Advice
European Union (EU), advice regulation (developments)
, 36–38
Europe, financial advice (regulation/governance)
, 33
gap, creation
, 43
market, technology (impact)
, 46–47
online advice, cost
, 47
payment
, 41–44
regulated financial advice, definition
, 38–40
role
, 35–36
suitability
, 44–46
Against the Gods (Berstein)
, 280
Agencification phenomenon
, 242
Agency problems, cash accumulation
, 95
Aid to Industries (Act XXI)
, 67
Alternative Investment Fund Managers (AIFMs)
, 230, 232
American National Election Studies (ANES) surveys
, 125
Annual general meeting (AGM)
, 70
cooperative members, interaction
, 79–80
uselessness
, 65
Anti-money laundering, failures
, 20
Apex organisation
, 77, 83
Articles of Association, change
, 150, 152–153
Asymmetric information, effects
, 235
Auditors, remuneration
, 101–102
Australian Law Reform Commission, suggestions
, 177–178
Austria
foreign currency/repayment vehicle loans, risk
, 243–244
Austrian Banking Act (BWG)
, 230, 243–244
Austrian Financial Market Authority (FMA)
, 230, 233
Minimum Standards for the Risk Management and Granting of Foreign Currency Loans and Loans with Repayment Vehicles (FMA-FXTT-MS)
, 230, 243–244
Austrian Financial Market, product intervention
, 243–244
Austrian Securities Supervision Act (WAG)
, 231, 244
Austrian Stock Exchange Act (Bõ;rseG)
, 230
Austrian Supreme Administrative Court (VwGH)
, 231
Baldacchino, Peter J.
, 55
Banking regulation, teaching
, 262, 265
Banking sector, EU roadmap
, 210
Banking Union
, 209–210, 216
Bank of England, perspective
, 143
Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD)
, 207, 210
EDIS link
, 220
Banks
comparisons, difficulty
, 222
impact
, 258–261
regulation, formalisation
, 261
Bankwesengesetz (BWG)
, 243
Banque Keyser Ullmann SA v. Skandia (UK) Insurance Co Ltd,
, 165–166
Barclays Bank, staff training centre
, 259–260
Barings Bank, problem
, 259
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity
, 105
Best practice forms, steps
, 14
Bid period, offeree company board (obligations)
, 148–153
Big Bank Regulation course
, 263
Board committees
, 101–102
Board committees, issues
, 98–99
Board of directors
conduct risk
, 24–27
determination
, 27
dynamics
, 29
evaluation
, 28–30
independence, debt cost (inverse relationship)
, 98
neutrality rule
, 152–153
risk management
, 25
structure
, 29, 97–98, 101
Boardroom, conduct risk (management)
, 19
Bombay Stock Exchange of India (BSE)
, 99
Bõ;rseG.
, See Austrian Stock Exchange Act
Breakthrough rule
, 143, 148–153
British Insurance Law Association, membership
, 172–173
Bureaucracy, involvement
, 69
Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI)
, 184, 187
Business educational courses, government validation
, 15
Business group affiliate (BGA)
, 100, 1095
dummy, design
, 101
Capital adequacy disclosures, quality/promptness
, 304–305
Capital expenditure, cash holdings (relationship)
, 102–103
Capital markets, efficiency
, 235–237
Capital Requirements Directive IV (CRD IV), requirements
, 304
Capital Requirements Regulation
, 23–24
Capital Requirements Regulation and Directive IV (CRR/CRD IV)
, 210
Carter v. Boehm,
, 164–165, 169
Cash holdings
, 93, 100–101
capital expenditure, relationship
, 102–103
reasons
, 95
Cash or cash equivalents (CCEs)
components
, 100–101
holding
, 94
mean value
, 105
objective functions
, 106
Central Cooperative Fund
, 85–86
committee composition
, 68
funds, usage
, 73
management
, 74
rules, regulation
, 75
City Code on Takeovers and Mergers
Section F
, 146
Section P
, 147
