Prelims

Contemporary Issues in Business Economics and Finance

ISBN: 978-1-83909-605-1, eISBN: 978-1-83909-604-4

ISSN: 1569-3759

Publication date: 2 September 2020

Citation

(2020), "Prelims", Grima, S., Özen, E. and Boz, H. (Ed.) Contemporary Issues in Business Economics and Finance (Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Vol. 104), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xxviii. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1569-375920200000104001

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited


Half Title

Contemporary Issues in Business Economics and Finance

series-page

Contemporary Studies in Economics and Financial Analysis

Series Editor: Simon Grima

Volume 90: Privatization in Transition Economies: The Ongoing Story

  Edited by Ira W. Lieberman and Daniel J. Kopf

Volume 91: Personal Injury and Wrongful Death Damages Calculations: Transatlantic Dialogue

  Edited by John O. Ward and Robert J. Thornton

Volume 92: Moving Beyond Storytelling: Emerging Research in Microfinance

  Edited by Todd A. Watkins and Karen Hicks

Volume 93: The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Emerging Financial Markets

  Edited by Jonathan A. Batten and Peter G. Szilagyi

Volume 94: Derivative Securities Pricing and Modelling

  Edited by Jonathan A. Batten and Niklas F. Wagner

Volume 95: The Developing Role of Islamic Banking and Finance: From Local to Global Perspectives

  Edited by Fouad Beseiso

Volume 96: Risk Management Post Financial Crisis: A Period of Monetary Easing

  Edited by Jonathan A. Batten and Niklas F. Wagner

Volume 97: Contemporary Issues in Bank Financial Management

  Edited by Simon Grima and Frank Bezzina

Volume 98: Contemporary Issues in Finance: Current Challenges from Across Europe

  Edited by Simon Grima, Frank Bezzina, Inna Romānova and Ramona Rupeika-Apoga

Volume 99: Governance and Regulations’ Contemporary Issues

  Edited by Simon Grima and Pierpaolo Marano

Volume 100: Contemporary Issues in Business and Financial Management in Eastern Europe

  Edited by Simon Grima and Eleftherios Thalassinos

Volume 101: Contemporary Issues in Behavioral Finance

  Edited by Simon Grima, Ercan Özen, Hakan Boz, Jonathan Spiteri and Eleftherios Thalassinos

Volume 102: Contemporary Issues in Audit Management and Forensic Accounting

  Edited by Simon Grima, Engin Boztepe and Peter J. Baldacchino

Volume 103: Global Street Economy and Micro Entrepreneurship

  Edited by Simon Grima, Osman Sirkeci and Kamuran ElbeyoĞlu

Contemporary Studies in Economics and Financial Analysis Volume 104

Title Page

Contemporary Issues in Business Economics and Finance

EDITED BY

SIMON GRIMA

University of Malta, Malta

ERCAN ÖZEN

University of Usak, Turkey

HAKAN BOZ

University of Usak, Turkey

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

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Emerald Publishing Limited

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First edition 2020

Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited

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ISBN: 978-1-83909-605-1 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-83909-604-4 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-83909-606-8 (Epub)

ISSN: 1569-3759 (Series)

Contents

List of Figures vii
List of Tables ix
About the Editors xiii
About the Contributors xvii
List of Contributors xxv
Series Editor’s Introduction xxvii
Chapter 1 Volatility Spillover between Conventional Stock Index and Participation Index: The Turkish Case
Sezer Bozkuş Kahyaoğlu and Hilmi Tunahan Akkuş 1
Chapter 2 Bankruptcy Risk Prediction in Assuring the Financial Performance of Romanian Industrial Companies
Olimpia Livia Preda Buzgurescu and Negru Elena 19
Chapter 3 The Effects of Female Employment on Economic Growth: An Application of Panel Data on the Member Countries of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Nurgül Emine Barin, Sabriye Kundak and Vildan Saba Cenikli 29
Chapter 4 Volatility Spillover from Oil Prices to Precious Metals under Different Regimes
Ayşegül Kirkpinar 45
Chapter 5 Exchange Risk Perception and Exchange Risk Management: A Regional Application in Turkey’s Manufacturing Firms
Serdar Ogel, Adem Boyukaslan and Semih Acikgozoglu 57
Chapter 6 Determining the Relationship between CAMLS Variables and Profitability: An Application on Banks in the BIST Bank Index
Hasan Hüseyin Yildirim and Bahadır Ildokuz 85
Chapter 7 The Interaction between Customer Experience, Satisfaction and Positive Word of Mouth: A Study on City Marketing in Afyonkarahisar
Alparslan Özmen and İlkin Yaran Ögel 105
Chapter 8 The Crowdsourcing Concept as a New Media Application
Sevil Bektaş Durmuş 123
Chapter 9 A Field Study of the Effect of Motivation Factors on Performance of the Salesperson
Umut Eroğlu and İbrahim Kiray 135
Chapter 10 Job Search: Predictors of Job Search Behaviour of Human Resources Managers
Seda Mumlu Karanfil 151
Chapter 11 Tax as a Solution for Climate Change
Gamze Yıldız Şeren Kurular 165
Chapter 12 Community Media, Sustainability and Female-Oriented NGOs: The Case in Izmir
Aslı Elgün 179
Chapter 13 The European Union’s Fight against Discrimination in Sports
Nihan Akincilar Köseoğlu 193
Chapter 14 An Assessment of Innovation Efficiency in EECA Countries Using the DEA Method
Rustem Barıs Yesilay and Umut Halac 203
Chapter 15 Testing the Overreaction Hypothesis on the BIST30 Index and Dow Jones: The Case of the 2008 Financial Crisis Process
Ercan Özen and Metin Tetik 217
Chapter 16 The Determinants of Bank’s Stability: Evidence from Latvia, A Small Post-transition Economy
Ramona Rupeika-Apoga, Inna Romānova and Simon Grima 235
Index 255

