innovation processes
, 246

Distributed manufacturing
, 20

Distributed production
, 56–58

“Domestic” dimension
, 234

Dominant scenario
, 60

Dominant streams
, 71

Downstream
, 56

Drill-Co
, 278–283

Dropbox
, 19

DuckDuckGo
, 19

E-auctions
, 56

E-business
, 72, 77

E-commerce
, 20, 43, 72, 77, 92, 99–100, 160, 168, 338–339

category
, 46

globalization
, 198–199

usage on SME internationalisation
, 164–165

E-commerce corporations (ECCs)
, 332

e-Government Development Index
, 40

e-lance economy
, 250

Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA)
, 223

eBay
, (see also Alibaba; Amazon), 19–20, 43, 100

EBSCO Business Source Complete
, 68

Economic strategies
, 25

Economist, The
, 101

Education and research
, 69–70, 75

Electronic marketplaces
, 179

Electronically connected freelancers
, 250

Electronics and information technologies
, 17

Emerging nation multinational enterprises (EMNEs)
, 188–187, 329

Emerging technologies
, 359–360

markets
, 396

Empirical analysis
, 309

Empirical research
, 167–168

End-to-end supply chain
, 53, 56

Enterprise Resource Planning software
, 153

Entertainment posts
, 227

Entrepreneurial management and behavior
, 71, 77

Entropy measure
, 168

Environment-level variables
, 169

Environmental technology
, 401

“Ether coin” transactions
, 143

Ethereum network
, 143

European Commission (EC)
, 18

European Union (EU)
, 167, 358

Exchanging value
, 143–144

Expedia
, 188

Exploratory approach
, 397

Extended disintermediation
, 59

Facebook
, 19–20, 66, 101, 188, 196, 218, 223–224, 228

Facilitator model
, 251–252

FAPERGS funding agencies
, 400

Federal Communication Commission (FCC)
, 350

Federation of German Industries
, 382

Feevale Tech Park
, 400–402

Finance
, 102–104

Fine-grained conceptualisation
, 92

FINEP funding agencies
, 400

Firm-specific advantages (FSAs)
, 333–334

Firmer grip on installed base
, 279–280

ability of smart services to improving
, 283

facilitators to keeping
, 284–285

obstacles to keeping
, 283–284

Firms
, 19, 126–127

classification in fourth digital revolution
, 19–21

firm-customer communication
, 101

firm-level commercial strategies
, 94

firm-level variables
, 169

foreign firms
, 26

innovation
, 127–128

operating in single industry
, 129

source knowledge
, 129–130

typologies in digital economy
, 330–333

First Generation SP
, 393

First Industrial Revolution
, 16

First Inventor Country principle
, 303

Five blocks of social medial toolkit
, 227–234

Fixed broadband subscription
, 308, 313

Fixed effect model
, 310

Flat panel display industry (FPD industry)
, 18

Flipkart
, 206

Foreign direct investments (FDIs)
, 299, 335

asset-lightness
, 44–48

intangibles and cash
, 48–50

Foreign firms
, 26

Foreign Trade Bank
, 199

Foreign transplants MNEs
, 28

Foreign Value Added in Exports as a Share of a Country’s Exports
, 305

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)
, 167

Fourth digital revolution, classifying firms in
, 19–21

Fourth Generation model
, 394

Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4)
, 16, 18–19

classifying firms in fourth digital revolution
, 19–21

distance, borders, and LOF
, 29–31

insiders and outsiders
, 25

multinationals as agents of change
, 22–23

political bargaining model
, 27–29