Code of Principles of Good Corporate Governance
, 28
Cognitive heuristics
, 284
Commission
MiFID II ban
, 42–43
restricted adviser payment
, 43
Commission Delegated Directive
, 238
Commission Delegated Regulation
, 306
Commission Proposal, counteracting
, 153
Committee of Direction
, 80
Committee of Management, management process
, 80
Communication, impact
, 170
Compliance-driven approach
, 22
Comply-or-explain principle
, 309
Conduct risk
factors
, 20–22
information
, 26
management
, 22
credit institution perspective
, 19
information, relationship
, 25–26
regulatory focus
, 22–24
Conflicts of interest
, 21
Conservative Cooperative Movement
, 66
Consolidated Law on Financial Intermediation
, 147
Consumer Insurance (Disclosure and Representations) Act 2012
, 164, 170, 172, 174
remedies
, 176
Consumer market, developments
, 169
Consumers
independence
, 41
information, MiFID II provision
, 42
Contexts, teaching (problem)
, 266–267
Control premium, payment
, 145–146
Cooperative funding, institutional attitude
, 66–67
Cooperative, ICA definition
, 56
Cooperatives
cooperation
, 83
enforcement
, 77
nature/social objectives, awareness
, 81–82
ownership, members (perception)
, 82–83
perception
, 73, 83–84
Cooperatives Board, composition
, 84–85
Cooperative Societies Act (2001)
, 56, 66, 76–77
Article 26, legislation
, 78–79
Article 83, option
, 80
basis
, 76
deficiency
, 85
institutional barrier
, 67
membership minimum
, 70
provisional registration
, 78
revision
, 69
Cooperative societies, lending (restrictions)
, 66
Cooperative transparency
, 79–80
Corporate cash holdings, corporate governance (relationship)
, 96–97
Corporate decision
, 186–187
Corporate governance (CG) (CGR)
, 93
barriers
, 62–63, 70–71, 79–81
CGF
, 106–107
challenges
, 1
complex construct
, 106
corporate cash holdings, relationship
, 96–97
effects
, 103
European financial regulations, analysis
, 300–307
features
, 142
internal mechanisms
, 299
measurement
, 104
mechanism
, 95
quality
, 296–298
requirements
, 183
role
, 95–96
takeover bids
relationship
, 139
rules, relationship
, 141–142
variables, coefficients
, 107
Corporate social responsibility (CSR), committees/performance
, 101–102
Correlation matrix, eigenvalue decomposition
, 104
Corruption, eradication
, 125
Cours de philosophie positive (Comte)
, 283
Credit institutions, business practices (problems)
, 23
Cronbach’s α
coefficient, usage
, 188
computation
, 106
Cross-border mergers, coordination (effect)
, 156
Cross-country factors
, 127
Cultural barriers
, 57, 63–66, 71–72
Cultural Theory (Douglas)
, 280
Daily life, financialisation
, 34
Danish Committee of Corporate Governance, recommendation
, 152
Danish Company Act (12 June 2009)
, 152
Debt cost, board independence (inverse relationship)
, 98
Democratic Member Control
, 76–77
Deposit guarantee schemes (DGSs)
, 207
credibility
, 209
criticism
, 212–215
Directive 2014/49/EU
, 208
Euro-area DGS
, 219t
national/Eurozone level, determination
, 2232
stress testing
, 225
types, differentiation
, 211
Deposit insurance (deficiencies), bank runs (impact)
, 210–212
Deposit Insurance Fund
, 217
Deposit protection, importance
, 213
Deutsche Bundesbank Monthly Report
, 221
Directive 2004/25/EC.
, See European Directive 2004/25/EC
Disciplinary mechanism/function
, 142
DIY investors, growth
, 44
Drake Insurance Plc v. Provident Insurance Plc,
, 167
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
, 215
Economic crisis (2007-2008) events
, 238
Economic realm, rational action
, 283–284
Edelman Trust Barometer
, 35–36, 125
EDIS.