List of Figures

Chapter 1
Fig. 1. The Major Steps in Modelling BIST-30 and Katılım-30. 8
Fig. 2. (a) BIST-30 Return Series (2014–2018). (b) Katılım-30 Return Series (2014–2018). 9
Chapter 3
Fig. 1. Labour Force Participation (Female and Male) Index of Selected OIC Countries (2020). 36
Chapter 4
Fig. 1. Series of Oil, Palladium, and Platinum. 50
Fig. 2. Smoothed Probabilities of Regimes for Oil and Palladium. 53
Fig. 3. Smoothed Probabilities of Regimes for Oil and Platinum. 54
Chapter 5
Fig. 1. Exchange Rate Fluctuations in Turkey (2000–2019). 59
Chapter 6
Fig. 1. Total Assets (2014–2018). 88
Fig. 2. Total Deposits (2014–2018). 88
Fig. 3. Interest Income/Total Assets (%), Interest Expense/Total Assets (%), and Net Interest Income/Total Assets (%). 89
Fig. 4. Number of Branches (Thousand). 89
Fig. 5. Number of Employees (Thousand). 90
Fig. 6. Research Model. 96
Chapter 7
Fig. 1. Model of the Study. 111
Fig. 2. The Model of the Study. 118
Chapter 8
Fig. 1. Development of the Web. 126
Fig. 2. Definition of the New Media. 127
Fig. 3. New Media Set. 128
Fig. 4. Basic Elements of CS (Saxton et al., 2009). 131
Chapter 9
Fig. 1. Research Model. 139
Chapter 11
Fig. 1. Multiple Policy Approach to Carbon Tax. 176
Chapter 12
Fig. 1. Distribution of the Account Ownership of Female-focussed NGOs in İzmir across Social Media Applications. 186
Fig. 2. Media Counts Belonging to Female-focused Associations/Foundations in İzmir. 186
Chapter 15
Fig. 1. Market Reactions According to EMH and ORH. 221
Fig. 2. Diagram of DJIA Index and BIST30 Index. 224
Fig. 3. CAR after Positive and Negative Events in Monetary Expansion and Contraction Periods. 227

List of Tables

Chapter 1
Table 1. ADF Test Results of BIST-30. 9
Table 2. ADF Test Results of Katılım-30. 9
Table 3. KPSS Test Results of BIST-30. 10
Table 4. KPSS Test Results of Katılım-30. 10
Table 5. HYGARCH Parameter Estimations for BIST-30. 11
Table 6. HYGARCH Parameter Estimations for Katılım-30. 12
Table 7. DECO Model. 13
Table 8. Li and McLeod’s Multivariate Portmanteau Test Results. 13
Table 9. The Nonlinear Granger Causality Test Results. 14
Table 10. The Summary of Empirical Findings in the Literature. 14
Chapter 2
Table 1. Values of Score Functions for the Analysed Companies. 26
Chapter 3
Table 1. Human Development Data (1995–2018): Labour Force Participation Rate and Labour Force Participation Rate (Female) for Selected OIC Countries. 34
Table 2. Panel Unit Root Test Statistics Results. 38
Table 3. F-test Statistical Value. 38
Table 4. Probabılıty Value. 39
Table 5. Hausman Test Statistics Results. 39
Table 6. Coefficient, Standard Error, t-Statistic and Probability Results. 40
Chapter 4
Table 1. Descriptive Statistics. 51
Table 2. Correlation Matrix of the Returns of Oil, Palladium, and Platinum Series. 51
Table 3. Unit Root Tests of Oil, Palladium, and Platinum Series. 52
Table 4. Results of GARCH (1,1) Model for Each Series. 52
Table 5. Volatility Spillover from Oil to Palladium. 53
Table 6. Transition Probabilities of Regimes for Oil and Palladium. 53
Table 7. Volatility Spillover from Oil to Platinum. 54
Table 8. Transition Probabilities of Regimes for Oil and Platinum. 54
Chapter 5
Table 1. Distribution and Percentages of Sampled Firms by Sectors. 65
Table 2. Distribution and Percentages of Firms’ Ownership Structures. 66
Table 3. Distribution of Firms According to Finance Department Existence. 66
Table 4. Distribution of Financial Decisions and Risk Management Decisions in Firms. 66
Table 5. Distribution of the Education Level of Financial Decision-makers in Firms. 67
Table 6. Distribution of Training Programmes for the Finance Department Staff. 67
Table 7. Distribution of Traded Currency Types. 68
Table 8. Distribution of Currency Collections (Annual Trading Volumes). 69
Table 9. Distribution of Currency Payments (Annual Trading Volumes). 69
Table 10. Distribution of the Exposed Exchange Rate Risk for Firms Compared by Other Kind of Risk Factors. 69
Table 11. Distribution of Exchange Rate Risk Types Exposed by Firms. 70
Table 12. Distribution of the Firm Strategies to Reduce the Exchange Rate Risk. 71
Table 13. Distribution of the Internal Methods to Reduce the Exchange Rate Risk. 72
Table 14. Distribution of Contracts Usage Based in BIST Derivative Market. 73
Table 15. Distribution of the Reasons for Not Using Future and Option Contracts. 73
Table 16. Distribution of Preferred External Hedging Techniques to Reduce Exchange Rate Risk. 74
Table 17. Distribution of Firms’ Assessments upon Forward Contracts. 75
Table 18. Distribution of Firms’ Assessments upon Future Contracts. 76
Table 19. Distribution of Firms’ Assessments upon Option Contracts. 77
Table 20. Distribution of Firms’ Assessments upon SWAP Contracts. 78
Table 21. Distribution of Companies’ Preferred Financial Institutions by the Firms to Trade in Exchange Rate Risk Management. 79
Table 22. Distribution of the Sectoral Assessment in Which They Operate. 80
Table 23. Distribution of Companies by Evaluating Exchange Rate Risk Management for Other Enterprises in the Sector. 81
Chapter 6
Table 1. Turkish Banking Sector Asset Size and Share of Different Banking Groups. 87
Table 2. Tools of CAMELS Analysis. 91
Table 3. Descriptive Statistical Values of Variables. 97
Table 4. Correlation Matrix of Variables. 98
Table 5. Unit Root Test Results of Variables. 98
Table 6. Regression Analysis Results of Model 1. 99
Table 7. Model 2 Regression Analysis Results. 100
Chapter 7
Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents. 113
Table 2. Results of Analysis of Measurement Tools. 113
Table 3. Results of Exploratory Factor Analysis. 114
Table 4. Goodness-of-Fit Indices and Their Recommended Values. 115
Table 5. Results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Reliability Test. 116
Table 6. Test Results of Mediation Effect. 118
Table 7. Results of the Hypotheses. 119
Chapter 8
Table 1. Crowdsourcing Models. 130
Chapter 9
Table 1. Factor Analysis and Factor Loads Regarding Motivation Factors. 142
Table 2. Factor Analysis and Factor Loads Regarding Performance Scale. 143
Table 3. Reliability Coefficients of the Scales. 143
Table 4. Correlation Coefficients of the Variables. 144
Table 5. Regression Analysis on the Relation between Motivation Factors and Task Performance. 144
Table 6. Regression Analysis of the Relation between Motivation Factors and Contextual Performance. 145
Chapter 10
Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Participants. 157
Table 2. Findings of Unwanted Situations. 158
Table 3. Findings of Skills and Talent. 159
Table 4. Findings Regarding Market Situation and Competitiveness. 159
Table 5. Findings Related to Salary Level. 160
Table 6. Findings of Career Opportunities. 161
Table 7. Findings Related to İnfluence from Other Persons. 161
Chapter 11
Table 1. Selected Countries in Terms of Carbon Tax Rate/Revenue/Scope. 171
Table 2. Opportunities and Threats of Carbon Tax. 173
Chapter 12
Table 1. New Media Ownership of NGOs That Focus on Women (n = 15). 185
Chapter 14
Table 1. Results of the CRS Input-oriented Two-stage DEA Model. 210
Table 2. Results of the Input-Slacks on DEA Model. 211
Table 3. Results of the Output-slacks on DEA Model. 212
Chapter 15
Table 1. Johansen Cointegration Test Values for Expansion Period. 225
Table 2. Cointegration Test Values for Contraction Period. 225
Table 3. ECM for Monetary Expansion Model. 226
Table 4. ECM for Monetary Contraction Period. 226
Table A1. Stationarity Tests of Indexes by Periods. 232
Table A2. Lag Length Test for Expansion Period. 232
Table A3. Lag Length Test for Contraction Period. 232
Chapter 16
Table 1. Sanctions Imposed by FCMC due to AML/CTF. 238
Table 2. FMCS’s Ratings Assigned in 2017. 238
Table 3. Explanatory Variables Definition and Predicted Signs. 239
Table 4. Banks in the Study and the Results of Exits and Mergers from 2012 to 2017. 243
Table 5. Pearson Correlation Analysis. 244
Table 6. Pearson Correlation Analysis. 245
Table 7. Descriptive Statistics. 245
Table 8. Correlated Random Effect-Hausman Test. 246
Table 9. Redundant Fixed Effects-Likelihood Ratio. 246
Table 10. Regression Results. 246
Table 11. Results of Robustness Analysis with Inflation and GDP as Additional Control Variables. 248
Table 12. Individual Liquidity Ratio from 2013 in Latvia, % (OECD, 2016). 249