shocks and responses
, 21–22

silent integration to strategic alliance
, 23–25

technological competition
, 25–27

Fractional Counting principle
, 316n11

Freelancer.com
, 248

Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG)
, 364

Fulfillment centers (FC)
, 342

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
, 351

General Electric
, 382

Generations framework
, 393

Geographic dispersion of earning
, 260, 262, 264

highest Freelancer average earning per project
, 266

lowest Freelancer average earning per project
, 267

STEM freelancers with highest sum of Freelancers earning
, 265–266

Geographic dispersion of users
, 252

Australia-based employers, STEM Freelancers employed by
, 263

Australia-based Freelancers, STEM employers hiring
, 263–264

India-based employers, STEM Freelancers employed by
, 264

India-based Freelancers, STEM employers hiring
, 265

originating STEM Freelancer countries
, 258

STEM employer countries
, 259

UK-based employers, STEM Freelancers employed by
, 261–262

UK-based Freelancers, STEM employers hiring
, 262

US-based employers, STEM Freelancers employed by
, 259–260

US-based Freelancers, STEM employers hiring
, 261

Geolocation devices
, 59

Gig economy
, 271

GlassDoor
, 102

Global financial crisis
, 62, 250

Global investors
, 141

Global modular platform architectures
, 153

Global serviced payment systems
, 103

Global value chain (GVC)
, 60–61, 107, 296, 380

AM, economies of scale, production stages and
, 299–300

AM, skill intensity and
, 300–301

AM and
, 298–301

countries’ relative positioning in
, 307

data, empirical strategy and methodology
, 308–310

data and descriptive statistics on AM patenting and
, 301–306

determinants
, 311–312

econometric findings
, 310–314

empirical evidence
, 306–310

indicators
, 305–306

Global-class technology
, 188

Globalisation
, 132–133

of Chinese platform firms
, 202–205

in information age
, 130

of stakeholder networks
, 109

strategies
, 194

Glocal Co-op
, 106

GoFundMe
, 103

Google
, 19, 92, 100, 188, 200

Google Drive
, 19

Google Scholar
, 68

Google’s Play Store
, 346

Governance
, 104–105

“Government-created advantages” for internationalization of Chinese MNEs
, 334

Governmental promotion
, 334

Governments
, 154

regulation of securities
, 154–155

taxation issues
, 155

tearing down trade barriers
, 154

Governor model
, 251–252

Great Fire Wall (GFW)
, 347–348

Gross domestic product (GDP)
, 40, 170, 306, 308, 382

Gross tertiary enrolment ratio
, 309

Grupo Televisa
, 328

Guru.com
, 248

HANA
, 280

Hard costs
, 30

Health care
, 75

Health system network
, 75

Hema Fresh stores in Beijing and Shanghai
, 343

Hidden champions
, 277, 288–289

High-tech strategy
, 359

Home country
, 333–335

politics
, 346–351

HomeAway
, 19

Horizontal platform-based collaboration
, 20

Hot-spots
, 396

Human resource management (HR management)
, 101–102

Human resources
, 178

i-businesses
, 78

firms
, 107

INCOBRA Programme
, 402, 406

Incremental internationalisation theory
, 108

Incumbents MNEs
, 28

Independent variables
, 168

Indiegogo
, 103

Individual user behavior
, 70, 75

Individual-level variables
, 169

Industrial internet
, 382

Industrial revolutions
, 16

Industrial Revolutions
, 16–18

Industrie 4.0
, (see Industry 4.0)