, See European Deposit Insurance Scheme
Efficient Capital Markets Hypothesis (EMH)
, 230, 233–236
semi-rigid form
, 234, 235
semi-strong form
, 234
strong form
, 234–235
weak form
, 234, 235
Eigenvalue decomposition
, 104
English Law Commission
, 167
Entrepreneurial failure
, 3–8
Euro and Social Dialogue
, 215
Eurobarometer survey
, 125
European Action Plan
, 149
European Banking Authority (EBA)
, 230, 231, 240–241
Risk Assessment of the European Banking System
, 23
SREP procedures/methodologies guidelines
, 24
structure
, 263
European Central Bank (ECB), supervisory priorities
, 23–24
European Commission (EC)
Action Plan (2012)
, 157
Communication
, 149
External Study
, 143
proposal (1988/823)
, 150–151
Report (2012)
, 153
research
, 37
strategy
, 35
European Community, Member States (deposit protection)
, 212
European Company Law, Action Plan (impact)
, 157
European Consumer Agenda
, 34
European Court of Justice (ECJ)
, 230
European Deposit Insurance Scheme (EDIS)
, 207, 208
co-insurance stage
, 219
contributions/funding
, 222
evolution
, 215–220, 217f
financial environment, changes
, 222
full insurance
, 219
impact
, 220–223
political insensitivity
, 220–221
reinsurance stage
, 219
setup
, 215
single resolution fund contribution
, 219t
timeline/steps
, 218f
transition phase, bank contribution (calculation)
, 221
European Directive 2004/25/EC (Thirteenth Directive on Company Law)
, 139–141
application
, 149
content
, 142–156
disclosure rules
, 144–145
impact
, 149–150
implementation, trends
, 151–152
mandatory takeover bids
, 145–148
optional arrangements
, 150–153
positive outcomes
, 157
progress
, 150–151
reform process
, 156–158
risks, remedies
, 154
sanctions
, 155–156
scope
, 143
European Economic and Social Committee
, 149
European financial regulations, analysis
, 300–307
European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA)
, 230, 240, 242
structure
, 263
European Parliament
Directive 2004/25/EC
, 140
Directive 2014/65/EU
, 306
European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA)
, 158, 229, 231
structure
, 263
European Stability Mechanism (ESM), borrowing
, 223
European Supervisory Authorities (ESAs)
, 232–233
European takeover bids directive, origins/scope
, 140–142
European Union (EU)
advice regulation, developments
, 36–38
agencification phenomenon
, 242
Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD)
, 207
Malta Presidency EDIS Report
, 222–223
product intervention
, 233–237
Europe, financial advice (regulation/governance)
, 33
Evolutionary process
, 12–14
Exploratory factor analysis output
, 105
External finance, cost
, 97
External transparency, improvement
, 303
Face-to-face consistency checking
, 46
Face-to-face propositions
, 47
Family Councils (establishment)
, 12
Family-owned firms, corporate governance (challenges)
, 1
Federal Court of Justice of Germany (BGH)
, 230
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
, 212–213
Final audit report
, 185–187
Finance
logic, integration
, 34
obtaining
, 84
Financial advice
independence, improvement
, 41
regulation/governance
, 33
Financial awareness, predictor
, 37
Financial barriers
, 58, 66–69, 84–86
Financial Conduct Authority (FCA)
, 230, 237
adviser criticism
, 46–47
information provision
, 39
Financial guidance
definition, absence
, 40
provision
, 40
Financial institutions
long-term interests
, 261
regulations, transparency
, 298–300
transparency measures
, 307–309
transparency regime
, 293
Financial Intermediation, Consolidated Law
, 147, 152
Financial literacy, OECD analysis
, 35
Financial management
building blocks
, 67
expertise
, 84
Financial products, mis-selling
, 21
Financial services
misconduct
, 21
trust, Edelman Trust Barometer
, 35–36
Financial services regulation, teaching
, 257
banks, impact
, 258–261
Financial services, supervisory authorities (product intervention)
, 229
product governance/intervention
, 237–243
regulatory paradigm
, 233–237
Financial system safety net, elements
, 211f
Finanzmarktaufsicht Österreich (FMA)
, 243
Firms
agency problems, cash accumulation
, 95
cash holding, reasons
, 95
dividend payments
, 103
firm-specific variables
, 104–105
Five-to-three issue
, 78–79
FMA.