About the Editors

Simon Grima, PhD (Melit.), MSc (Lond), MSc (BCU), BCom (Hons) (Melit.), FFA, FAIA (Acad), is the Head of the Department of Insurance, in charge of the Bachelor of Commerce in Insurance, the Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) and Master’s degrees in Insurance and Risk Management and a Senior lecturer at the University of Malta. He set up the Insurance Department in 2015 and started and coordinated the MA and MSc Insurance and Risk Management degrees. He served as the President of the Malta Association of Risk Management (MARM) between 2013 and 2015, and President of the Malta Association of Compliance Officers (MACO) between 2016 and 2018. Moreover, he is among the first Certified Risk Management Professional (FERMA), is the chairman of the Scientific Education Committee of the Public Risk Management Organisation (PRIMO) and a member of the curriculum development team of Professional Risk Managers’ International Association (PRMIA) in 2014. His research focus and consultancy is on Governance, Regulations and Internal Controls (i.e. Risk Management, Internal Audit and Compliance) and has over 30 years of experience varied between Financial Services and with public entities in academia, Internal Controls, Investments and IT. He acts as an Independent Director for Financial Services Firms, sits on Risk, Compliance, Procurement, Investment and Audit Committees and carries out duties as a Compliance Officer, Internal Auditor and Risk Manager.

He has acted as Co-chair and is a Member of the Scientific Program Committee on some international conferences and is a chief editor, editor and review editor of some journals and book series. He has been awarded outstanding reviewer for Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance in the 2017 Emerald Literati Awards.

Web Pages:

https://www.um.edu.mt/profile/simongrima Web of Science Researcher ID: O-5299-2015

Loop profile: 348395

Scopus Author ID: 57151215400

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1523-5120

Emerald Insight Volume Editor: Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis https://www.emeraldinsight.com/series/csef

Google Scholar https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=6L-kN98AAAAJ&hl=en

Research gate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Simon_Grima

Previous Publications

Bonello, A. (2019). Understanding the investor: A Maltese study of risk and behaviour in financial investment decisions. In S. Grima & J. Spiteri (Eds.). London: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Borda, M., Grima, S., & Kwiecien, I. (Eds.) (2020, Forthcoming). Life insurance in Europe: Risk analysis and market challenges. Springer.