Industry 4.0
, 20, 52–60, 107, 274, 297, 315n3, 358–359, 380

assessments as to ability of smart services
, 279–280, 283–284

case characteristics
, 278

case study approach
, 364–365

cross-case analysis
, 369–371

customer relationship management
, 372–374

description of main features and technologies
, 366–368

and emerging technologies
, 359–360

experiences with leveraging new technological possibilities
, 278–279, 283

goals of investments in
, 369

hidden champions’ specific features
, 288–289

in IB literature
, 360–364

intricacies
, 380–384

methodology
, 276–277

nine pillars of technological advancements
, 361

post-sales services
, 372–374

reconciling cluster attributes with industry 4.0 features
, 384–386

research setting
, 275–276

smart and connected products
, 372–374

impact of smart services on international (service) business
, 281–283, 285–288

strategic industries in regional economy
, 365–369

suggestions for future research questions about
, 375

technologies and international configuration of production
, 371–372

theoretical background
, 274–275

Industry dynamics
, 110

Information

disclosure
, 104

management
, 92

privacy
, 101

processing
, 92

technologies
, 91–92

Information age
, 92–93

accounting
, 104

finance
, 102–104

globalization in
, 130

governance
, 104–105

HR management
, 101–102

IBs
, 107–108

interdisciplinary review of early information age scholarship
, 94–99

interdisciplinary review of recent contributions to
, 99

as knowledge-based paradigm
, 131–133

management
, 105–106

marketing
, 100–101

strategy
, 106–107

uncertainties and strategies for MNCs in information age
, 111

Information and communication technologies (ICT)
, 17, 19, 41, 66, 68, 126, 132–133, 218–219, 330, 381

enabling online collaborations and maturation of intermediate online platforms
, 248