, See Austrian Financial Market Authority
Foreign currency (FX)
lending
, 230
risk
, 243–244
Foreign institutional investors (FII), ownership rights
, 97
Formal intervention powers
, 233
F-test
, 191, 193
result
, 192t
usage
, 193f
G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, OECD report
, 297
Gendered ideology/practice
, 288
Gender, risk (relationship)
, 287–288
German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin)
, 230
German Securities Acquisition and Takeover Law
, 155
German Securities Trading Act (WpHG)
, 231
Governance
challenges
, 10–11
codes/principles/structures/mechanisms, establishment
, 15
impact
, 121, 125–126, 131–132
importance
, 126
internal control processes
, 277
issues
, 122
mandates
, 123
metrics, proliferation
, 126
subsidiarity, application
, 15
variables, impact
, 127
Governance, implementation
costs
, 8
mechanisms, family enterprise (relationship)
, 13
Governance-related boards, two-tier system
, 80
Governance, soundness
, 3–8
compliance costs
, 8–12
difficulties
, 8–12
Government
aid, reliance
, 67
Governmental aid, expectation
, 81
Government trust
analysis
, 131–134
empirical approach
, 130–131
regression results
, 131t, 133t
descriptive statistics
, 130t
determinants
, 132–134
governance, impact
, 121, 125–126
literature review
, 124–127
methodology
, 127–131
data
, 127
variables/sources
, 128t–129t
variations, factors
, 124
Gross domestic product (GDP) growth, yield/increase
, 132–133
Incentives
misalignment
, 21
small business governance approach
, 14–16
Indian firms
analysis
empirical results
, 104–107
research design
, 104
sample construct
, 99–100
board structure
, 97–98, 101
cash balances
, 94
corporate governance/cash holdings
, 93
dividend payments
, 103
financial/control variables
, 102–103
literature review
, 96–97
ownership structure
, 97, 101
variable description
, 100–103
Indonesia, corporate decision
, 183
analysis/discussion
, 189–195
assumption test
, 191
audit statement
, 185–186
corporate governance
, 185–186
data quality
, 188
test
, 190
final audit report
, 185–186
F-test
, 191, 193
result
, 192t
hypotheses, development
, 185–187
hypothesis testing
, 191–193
curve, F-test (usage)
, 193f
implications/discussion
, 193–195
multicollinearity test
, 191
results
, 192t
normality test
, 190
results
, 190t
one-sample K-S test
, 190t
reliability test
, 191t
research methodology
, 187–189
respondents, profile
, 189, 189t
returns/questionnaire returns
, 189t
scatterplot, usage
, 192f
theoretical framework
, 187f
theoretical review
, 185–187
t-Test
, 193
results
, 194t
validity test
, 190
result
, 191t
Information
asymmetry
, 21, 103
conduct risk management
, 25–26
costs
, 236
efficiency
, 235–237
model
, 235
overload
, 236
protection
, 241
Insolvency, risk
, 299–300
Institutional barriers
, 58, 66–69, 84–86
Institutional claims
, 281
Institutional Protection Schemes (IPSs)
, 223
Insurance Act (2015)
, 164, 174–175
balance
, 178
Insurance-based investment (IBI) products
, 230, 240
Insurance Distribution Directive
, 169
Insurance Ombudsman Bureau, setup
, 167
Internal capital adequacy assessment process (ICAAP)
, 230
Internal consistency test, determination
, 188
International Cooperative Alliance (ICA), cooperative definition
, 56
International Monetary Fund (IMF), governance mandate
, 123
Investments
affordability
, 37
risk
, 44
Irrevocable Payment Commitments (IPCs)
, 223
Mahindra and Mahindra group
, 100
Malta Cooperative Federation
, 83
Malta, cooperative movement
, 57
Malta Financial Services Authority
, 263
Listing Rules
, 152
Malta Presidency EDIS Report
, 222–223
Malta’s College of Arts, Science t& Technology (MCAST)
, 262