Grima, S., Bezzina, F., Romanova, I., & Rupeika-Apoga, R. (2017). Contemporary issues in finance: Current challenges from across Europe. Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Volume 98. London: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Grima, S., & Marano, P. (2018, July). Governance and regulations’ contemporary issues. Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Volume 99. London: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. ISBN: 978-1-78743-816-3.

Grima, S., & Thalassinos, E. (2018). Contemporary issues in business and financial management in eastern Europe. Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Volume 100. London: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Grima, S., Ozen, E., Boz, H., Spiteri, J., & Thalassinos, E. (2019). Contemporary behavioural issues. Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Volume 101. London:Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Grima, S., & Thalassinos, E. (2019, February 3, Forthcoming). Financial derivatives: A blessing or a curse? Emerald Group Publishing Limited. R. Dalli Gonzi & I. Thalassinos (Eds.).

Grima, S., Thalassinos, E., & Spiteri, J. (2019). Frontiers in applied mathematics and statistics mathematical finance. Research Topic Risk Management Models and Theories.

Grima, S., & Boztepe, E. (2020, Forthcoming). Contemporary issues in audit management and forensic accounting. Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Volume 102. Emerald Group Publishing Limited..

Grima, S., Ozen, E., & Boz, H. (2020, Forthcoming). Contemporary issues in business, economics and finance. Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Volume 104. Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Grima, S., Sirkeci, O., & Elbeyoglu, K. (2020, Forthcoming). Street economy: Micro enterprises & street vendors. Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Volume 103. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Grima, S., & Boztepe, E. (2021, Forthcoming). Contemporary issues in public sector accounting and auditing. Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Volume 105 Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Zammit, M. L., Spiteri, J. V., & Grima, S. (October 3, 2018). The development of the Maltese insurance industry: A comprehensive study. London: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Ercan Özen received his BSc in Public Finance (1994), MSc in Business-Accounting (1997) and PhD in Business Finance (2008) from University of Afyon Kocatepe. Now he is an Associate Professor of Finance in Department of Banking and Finance, School of Applied Sciences, University of Uşak, Turkey. His current research interests include different aspects of Finance. He has (co-) authored five book chapters and more than 35 papers, more than 25 conferences participation, member in International Program Committee of three conferences and workshops. He is Chair of International Applied Social Sciences Congress. He is also a Certificated Accountant, a Member of Agean Finance Association and a member of TEMA (Turkey Combating Soil Erosion, for Reforestation and the Protection of Natural Resources Foundation.)

Web Pages:

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-5153

http://www.researcherid.com/rid/A-2697-2019

Previous Publications:

Grima, S., Ozen, E., Boz, H., Spiteri, J., & Thalassinos, E. (2019). Contemporary behavioural issues. Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Volume 101. London: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. ISBN: 978-1-78769-882-6 eISBN: 978-1-78769-881-9.

Grima, S., Ozen, E., & Boz, H. (2020, Forthcoming). Contemporary issues in business, economics and finance. Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Volume 104. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Hakan Boz is an Assistant Professor at Usak University, School of Applied Sciences. Prior to joining the academia, he has held various positions in the tourism and hospitality sector. He has over 10 years of managerial experience in the tourism and hospitality sectors. He has also acted as a consultant for a wide variety of businesses. He has published several journal articles and book chapters in high impact tourism and hospitality journals tourism with a special emphasis on human interactions both as consumers and as employees.

He is the Founder of the HB Lab, a lab carrying out scholarly and business research using psychophysiological tools such as fMRI, EEG, Eye Tracker, GSR, HR, Speech Recognition and Facial Expression Recognition. He is the Co-developer of a Facial Recognition software algorithm used in understanding consumer and employee behaviour. The software algorithm he has co-developed is currently used by various businesses and non-profit organisations.

Previous Publications:

Boz, H., Yilmaz, O., Arslan, A., & Koc, E. (2016). A comparison of depression and turnover intentions of hotel employees in all-inclusive and non all-inclusive hotels. In Global issues and trends in tourism (pp. 372–382). Sofia: ST. Klıment Ohrıdskı Unıversıty Press

Boz, H., & Koc, E. (2019). Measuring emotional intelligence in tourism and hospitality. Emotional Intelligence in Tourism and Hospitality (pp. 36–45). London: Cabi Publication.

Grima, S., Ozen, E., Boz, H., Spiteri, J., & Thalassinos, E. (2019). Contemporary behavioural issues. Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis. Volume 101. London: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Grima, S., Özen, E., Boz, H., Spiteri, J., & Thalassinos, E. (Eds.). (2019). Contemporary issues in behavioral finance. London: Emerald Publishing Limited.

Grima, S., Ozen, E., & Boz, H. (2020, Forthcoming). Contemporary issues in business, economics and finance. Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, Volume 104. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Koc, E., & Boz, H. (2015). All-inclusive food and beverage operations In P. Szende (Ed.), F&B/restaurant management. London: Pearson Publication. ISBN-13:9780133258769.

Koc, E., Aydın, G., Ar, A.A., & Boz, H. (2017). Emotions and emotional abilities in service failures and recovery. In Service failures and recovery in tourism and hospitality: A practical manual (p. 42). London: Cabi Publication.

Koc, E., & Boz, H. (2018). How can consumer science be used for gaining information about consumers and the market? The role of psychophysiological and neuromarketing research. In Case studies in the traditional food sector (pp. 129–152). New York, NY: Elsevier Publication.

Koc, E., & Boz, H. (2019). Emotions and developing emotional intelligence in tourism and hospitality businesses. Emotional Intelligence in Tourism and Hospitality (pp. 16–35). London: Cabi Publication.

Koc, E., Taşkın, Ç., & Boz, H. (2019). Risk and control in consumer behavior: A discussion. Contemporary Issues in Behavioral Finance (pp. 1–13). London: Emerald Publication.

About the Contributors

Semih Acikgozoglu is a Research Assistant at Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Division of Business Administration, Turkey. His primary research areas are marketing and consumer behaviour.