firms
, 20, 44

MNEs
, 42, 46, 330

revolution
, 298

sector
, 330

Information technology (IT)
, 141, 330

devices
, 20

MNEs
, 46–47

software and services firms
, 20

Informational content
, 227

Informational sovereignty
, 328

Initial coin offerings (ICOs)
, 141

startups costs
, 144–145

Initial public offerings (IPOs)
, 147

“InnoCentive”
, 249, 268

Innovation
, 125, 127–130, 246

location in
, 126–127

management
, 266–270

Innovation and Entrepreneurial Network of Tecnopuc (INOVAP UC)
, 400

Insiders
, 25

Instagram
, 19, 188, 196

Institutional distance
, 30

Institutional duality
, 109

Institutional escapism
, 334

Institutional theory
, 78

Intangibles
, 48–50

elements
, 66

market commitments
, 162

Integrated circuits
, 16

Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN)
, 67

Intellectual property (IP)
, 49, 279, 284, 346

Intensification
, 26–27

Interactivity
, 227

Interdisciplinary review

of early information age scholarship
, 94–99

of recent contributions to information age
, 99–108

Interdisciplinary themes
, 108

Interests alignment
, 153–154

Intermediary model
, 251–252

Intermediate online platforms
, 248

Internal production processes
, 54

International Association of Science Parks (IASP)
, 393, 402

International business (IB)
, 16, 66, 67, 91, 99, 107–108, 296, 328, 358

analysis by theme
, 74–77

distribution of papers across disciplines
, 120

distribution of publications across levels of analysis
, 121

implications for
, 108–112

industry 4.0 in
, 360–364

information age publications distribution
, 119

information technologies
, 91–92

interdisciplinary review of early information age scholarship
, 94–99

interdisciplinary review of recent contributions to information age
, 99–108

scholarship
, 92–93, 99

strategy research
, 73–74

and strategy results
, 72

studies
, 127

suggestions for future research questions about
, 375

International Code of Conduct for Information Security
, 350

International commercialisation
, 396

International diversification
, 168

International entrepreneurship
, 397

International expansion
, 334

and competition in Southeast Asia
, 344–346

International immersion experiences
, 392

International joint ventures
, 396

International partnership of Tecnosinos and Tecnopuc
, 403

International production

accelerated servicification
, 58–59

digital adoption scenarios and implications
, 57

digital transformation and impact
, 55

distributed production
, 56–57

extended disintermediation
, 59

flexible production
, 59–60

internal production processes
, 54, 56

new theories
, 62–63

potential impact on international production
, 54

International transactions
, 177

International workforce
, 396

Internationalisation
, 52, 71, 76–77, 99, 168, 179, 218–219, 221, 232, 394–395

of companies
, 359

control variables
, 169

dependent variables
, 168

descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations
, 171

impact of e-commerce
, 176

e-commerce usage on SME
, 164–165

of ibusinesses
, 78, 80

independent variables
, 168

knowledge
, 163

limitations and future research
, 178–180

measures
, 168

methodology
, 167

moderating role of perceived barriers
, 174, 175

moderating role of perceived export barriers
, 166–167

patterns
, 108

practical implications
, 177–178

results
, 170, 172

sample and data sources
, 167–168

of SMEs
, 161–163

of SP
, 394–397, 401–404

strategies
, 333–335, 358

theory and hypothesis development
, 161

transactional e-commerce
, 173

Internationalisation Process model (IP model)
, 160–161

Internet
, 17, 66, 160, 164

intensity matrix
, 42–45, 47

neutrality rules
, 350

platforms
, 20, 42, 331, 338

quality
, 284

resources
, 346

retailers
, 46

revolution
, 298

search engines
, 19, 100

social networks
, 19

of things
, 107

Internet governance
, 328, 346

aspects
, 346–347

in comparative perspective
, 349–351

GFW
, 347–348

real-name verification
, 348–349

special management share
, 349

Internet of things (IoT)
, 107, 363

Internet Platform Companies (IPCs)
, 331–332

Internet-based digital economy
, 328

Internet-based exchange
, 179

Internet-based sharing platforms
, 19

Internet-based systems
, 219

Internet-based technology
, 73

Internet-mediated video telephony
, 67

Internet-technology-based businesses
, 66

Intricacies of cluster and industry 4.0
, 380–384

Inventor Country principle
, 303, 316n9

Inventory-heavy operating model
, 56

Inventory-light control mechanisms
, 58

Investment policy challenges
, 60–62

Investors
, 143, 146

access to capital
, 147–148

corporate governance
, 146–147

cryptocurrencies rise
, 146

valuation
, 148–149

volatility
, 149–150

Iterative process
, 224

Jingdong (JD)
, 194, 202

overseas investments by firm, nationality, technology
, 203

Job-rating sites
, 102

Journal of International Business Studies
, 107

Khan Academy
, 19

Kickstarter
, 103

Knowledge

information age as knowledge-based paradigm
, 131–133

Knowledge-based enterprises
, 403

of opportunities
, 163

recombination
, 125

retention
, 102

sourcing
, 131

structure network
, 130

Knowledge complexity
, 124, 126

aspects
, 130–131

information age as knowledge-based paradigm
, 131–133

innovation, search, and recombination
, 127–130

location in innovation
, 126–127

Labor arbitrage
, 249

Labor-intensive assembly operations
, 17

‘Land2Land’ project of ANPROTEC
, 401–402

Lazada (e-commerce company)
, 346

Ledger
, 142

Liability of foreignness (LOF)
, 29–31

Lightning-speed growth of digital MNEs
, 44

LinkedIn
, 19–20, 102, 223–224, 228

Liquidity
, 149

Logistic performance
, 309

Logistic Performance Index (LPI)
, 309

Logistics and delivery
, 341–342

Machine that Changed the World, The
, 17

Machine tool companies
, 276–277

Machine-based technologies in factories
, 132

Macro and market focus
, 71, 75

Made-in factor
, 300

MagicLeap
, 200

Mainframe computers
, 16

Majority Counting principle
, 316n11

Manufacturing
, (see also Additive manufacturing (AM))