Maltese cooperatives
barriers/limitations
, 58
corporate governance barriers
, 62–63, 70–71, 79–81
development, barriers (analysis)
, 55
discussion
, 76–86
financial/institutional barriers
, 66–68, 74–76, 84–86
interview results
, 69–76
legal barriers
, 76–79
literature
, 59–68
barriers
, 59
legal barriers
, 59–62
methodology
, 68–69
New Wave cooperatives
, 71–72
Old Wave cooperatives
, 71–72
recommendations
, 86–87
registration process
, 77–78
social/cultural barriers
, 63–66, 71–74
Mandatory bids
, 143
rule, reason
, 145–146
Mandatory takeover bids
, 145–148
conditions
, 146
Marine Insurance Act (1906)
, 166
challenge
, 167
Disclosure and Representations Section
, 17, 165
remedy
, 176
Section
, 20, 173
Market abuse regulation (MAR)
, 230
Market-based performance measure
, 103
Market in Financial Instruments Directives
, 169
Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) aim
, 36–37
Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (MiFID II)
, 230
directive
, 305–307
framework
, 45
implementation
, 38
provisions
, 41
Markets in financial instruments regulation (MiFIR)
, 229, 231
Market to book value ratio (MTBVR)
, 103, 105
Masculinities, plurality/hierarchy
, 287
Material information, definition (provision)
, 298
Maxwell Stamp PLC report
, 212
Membership, top-down approach/opening
, 80–81
Misconduct
occurrence
, 20–21
restriction, impossibility
, 21
Monetary and Financial Code
, 147
Moral hazard
, 221
reduction
, 218
Multicollinearity-free regression model, usage
, 188
Multicollinearity test
, 191
results
, 192t
Multilateral trading facility (MTF)
, 231, 235
Multiple regression, usage
, 96
Multiple-vote rights, treatment
, 150
Mutual and Federal Insurance Company Ltd v. Municipality of Oudtshoorn,
, 171
Mutual and Fed Insurance Co Ltd v. Oudtshoorn,
, 171
Offeror bid, consequences
, 150
Old Wave cooperatives
, 71–72, 81
One-sample K-S test
, 190t
Organisational culture
, 281–283
Organisational design/management/motivation
, 13
Organisational identity, impact
, 281–282
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Corporate Governance principles
, 302
report
, 297
Strategic Response to the Financial and Economic Crisis
, 299
Organisations
governance, internal control processes
, 277
persistence
, 282
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Principles of Corporate Governance (relationship)
, 141–142
Overend Gurney Bank
, 258–259
Ownership
members, perception
, 82–83
structure
, 97, 101
Own risk and solvency assessment (ORSA)
, 303
Packaged retail and insurance-based investment products (PRIIPs)
, 229, 231, 232
Pan Atlantic Insurance Company Ltd v. Pine Top Insurance Co.,
, 172
Pay-outs, simplification
, 218
Pearson correlations
, 104
test, usage
, 188
Poland, supervisory authority
, 301–302
Polish Banking Law Act
, 305
Post-financial crisis analysis
, 35
Preventive defences, neutralisation
, 149
Principal component analysis (PCA), usage
, 96, 104
Principles of Corporate Governance
, 297
Private company directors, demographics
, 10
Product
governance
, 237–243
account
, 239–240
regime, applicability
, 239
intervention
, 237, 240–243
powers
, 237, 241–242
oversight governance (POG)
, 231
Product governments, requirements
, 238
Proportional remedies, reasons
, 177–178
Public accountability
, 126–127
Public equity markets, efficiency
, 236
Public sector enterprises (PSEs)
, 94, 97, 100
Random Effect Model
, 133–134
Random Effects model
, 132
Recast Directive 2014/49/EU
, 214–215
Red tape, involvement
, 69
Regulated financial advice
definition
, 38–40
MiFID definition
, 39
Regulation, teaching
, 261–266
Regulatory authorities
, 308–309
Re-insurance scheme, creation