Hilmi Tunahan Akkuş is a Lecturer at Savaştepe Vocational School, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Republic of Turkey, as well as an Assistant Director in Savaştepe Vocational School. His main research areas include Islamic finance, financial markets and institutions, investments and portfolio management, behavioural finance, financial forecasting and modelling.

Nurgül Emine Barin received her BSc in Public Finance from University of Afyon Kocatepe (1993), MSc in Labour and Social Security Law (1997) and PhD in Labour and Social Security Law (2002) from University of Anadolu. She is an Assistant Professor at Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Turkey. Her main research interests are individual labour law, collective labour law, labour law acts, workers’ rights, occupational health and safety, and female workers.

Adem Boyukaslan is a Research Assistant with a Finance PhD at Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, International Trade and Finance Department in Turkey. His primary research areas include risk management, corporate finance, behavioural finance and financial markets.

Olimpia Livia Preda Buzgurescu received her BSc in Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Department of Informatics (2013), MSc in e-Business Administration Department (2014) from University of Craiova, Romania. She is a PhD Student in Accounting at the University of Craiova. Her current research interests include aspects of finance and accounting. She has participated in many international conferences.

Vildan Saba Cenikli received her Bachelor’s degree and Master’s degrees in Economics from University of Dokuz Eylül in 2008 and 2010. She is a Research Assistant in Department of Economics in Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences ‘University of Afyon Kocatepe, Turkey’. She is currently a PhD student in the Department of Economics at the Dokuz Eylül University in Turkey. Her field of research are money theories, high-technology in the economies, application of econometric models and the input–output analyses. She has participated in numerous international conferences both as a speaker and as an attendee. She has published papers in national and international journals.

Sevil Bektaş Durmuş was born on the 7 August 1985 in Bakırköy. Bektaş Durmuş received the Master’s degree in Strategic Marketing and Brand Management in 2009 at Bahçeşehir University after graduating from university in 2007. After completing the Master’s degree in 2011, she worked with the title of ‘Lecturer’ at Beykoz University, Public Relations and Advertising Department between 2011 and 2013. While working as a lecturer, she also started her PhD Program at Istanbul University, Department of Journalism in 2012. She continued her academic career as a Research Assistant at the Department of New Media and Journalism at Istanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University in 2014. She completed her PhD with her thesis that had the title ‘Digital Activism in the Context of Determining Agenda Theory in Social Movements in New Media’ on 31 July 2018, and in the same year, she was appointed as a Doctor Lecturer in the Advertisement Department at the Faculty of Communication at Istanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University. Bektaş Durmuş, who is currently working as a Doctor Lecturer at Istanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University, Faculty of Communication, is also the Educational Coordinator of the Faculty.

Negru Elena is a PhD Student in Accounting at the University of Craiova, Romania. She received her BSc in Finance (1999) from University of Craiova and MSc in Management of European Public Affairs (2004) from Bucharest University of Economic Studies. Now she is working in the finance domain in the local government.

Aslı Elgün was born in 1975 in Izmir and completed BA in Ege University’s Faculty of Communication Department of Journalism and then received her Master’s degree from Ege University Women’s Studies Department and doctorate from Ege University’s Department of Journalism. She worked part time at Ege University Women’s Issues and Research Center during her graduate studies. After that, Elgun worked as a Research Assistant at the Department of Journalism in Ege University. Since 2014, she has been working as a Doctor Lecturer at the same university. She has been giving lectures on gender, alternative media, and community media at undergraduate and graduate level and has various studies and works on gender and alternative media. In addition, she takes part in the ongoing European Union Erasmus Plus Youth Project and carries out several projects at national level which are still being conducted.

Umut Eroğlu is an Assistant Professor at Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Biga Economics and Administrative Sciences/Department of Business Administration. He is studying specifically human resources management and published many articles in various scientific journals. He has conducted several PhD and Master’s thesis, management- and organisation-related courses in undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate levels. He also gives consultant service to private sector organisations around managerial issues like developing human resource effectiveness, designing training and learning processes, structuring corporate universities and developing business strategies.

Simon Grima, PhD (Melit.), MSc (Lond), MSc (BCU), BCom (Hons) (Melit.), FFA, FAIA (Acad), is the Head of the Department of Insurance, in charge of the Bachelor of Commerce in Insurance, the Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) and Master’s degrees in Insurance and Risk Management and a Senior lecturer at the University of Malta. He set up the Insurance Department in 2015 and started and coordinated the MA and MSc Insurance and Risk Management degrees. He served as the President of the Malta Association of Risk Management (MARM) between 2013 and 2015, and President of the Malta Association of Compliance Officers (MACO) between 2016 and 2018. Moreover, he is among the first Certified Risk Management Professional (FERMA), is the chairman of the Scientific Education Committee of the Public Risk Management Organisation (PRIMO) and a member of the curriculum development team of Professional Risk Managers’ International Association (PRMIA) in 2014. His research focus and consultancy is on Governance, Regulations and Internal Controls (i.e. Risk Management, Internal Audit and Compliance) and has over 30 years of experience varied between Financial Services and with public entities in academia, Internal Controls, Investments and IT. He acts as an Independent Director for Financial Services Firms, sits on Risk, Compliance, Procurement, Investment and Audit Committees and carries out duties as a Compliance Officer, Internal Auditor and Risk Manager.

He has acted as Co-chair and is a Member of the Scientific Program Committee on some international conferences and is a chief editor, editor and review editor of some journals and book series. He has been awarded outstanding reviewer for Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance in the 2017 Emerald Literati Awards.

Umut Halac is currently working in Yasar University, Department of Economics. He got his PhD and Master’s degrees from Dokuz Eylul University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Economics. He has major on macroeconomics and minor on econometrics. His interests are macroeconomy and applied econometrics. He is an active member in national and international projects and cooperations.