companies
, 358, 360–361, 363, 365, 373

firms
, 19, 382

renaissance
, 360

sector
, 381

technology
, 110

Market(ing)
, 100–101

capitalisation
, 48–49

commitment
, 161–163

commitment and knowledge of SMEs
, 161–163

knowledge
, 161, 163

market-based channels
, 247

strategy
, 69, 74

Media
, 43

Medicine
, 75

“Medium of exchange”
, 142

MERCOSUL Free Trade Area agreement
, 399

“Micro-IB”
, 247

Microsoft
, 40, 46, 188

Microsoft Azure
, 340

“Middlemen” layer
, 153

Mill-Co
, 278–283

Minimum efficient technical scale (METS)
, 299

Ministry of Foreign Affairs
, 349

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT)
, 348

Mobile phones
, 66

Mobile technology
, 81

Mobility
, 18–19

Modern career platforms
, 102

Modern information age technologies
, 107

Modern technologies
, 101

Monster.com
, 102

Mount St. Vincent University (MSVU)
, 21

Multilayeredness
, 218

Multinational business enterprise (MBE)
, 395, 405

Multinational enterprises (MNEs)
, 16, 22, 77, 124, 221, 296, 328

business models
, 46

China
, 334

foreign transplants
, 28

ICT
, 42, 46

incumbents
, 28

IT
, 46–47

non-developed country
, 334

non-digital
, 47

purely digital
, 46

tech
, 20, 40–41, 49

telecom
, 47

Multinationals as agents of change
, 22–23

Multiple foreign Internet corporations
, 347–348

Multiple-case study approach
, 358–359

Multiple-case study research strategy
, 397

Municipal Council of Science and Technology (COMCET)
, 399

National aeronatics and space administration (NASA)
, 252

National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)
, 398

funding agencies
, 400

National innovation system
, 398

Natural sciences specific use
, 75

“Nerd techies”
, 250

Netflix
, 46, 100

Networks
, 110

economy
, 152

effects
, 19

industries
, (see Internationalisation—of ibusinesses)