, 224
Repayment vehicle loans, risk
, 243–244
Report from the Commission to the European Parliament
, 156
Resolution facilitator model
, 211
Retail financial advice section, regulation/governance
, 33
Retail investment products, regulation
, 237
Return on asset (ROA)
, 103
Risk
expansion
, 280
gender, relationship
, 287–288
perception/culture
, 279–281
profile, assessment
, 45–46
research
, 279–280
society
, 283–286
tolerance
, 45
Risk Assessment of the European Banking System (EBA)
, 23
Risk management
, 279–281
ISO 31000 definition
, 279
process, human element (linkage)
, 277
system
, 303
values
, 286
Royal Decree 1066/2007, Article
, 8, 148
SCOOPS initiative
, 73–74, 82
Securities Acquisition and Takeover Act
, 152
Article 33
, 153
Article 59
, 155
Securities and Markets Statekholders Group (SMSG)
, 233
Securities Code
Article 182
, 152
Article 187
, 147
Article 189
, 148
Article 192
, 155
Sell-out rights
, 143, 153–154
Shleifer, Andrei
, 236–237
Single Market Action Plan
, 36–37
Single resolution fund contribution
, 219t
Single resolution mechanism (SRM)
, 210, 215
Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM)
, 24, 209, 215
supervisory statement
, 25
Small business
governance, approaches
, 12–16
operation, entrepreneurial problems
, 5t–7t
tax benefits
, 15
Social barriers
, 57, 63–66, 71–72
Social objectives, emphasis
, 80–81
Solvency II directive
, 300–303
CRD IV, comparison
, 304
SPSS descriptive statistics, usage
, 69
Squeeze-out rights
, 143, 153–154
Statement of General Insurance Practice
, 168
Status quo, change (resistance)
, 28
Subsidiarity
application
, 15
small business governance approach
, 14–16
Succession
issue
, 27
planning, structuring
, 27
planning/training
, 29
Supervisory authorities, product intervention
, 229
Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process (SREP)
, 23–24
Supra-national fund
, 223–224
Swiss Federal Act on Stock Exchanges and Securities Trading (SESTA)
, 231
Takeover Act
Article 12
, 152
Article 35
, 155
Articles 24/25
, 148
no. 127/1998
, 146
Takeover bids
corporate governance, relationship
, 139
directives
, 157–158
European takeover bids directive, origins/scope
, 140–142
mandatory takeover bids
, 145–148
rules, corporate governance (relationship)
, 141–142
Tata Motors, cash reserves
, 94
Teachers, regulation
, 267–268
Technology
advancement
, 285
advances
, 170
impact
, 46–47
usage, increase
, 44
Testing curve, t-Test (usage)
, 194f
Texts, teaching (problem)
, 266–267
TIrish Takeover Panel Act
, 152
Tolerance, value (evaluation)
, 188
Transparency
directives
, 157–158
impact, process
, 300–307
measures
, 307–309
principle/value
, 295–296
regime
, 293
requirements, increase
, 294–295
role
, 301–302
term, usage
, 295
understanding
, 308
t-Test
, 193
results
, 194t
Undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities (UCITS)
, 231, 232
United Kingdom (UK)
DIY investors, growth
, 44
fee-paying system
, 42
Law Reform Committee
, 167
retail financial advice sector, reform
, 38
Utmost Good Faith, reform (effect)
, 174–175
United Nations Development Programme, focus
, 125
Up-front fee, payment (unwillingness)
, 43
Utmost Good Faith
, 164–165
case studies/discussion
, 166–174
insurance practice
, 166–174
literature
, 166–174
practice, reform developments
, 166–167
principle, reform (outcome)
, 175–176
Utmost Good Faith reform
case
, 167–174
consumer market developments
, 169
doctrine
, 163
economic factors
, 169
effect
, 174–175
factors
, 168–174
Law Commissions
considerations
, 173–174
input
, 171–173
proportional remedies, reasons
, 177–178
remedies
, 175–177
socio-political factors
, 168–169
technology, impact
, 169–171