Bahadır Ildokuz studied Economics and graduated from Boğaziçi University in 2006. At the same university, he finished his Master studies on Economics and Finance in 2008. He started his PhD studies on Finance in İstanbul University in 2012 and graduated in 2015. He has worked in several departments of different banks at different positions such as treasury marketing supervisor, product development supervisor, treasury operations manager and he is still the manager of economic research and private banking in EmlakBank. He was also an Assistant Professor in Toros University in 2018. He was a Lecturer of Finance and Economics for undergraduate, graduate and PhD classes. He gave lectures ranging from Economics to Finance Theory.

Sezer Bozkuş Kahyaoğlu is an Associate Professor at the Izmir Bakircay University, Faculty of Business Administration and Social Science, Accounting and Finance Department. Sezer graduated from Bosporus University in 1993 with honour degree BSc in Management. Sezer had MA degree in Money Banking and Finance at Sheffield University and Certification in Retail Banking from Manchester Business School, both with a joint scholarship of British Council and Turkish Bankers Association. After finishing her doctoral studies, she earned her PhD degree in Econometrics from Dokuz Eylul University in 2015. In the period of 1993–2004, Sezer worked in banking sector in various positions of head office. Sezer worked at Turkish Derivatives Exchange (TurkDEX-VOB) for two years as the founding member and Head of Audit and Investigations Department. Also, Sezer worked in KPMG Risk Consulting Services as Senior Manager between 2007 and 2012. Afterwards Sezer joined in Grant Thornton as a founding partner of advisory services and worked there for two years. Since August 2014, she has been working in SMM Technology and Risk Consulting as a partner responsible for risk consulting. Sezer has certifications of CIA, CFSA, CRMA, CFE and CPA as well. Her research interests mainly include applied econometrics, time series analysis, financial markets and instruments, energy markets, corporate governance, risk management, fraud accounting and auditing.

Seda Mumlu Karanfil, Human Resources Specialist, completed her undergraduate degree in 2007 at Anadolu University, Department of Business Administration and her Master’s degree in 2013 at Istanbul University’s Human Resources Management Program. She is currently a PhD candidate in Human Resources Management at Istanbul University. During her doctoral studies, she conducted research on human resources management, transformative leadership, business values, personality traits, perception of job insecurity and organisational citizenship behaviour. Starting her career in a multinational bank, She worked in the field of Human Resources Recruitment, Training and Development. Most recently, and also worked as a Human Resources Specialist at Istanbul University Career Development Application and Research Center. Currently, She continues to pursue her academic studies.

İbrahim Kiray, MSc, was graduated from Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Biga Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration in 2016 as the highest ranking student of the department. In the same year, he started his Master’s degree in both Economics and Business Administration at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, The Graduate School of Social Sciences. In 2018, he graduated from the Economics Program by presenting the Project titled ‘The Relationship Between Democracy, Economic Developing Development and Poverty: A Comparison of Developed and Developing Countries’. In 2019, the thesis entitled ‘A Study on Investigation of the Effect of Motivation Factors on the Motivation and Performance of Salesperson’ was accepted and successfully completed the Master of Business Administration Program. In 2017–2018, he lectured for one year at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Gelibolu Piri Reis Vocational School. He has participated in International Scientific events and presented papers.

Ayşegül Kirkpinar did her Bachelor’s degree at Celal Bayar University, Department of Business Administration in 2009. She got her Master’s degree in Accounting and Finance at the same university in 2011. Her Master’s thesis was about artificial neural networks in finance. During her Master studies, she has also been as an international student in a language school in London for a couple of months. After Master’s degree, she completed her Doctor of Philosophy degree in Finance at Dokuz Eylül University in 2018. Her dissertation thesis was regarding volatility spillover between commodity and bond markets of some emerging markets. Her research interests include financial modelling and forecasting, portfolio management and behavioural finance. She continued research in these areas. She is married and has a son. She is currently working at İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration as an Assistant Professor.

Nihan Akincilar Köseoğlu graduated from the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Marmara University in June 2007. After that, she started an International Relations MA program – mainly focussing on Turkish–Greek relations at Istanbul Bilgi University in February 2008. She finished the MA program in June 2010 after writing her thesis called ‘The European Communities’ Reactions to Military Interventions in Turkey and Greece’. She began her PhD in the Department of European Union Politics and International Relations at the European Union Institute of Marmara University in September 2010. She finished her PhD program in July 2015 after writing her thesis called ‘Europeanization of Minority Rights in Turkey and Greece: A Comparative Analysis’. Additionally, she has been working at several universities in Istanbul since 2009. Now she is working at Fenerbahçe University as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Science and International Relations since April 2018. Her academic working areas are the European Union, minority rights, human rights abuses, fight against discrimination, Europeanisation and Turkish-Greek Relations. She has several international and national publications while she knows also English, German and Greek languages.

Sabriye Kundak received her Bachelor’s degree in Economics from University of Anadolu in 2005. She received her Master’s degrees and Doctorate’s degrees in Economics from University of Afyon Kocatepe in 2008 and 2015. She is a Research Assistant in Department of Economics in Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences ‘University of Afyon Kocatepe, Turkey’. Her fields of research are international economics, growth, manufacturing industry, panel data analyses, application of econometric models and the input–output analyses. She has participated in numerous international both as speaker and as attendee. She has published papers in national and international journals.

Gamze Yıldız Şeren Kurular was born in 1987, from Elazığ, Turkey. She is an Assistant Professor at Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Public Finance Department Tekirdag-Turkey. She received an undergraduate degree from Marmara University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Public Finance (2008). She holds Master’s degree (MA) in Public Economics from Marmara University (2011) and PhD in Public Finance from Marmara University. Her doctorate thesis is on gender responsive budgeting and local government. Her main research fields focus on public finance, environmental economics, budgeting and gender.

Serdar Ogel is an Assistant Professor at Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Division of Business Administration, Turkey. His primary research areas include risk management, financial markets and investment tools.

İlkin Yaran Ögel is a Research Assistant at Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration in English, Turkey. Her main research interests are brand management, global brands and brand culture. Secondary areas include international business management.