orchestrators
, 332

New Industrial Division of Labor (NIDL)
, 17

New industrial revolution (NIR).
, See Industry 4.0

New technology-based firms (NTBFs)
, 393, 396

New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
, 205

“New” ICT
, (see also Information and communication technologies (ICT)), 66

future research
, 77–82

IB and strategy results
, 72–77

markets change
, 66–67

methodology
, 67

overall results of literature search
, 68–72

protocol and plan
, 68

NextDoor
, 19

Non-developed country MNEs
, 334

Non-digital MNEs
, 47

Non-proprietary resources
, 107

North American Free Trade Agreement (NA FTA)
, 23

oDesk
, 102

Offline stores
, 343–344

Old International Division of Labor (OIDL)
, 17

“Old” ICT
, 66

On-demand employment
, 246

Online

activism sites
, 106

advertising
, 101

job boards
, 102

marketplaces
, 247

open collaboration communities
, 105

payment platforms
, 348

platforms
, 179

platforms broker services
, 247

retailers
, 100

trading
, 72, 77

Online marketplace characteristics for talent
, 251

geographic dispersion of earning
, 260, 262, 264–267

geographic dispersion of users
, 252, 258–265

platform models
, 251–257

Online marketplace for innovation
, 247

Eli Lilly launch of innovation marketplace “InnoCentive”
, 249

growth of technology start-up companies
, 249–250

ICT enabling online collaborations and maturation
, 248

Open innovation platforms
, 20

Open-source

platforms
, 43, 331

solutions
, 110

Oracle
, 40–41, 46

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
, 18, 304

Organizational structure and behavior
, 70–71, 75

Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)
, 284

Outsiders
, 25

Overseas markets, Chinese presence measurements in
, 190–194

Ownership, location and internalisation (OLI)
, 99

Paper-Co
, 278–283

Partnership

international partnership of Tecnosinos and Tecnopuc
, 403

in international projects
, 396

model
, 394

Patent Full-Text and Image Database (PatFT)
, 302, 315n8

‘Pay-per-page’ system
, 59

PayPal
, 341

Peer-to-peer communication
, 100, 108–109

Perceived export barriers
, 161

Periphery economies
, 17

Personal computers
, 17

Physical assets
, 337–344

Piano Nazionale Impresa 4.0
, 297, 315n4

Platform business model
, 337

digital content
, 339–340

digital solutions
, 340–341

E-commerce
, 339

logistics and delivery
, 341–342

offline stores
, 343–344

Platform economy
, 331

Platform models
, 251–257

projects from InnoCentive platform
, 257

STEM project categories
, 254–256

Policy makers
, 364

Political bargaining model
, 27–29

Political strategies
, 25

Polyswarm
, 151

Population
, 308–309

Porto Alegre regional innovation system
, 398–399

Post-sales assistance
, 373

Post-sales services
, 363, 372–374

‘Power-by-the-hour’ business model
, 54, 58

Predix
, 280

Prime Now app
, 346

Priority Country principle
, 316n9

Private-owned enterprises (POEs)
, 334

Producer-driven value chains
, 329

Property-rights protection
, 308, 313

Published content, positioning of
, 227

Purely digital MNEs
, 46

Purposive sampling approach
, 364

QQ
, 195–196, 198

Qualitative research
, 397

Quantitative methods
, 74

R software
, 110, 113n16

Railway total coverage
, 309

Rapid prototyping
, 298

Rapid tooling (RT)
, 298

Rationalization
, 26

Real-name verification
, 348–349

Recombination
, 127–130

Red Hat
, 43, 331

“Refineries”
, 193

Regional economy, strategic industries in
, 365–369

Regression analyses
, 170–171

Relational hazards
, 30

Reliability
, 128

Renewable energy
, 401

“Repeated hire rate”, indicators
, 267–268

RepRap (3D printer project)
, 297

Research & Innovation (R&I)
, 402

Research and development (R&D)
, 297, 334

Research protocol
, 68

Resource scarcity effects
, 176

Resource-based view (RBV)
, 73, 78

Retailer websites
, 100

Revisited Uppsala model
, 395

Rio Grande do Sul regional innovation system
, 398–399

Robotic systems
, 107

Samsung
, 20, 46

Sanook, social media firm
, 196–197

Scholarship
, 92–93

Science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM)
, 247

Science parks (SPs)
, 392

business areas comparison
, 401

case studies
, 400–401

data analysis and results
, 398–405

discussion and propositions
, 403–405

international partnership of Tecnosinos and Tecnopuc
, 403

internationalisation
, 394–397, 401–404

literature review
, 393–397

method
, 397–398

models
, 393–394

Rio Grande do Sul and Porto Alegre regional innovation system
, 398–399

social network theory
, 394–395

‘Science push’ approach
, 393

Scientific and Technological Park of PUCRS
, 392, 400

Search
, 127–130

Second Generation of SP
, 393

Second Industrial Revolution (IR2)
, 16

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
, 154–155

Securities regulation
, 154–155

Segmentation
, 226

Self-preservers
, 226, 235

Seller–buyer relationship
, 218

Semiconductors
, 16–17

Service business development, value generation from
, 287

Service intensive MNCs
, 101

Service providers
, 332

Servicification, accelerated
, 58–59

Servinomics
, 382

Servitisation
, 274

Share of Re-Exported Inputs on Total Imported Inputs
, 305, 310

Shared ledger
, 142–143

Sharing economy
, 92

platforms
, 331

Shocks and responses
, 21–22

Shortcut, Portuguese B2B company
, 223

Shortcut’s strategic social media problem
, 223–224

Shortcut’s strategy development
, 224–227

analysis of competitors’ online presence
, 226

analytic metrics
, 227

content
, 226–227

five blocks of social media strategy
, 225

objectives
, 225–226

segmentation
, 226

Siemens
, 382

Silicon Valley area
, 392

Skill shortage in United States
, 249

Skyscanner
, 203

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
, 61, 101, 160, 208, 219, 223–224, 280