Ercan Özen received his BSc in Public Finance (1994), MSc in Business-Accounting (1997) and PhD in Business Finance (2008) from University of Afyon Kocatepe. Now he is an Associate Professor of Finance in Department of Banking and Finance, School of Applied Sciences, University of Uşak, Turkey. His current research interests include different aspects of Finance. He has (co-) authored five book chapters and more than 35 papers, more than 25 conferences participation, member in International Program Committee of three conferences and workshops. He is Chair of International Applied Social Sciences Congress. He is also a Certificated Accountant, a Member of Agean Finance Association and a member of TEMA (Turkey Combating Soil Erosion, for Reforestation and the Protection of Natural Resources Foundation.)

Alparslan Özmen is an Assistant Professor at Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Turkey. His study fields range from brand management to city marketing, service marketing and international marketing.

Inna Romānova is a Professor and the Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Business, Management and Economics at the University of Latvia and the Director of a professional master degree program in Finance. Her academic interests are in corporate finance and financial sector development. She is an expert in Economics and Management Sciences of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Inna is the author of a number of papers on Financial Sector Development, Financial Management and Asset Management published in international scientific journals. She is on the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has also a professional experience in banking and finance, both in Latvia and in Germany. She is also a Visiting Professor in several universities in Europe.

Ramona Rupeika-Apoga is a Professor in Finance at the University of Latvia and the Head of the Department of Finance and Accounting. She has leaded and participated in several studies and research projects internationally and locally. She has more than 15 years of pedagogic experience in Latvian and European higher education institutions with specialisation in EU Economic and Monetary Integration, International Finance, Banking Economics and SMEs. She is an Expert in Economics and Management Sciences of Latvian Academy of Sciences and the author of a great number of articles in Access to Finance for SMEs, Financial Risk Assessment and Management, Financial Globalisation and more, published in several international journals. She participated, as a leader, in many European research projects, among them a Nordic–Baltic network in Corporate and International Finance, the research project ‘Innovations in Latvian Companies and Industries for Competitiveness Enhancement within the Framework of Globalization’, the think tank ‘CERTUS’ on the research project ‘Riga as Financial Centre’ and ‘Access to Finance’ and INTERFRAME project ‘Latvian State and Society Challenges and Solutions in an International Context’.

She is an Editor at the European Research Studies Journal, International Journal of Economics & Business Administration, Journal of Applied Economics and Business, Journal of Finance and Financial Law and International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research.

Metin Tetik, born on 8 April 1986, received his BSc in Economics (2009), MSc in Economics (2011), PhD in Economics (2017) from Pamukkale University. Now he is an Assistant Professor of Economics in the School of Applied Sciences, University of Uşak, Turkey. While his current research interests include macrofinance, macroeconomics, game theory and applied economics, his teaching interests include game theory and econometrics.

Rustem Baris Yesilay is currently at Ege University, Aviation Higher Vocational School. He is the Vice Director/Manager of the school and the Founding Head of Civil Aviation Management Program. He earned his PhD from Dokuz Eylul University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Economics, and he has Master’s degree from Istanbul University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Fiscal Economics. He has 17 years teaching and research experience. He has publications on sustainable development, innovation, entrepreneurship and cluster management. He has taken active role as a coordinator/researcher at least in 10 national and international projects.

Hasan Hüseyin Yildirim was born in 1987 in Konya. He completed his previous education in a university in Konya and graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Business Administration in 2009. He received his Master’s degree (2011) in Finance from Marmara University and obtained a PhD degree (2016) from Istanbul University. He is an Assistant Professor in the Burhaniye School of Applied Sciences at Balikesir University. His Master’s and PhD theses are on the evaluation of investment projects. He is a Lecturer in Financial Analysis, Financial Management and International Finance courses in Banking and Finance Department and International Trade Department in undergraduate, graduate and Master classes. His research interests include the economy, finance and banking sector and renewable energy investments.

List of Contributors

Semih Acikgozoglu Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey
Hilmi Tunahan Akkuş Balıkesir University, Turkey
Nurgül Emine Barin Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey
Adem Boyukaslan Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey
Olimpia Livia Preda Buzgurescu University of Craiova, Romania
Vildan Saba Cenikli Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey
Sevil Bektaş Durmuş Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Turkey
Negru Elena University of Craiova, Romania
Aslı Elgün Ege University, Turkey
Umut Eroğlu Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey
Simon Grima University of Malta, Malta
Umut Halac Yasar University, Turkey
Bahadır Ildokuz Emlakbank, Turkey
Sezer Bozkuş Kahyaoğlu İzmir Bakırçay University, Turkey
Seda Mumlu Karanfil İstanbul University, Turkey
İbrahim Kiray Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey
Ayşegül Kirkpinar İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Turkey
Nihan Akincilar Köseoğlu Fenerbahçe University, Turkey
Sabriye Kundak Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey
Gamze Yıldız Şeren Kurular Tekirdag Namık Kemal University, Turkey
Serdar Ogel Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey
İlkin Yaran Ögel Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey
Ercan Özen Uşak University, Turkey
Alpaslan Özmen Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey
Inna Romānova University of Latvia, Latvia
Ramona Rupeika-Apoga University of Latvia, Latvia
Metin Tetik Uşak University, Turkey
Rustem Barıs Yesilay Ege University, Turkey
Hasan Hüseyin Yildirim Balikesir University, Turkey

Series Editor’s Introduction

The Emerald book series: Contemporary Studies in Economic and Financial Analysis, edition CSEF104 includes studies on Contemporary Issues in Business Economics and Finance contributed mainly by authors invited from participants in the 3rd International Applied Social Science Congress (C-IASOS2019) held in Çeşme, İzmir, Turkey, between 4 and 6 April 2019.

An analysis of the existence of volatility spillover between the conventional stock index and participation-30 index based on the indexes in the Turkish Capital Markets BIST-30 and the Participation-30 indexes is carried out in Chapter 1. They find a strong correlation between the BIST-30 and Participation-30, which are affected by the same shocks, causality and volatility in both directions.

The authors of Chapter 2 identify models for carrying out bankruptcy risk analysis that have as variables relevant performance indicators to examine the bankruptcy risk of the Romanian industrial companies, to determine its predictability and significance, in order to avoid their potential bankruptcy.

In Chapter 3, the authors aim to support the employment of the female labour force and to show its share in the development and growth in the member countries of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). They find that female employment has a positive impact on economic growth for the selected OIC countries.

The author of Chapter 4 investigates the volatility spillover from oil to precious metals under high volatility and low volatility regimes. Accordingly, results showed that there were volatility spillovers from oil to palladium and platinum in low volatility regimes and from oil to platinum in high volatility regimes.

In Chapter 5, the authors reveal knowledge, report on perception level and look at the evaluation of exchange rate risk management techniques of enterprises registered to Afyonkarahisar Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The most important finding of this study is that the majority of the companies, which are operating in a competitive environment, are intensely exposed to foreign exchange risk but try to overcome the foreign exchange risk using traditional internal firm-level hedging methods instead of well-reputed external hedging methods or derivative instruments.

The authors of Chapter 6 demonstrate the effect of the CAMLS (C represents capital adequacy; A, asset quality; M, management adequacy; E, earnings; L, liquidity; and S, sensitivity to market risks) variables on the variable E. The study revealed the importance of the capital, management and liquidity variables, which are internal factors, in increasing the profitability of banks.

In the Chapter 7, the authors examine the interaction between experience, satisfaction and positive word of mouth within the context of city marketing. The findings of the study exposed an interaction between experience, satisfaction and positive word of mouth regarding a city. Additionally, it showed the mediator role of satisfaction on the relationship between experience and positive word of mouth.

The author of Chapter 8 aimed to determine the pros and cons of the Crowdsourcing concept through new media applications in the form of critical evaluations by examining sample case studies that use the Crowdsourcing concept. The study demonstrated that Crowdsourcing is becoming a worldwide business model and allows anyone with free time and internet connection to contribute to the economic productivity.

In Chapter 9, the authors analyse the effect of motivation factors on the performance of the salesperson and found that the dimensions of image and relations among five dimensions namely satisfaction, image, relations, knowledge of product and service and advertisement related to motivation factors have a significant effect on the task performance of salesperson.

The author of Chapter 10 focused on combining positive psychological capital and its assurances with seven different sources of motivation, as categorised in Allen and Fabian, in 2019. Based on input from managers of human resources department employees, job search behaviour was found to be high. The inability to optimise the skills of individuals and limited career opportunities in the institutions they work for are examples of factors that affect job search behaviour.

In Chapter 11, the author discussed tax as a tool for solving the issue of climate change. The author noted that a multidimensional policy instead of a one-_dimensional policy, an environmentally conscious society and state, and cooperation of policy actors on a global scale are the basic elements, which can play an important role in the solution of the climate change problem.

In Chapter 12, the author discussed the concepts of community media, sustainability and female-oriented non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and then explained the media usage habits and the factors that affect the sustainability of the preferred channels of the female-oriented NGOs. Conclusions show that the financial, content production related, technical, and legal factors affect the sustainability of community media.

The author of Chapter 13 investigates the EU’s anti-discrimination policy for sports (i.e. the Treaty of Lisbon (2009)). In this study, the author raises awareness of this crucial and unending discrimination problem in sports.

In Chapter 14, the authors measure efficiency of national innovation systems (NIS) using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method. This method is used on country samples of 18 Eastern European and Central Asian countries (EECA) and Turkey. Based on the key findings one can note that Kazakhstan, Turkey, Latvia and Uzbekistan are more efficient in innovation performance when compared to other EECA countries.

In Chapter 15, the authors investigate whether the BIST30 index acted in accordance with the overreaction hypothesis against the return changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) index during the 2008 global financial crisis. Findings obtained using the CAR analysis show that the BIST30 index did not generally act in accordance with the overreaction hypothesis against the DJIA.

The last chapter (16) relates to the determinants of the Bank’s Stability in Latvia post-transition. The authors confirm the results of other studies on bank stability of small economies, with some exceptions due to the unique situation in term bank business models applied by Latvian banks.

Prelims
Chapter 1: Volatility Spillover Between Conventional Stock Index and Participation Index: The Turkish Case
Chapter 2: Bankruptcy Risk Prediction in Assuring the Financial Performance of Romanian Industrial Companies
Chapter 3: The Effects of Female Employment on Economic Growth: An Application of Panel Data on the Member Countries of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Chapter 4: Volatility spillover from oil prices to precious metals under different regimes
Chapter 5: Exchange Risk Perception and Exchange Risk Management: A Regional Application in Turkey’s Manufacturing Firms
Chapter 6: Determining the Relationship Between CAMLS Variables and Profitability: An Application on Banks in the BIST Bank Index
Chapter 7: The Interaction Between Customer Experience, Satisfaction and Positive Word of Mouth: A Study on City Marketing in Afyonkarahisar
Chapter 8: The Crowdsourcing Concept as a New Media Application
Chapter 9: A Field Study of the Effect of Motivation Factors on Performance of the Salesperson
Chapter 10: Job Search: Predictors of Job Search Behaviour of Human Resources Managers
Chapter 11: Tax as a Solution for Climate Change
Chapter 12: Community Media, Sustainability and Female-Oriented NGOs: The Case in Izmir
Chapter 13: The European Union’s Fight against Discrimination in Sports
Chapter 14: An Assessment of Innovation Efficiency in EECA Countries Using the DEA Method
Chapter 15: Testing the Overreaction Hypothesis on the BIST30 Index and Dow Jones: The Case of the 2008 Financial Crisis Process
Chapter 16: The Determinants of Bank’s Stability: Evidence from Latvia, a Small Post-Transition Economy
Index