internationalisation
, 164–165

Smart and connected products
, 363, 372–374

Smart contracts
, 107

“Smart factory” model
, 370

Smart networks
, 380

Smart services
, 274

assessments as to ability of
, 279–280, 283

experiences with leveraging new technological possibilities
, 278–279, 283

impact on firm’s product/market possibilities
, 288

impact on international (service) business
, 281–283, 285–288

Smartphones
, 81

payment systems
, 206

Social accounting
, 104

Social capital
, 394

Social knowledge
, 394

Social media
, 76, 106, 222

applications
, 206

for B2B companies–shortcut case study
, 223

five blocks of social medial toolkit
, 227–234

platforms
, 196–197

shortcut’s strategic social media problem
, 223–224

toolkit for B2B companies
, 224–227

Social medial toolkit, five blocks of
, 227–234

Social networks
, 218

Facebook
, 19–20, 66, 101, 188, 196, 218, 223–224, 228

Instagram
, 19, 188, 196

LinkedIn
, 19–20, 102, 223–224, 228

theory
, 394–395

Twitter
, 19–20, 66, 76, 221

WeChat
, 19, 196–197, 207, 348

WhatsApp
, 19, 188, 194, 196, 207

Social technologies
, 66–68, 72, 76–77

adoption
, 70

Social-entertainers
, 226, 235

Soft costs
, 30

Soft-Landing programmes
, 392

Sohu
, 205

Southeast Asia, International expansion and competition in
, 344–346

Special management share
, 349

Specialisation
, 394

Specialised consumer platforms
, 100

Specialised e-hiring providers
, 102

Specialised peer-to-peer platforms
, 101

Stakeholders
, 105, 144, 235

activism
, 103

cooperation among stakeholders
, 145

expectations
, 109

ICO startups costs
, 144–145

management
, 106

networks globalisation
, 109

solving temporal issues
, 145–146

startup teams and founders
, 144

Stanford Research Park in California
, 392–393

Startup teams and founders
, 144

State-owned enterprises (SOEs)
, 334

Strategic alliance, silent integration to
, 23–25

Strategic configuration of value chain
, 110

Strategic industries in regional economy
, 365–369

Strategic management process
, 66–68

Strategy research
, 106

Strategy scholars
, 81, 99

Strix heating-control elements
, 59

Suppliers
, 151

access to customers
, 152

limits to business model globalization
, 151–152

Supply chain
, 71–72

end-to-end
, 53, 56

Tangible market commitments
, 162

Tango
, 200

TaskRabbit
, 102

Taxation issues
, 155

Tech firms
, 20

Tech MNEs
, 20, 40–41, 49

Technical services
, 58

Techno-economic paradigm
, 112n3

Technological/technology
, 71, 81

adoption
, 75

advances
, 380

assisted manufacturing
, 382

company perspective
, 72, 77

competition model
, 25–27

and computer science
, 72, 77

creators
, 332

diffusion
, 303

innovation
, 398

Park of São Leopoldo
, 392, 400

Park of Vale do Sinos
, 392, 400

start-up companies, growth of
, 249–250

upgrading
, 26

use
, 74, 76

Technology start-up companies growth
, 249

global financial crisis
, 250

history in global sourcing
, 250

savings and labor arbitrage
, 249

skill shortage in United States
, 249

Tecnopole project
, 399

Tecnopuc
, 400–404

Tecnopuc SP
, 400

Tecnosinos
, 400–401, 403

Telecom firms
, 20

Telecom MNEs
, 47

Tencent
, 194–198, 328, 335

Third Generation SP
, 393

Third Industrial Revolution (IR3)
, 16–17

Third world multinationals
, 334

3D printing
, 20, 56, 58, 297, 362

advances in
, 110

digital 3D printing technologies
, 54

Times They Are a ChanginThe (Dylan)
, 16

Token
, 153–154

Tourism and leisure specific use
, 75–76

Toutiao
, 204–205

Trade in Value Added database (TiVA database)
, 305

Traditional brick-and-mortar firms
, 19

Traditional dynamics
, 296

Traditional IB research
, 109

Traditional investment patterns
, 42–52

Traditional manufacturing industries
, 54

Transaction cost analysis (TCA)
, 78

Transactions
, 143

cost economics
, 99

e-commerce
, 173–174

medium
, 165

model
, 148

platforms
, 43, 331

speeds
, 150

Transparency
, 104, 144, 151

Travelfusion
, 203

Travstarz
, 203

Trip.com
, 203

Triple Helix model
, 400

Twitter
, 19–20, 66, 76, 221

Two-sided networks
, 19

U-commerce theory
, 78

Uber
, 19, 92, 110, 204

Unbundling knowledge-intensive processes
, 267

Uncertainty
, 78, 128, 130, 162–163, 205, 382, 386–387

institutional
, 284

regulatory
, 61

Unfamiliarity hazards
, 30

Unified theory of acceptance
, 66

Unified Theory of Technology Acceptance
, 78

Uniformity
, 285

Union Pay
, 341

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
, 20, 328, 330, 333

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
, 309

United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO)
, 302

Upstream
, 54

UpWork.com
, 248

US-rivals
, 340

Valence of comments
, 227

Valuation
, 148–149

Value chain
, 359

Value-creation processes
, 220–221

Variance inflation factors (VIF)
, 170

Vendor Managed Inventory
, 58

Ventur incubator accelerator programme
, 400

Venture capitalists
, 147

Vertical collaboration
, 20

Vertical disintegration
, 153

Vertical Specialisation (VS)
, 305

Vinagame
, 196

VIPshops
, 194, 205

Viral products
, 101

Vis-à-vis information age communication technologies
, 110

Vividness
, 227

Volatility
, 149–150

Wallets
, 144

Warehouses
, 342

Waves
, 145

Weak ties
, 405

Web of Science
, 94

WeChat
, 19, 196–197, 207, 348

Weibo
, 348

Weighted geographical proximity
, 309, 313

WhatsApp
, 19, 188, 194, 196, 207

Whole Foods
, 343

‘Winner-takes-all’ competitive scenario
, 396

Wooldridge test
, 316n18

‘Workhorse’ theory
, 161–162

Working Group on Internet Governance
, 328

World e-Trade Platform (eWTP)
, 344–345

World Trade Organization (WTO)
, 160

Yahoo
, 19–20

Yidian Zixun
, 349

YouTube
, 19, 193

Ziprecruiter
, 102

Prelims
Introduction: International Business in the Information and Digital Age – An Overview of Themes and Challenges
Chapter 1 The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Seven Lessons from the Past
Part I IB Trends and Theory in the Information Age
Chapter 2 International Production and the Digital Economy
Chapter 3 IB and Strategy Research on “New” Information and Communication Technologies: Guidance for Future Research
Chapter 4 The Changing Face of International Business in the Information Age
Chapter 5 The Effects of Global Connectivity on Knowledge Complexity in the Information Age
Part II Entrepreneurial Strategies in the Information Age
Chapter 6 Blockchain Ventures and International Business
Chapter 7 Internationalisation through Digitalisation: The Impact of E-commerce Usage on Internationalisation in Small- and Medium-sized Firms
Chapter 8 Global Competitors? Mapping the Internationalization Strategies of Chinese Digital Platform Firms
Chapter 9 New Digital Layers of Business Relationships – Experiences from Business-to-business Social Media
Part III Functional Strategies in the Information Age
Chapter 10 The Changing Structure of Talent for Innovation: On Demand Online Marketplaces
Chapter 11 Expanding International Business via Smart Services: Insights from ‘Hidden Champions’ in the Machine Tool Industry
Chapter 12 Additive Manufacturing and Global Value Chains: An Empirical Investigation at the Country Level
Part IV Industry 4.0
Chapter 13 Amazon and Alibaba: Internet Governance, Business Models, and Internationalization Strategies
Chapter 14 Industry 4.0 Technologies and Internationalization: Insights from Italian Companies
Chapter 15 On the Role of Clusters in Fostering the Industry 4.0
Chapter 16 Internationalisation of Science Parks: Experiences of Brazilian Innovation Environments
Index