Prelims

Half Title

Radicalization and Counter-Radicalization

series-page

Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance

Series Editors: Mathieu Deflem and Derek M. D. Silva

(Volumes 1–5: Jeffrey T. Ulmer, Volumes 6–23: Mathieu Deflem)

Previous Volumes:

Volume 6: Ethnographies of Law and Social Control, edited by Stacey Lee Burns, 2005

Volume 7: Sociological Theory and Criminological Research, Views from Europe and United States, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 2006

Volume 8: Police Occupational Culture: New Debates and Directions, edited by Megan O’Neill, Monique Marks and Anne- Marie Singh, 2007

Volume 9: Crime and Human Rights, edited by Stephan Paramentier and Elmar Weitekamp, 2007

Volume 10: Surveillance and Governance: Crime Control and Beyond, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 2008

Volume 11: Restorative Justice: From Theory to Practice, edited by Holly Ventura Miller, 2008

Volume 12: Access to Justice, edited by Rebecca Sandefur, 2009

Volume 13: Immigration, Crime and Justice, edited by William F. McDonald, 2009

Volume 14: Popular Culture, Crime and Social Control, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 2010

Volume 15: Social Control: Informal, Legal and Medical, edited by James J. Chriss, 2010

Volume 16: Economic Crisis and Crime, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 2011

Volume 17: Disasters, Hazards and Law, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 2012

Volume 18: Music and Law, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 2013

Volume 19: Punishment and Incarceration: A Global Perspective, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 2013

Volume 20: Terrorism and Counterterrorism Today, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 2015

Volume 21: The Politics of Policing: Between Force and Legitimacy, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 2016

Volume 22: Race, Ethnicity and Law, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 2017

Volume 23: Homicide and Violent Crime, edited by Mathieu Deflem, 2018

Volume 24: Methods of Criminology and Criminal Justice Research, edited by Mathieu Deflem and Derek M.D. Silva, 2019

Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance Volume 25

Title Page

Radicalization and Counter-Radicalization

Edited by

Derek M.D. Silva

King’s University College, Canada

and

Mathieu Deflem

University of South Carolina, USA

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2020

Copyright © 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited

Reprints and permissions service

Contact: permissions@emeraldinsight.com

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters’ suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-83982-989-5 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-83982-988-8 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-83982-990-1 (Epub)

ISSN: 1521-6136 (Series)

Contents

List of Tables

About the Contributors

Fahad Ahmad, School of Public Policy and Administration, Carleton University (Canada), studies how the work of community organizations that provide social and economic support to immigrant and diaspora Muslim communities mitigates radicalization. He is a Pierre Elliot Trudeau Foundation Scholar who also works as a Consultant, Researcher, and Program Evaluator for community-based initiatives.

Stefano Bonino, Independent Researcher, specializes in security, migration, and counter-terrorism. He is the author of Muslims in Scotland: The Making of Community in a Post-9/11 World (Edinburgh University Press, 2016), which was shortlisted for the 2017 Saltire Society Research Book of the Year Award. He received his Ph.D. at the University of Edinburgh and previously worked at the Universities of Birmingham, Durham, Northumbria, and Trento.

Kurt Braddock, School of Communication, American University (USA), specializes in the effects of specific types of communication in the processes surrounding the use of terrorism. His work evaluates the persuasive mechanisms of terrorist recruitment and radicalization practices and how those practices can be challenged. He is the author of the forthcoming Weaponized Words: The Strategic Role of Persuasion in Violent Radicalization and Counter-Radicalization (Cambridge University Press, 2020).

Sandra M. Bucerius, Department of Sociology, University of Alberta (Canada), specializes in prisons, police organizations, and marginalized street and newcomer communities. She conducts research designed to understand criminal justice institutions through the perspectives of both those who work in them and those who encounter them, particularly those marginalized by factors related to race, gender, social class, and addictions, and has published widely on those topics.

Stephen Chicoine, Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina (USA), specializes in the spread and diffusion of terrorism across time and space and the role of state violence in terrorism. His work can be found in Sociological Forum, Development and Society, The Handbook of Social Control (Wiley), and the Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (Springer).

Caitlin Clemmow, Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London (UK), researcher lone-actor terrorism. She is a first year Ph.D. student at UCL’s Department of Security and Crime Science completing a research project aiming to develop a comprehensive typology of lone-actor terrorists.

Matthew Costello, Department of Sociology, Clemson University (USA), specializes in online crime and deviance and violent extremism. His current research explores online extremism in domestic and cross-national settings. It explores factors related to exposure to, targeting by, and production of online extremist material. His research has been published in respected journals in the field of sociology and criminology.

Mathieu Deflem, Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina (USA), specializes in the sociology of social control, terrorism, policing, sociology of law, and sociological theory. He is the author of four books, including The Policing of Terrorism (Routledge, 2010) and Sociology of Law (Cambridge University Press, 2008).

Dr. Dubouloz, has been a Professor of Occupational Therapy at the School of Rehabilitation Sciences at the University of Ottawa (Canada) for more than 30 years. Previously, she enjoyed a 10-year career as a clinical therapist at the Montreal Gingras-Lindsay Rehabilitation Institute. She has been a key player in the development of Rehabilitation Sciences education in Canada. Currently she is Professor Emeritus. Her latest book, Transformative Physical Rehabilitation: Thriving After a Major Health Event, will be published by the University of Ottawa Press in 2020.

Carys Evans, Director of Programmes and Impact, ConnectFutures (UK), specializes in youth engagement, social integration, and community-led development. Currently, completing her Master’s degree in Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of Birmingham. She is focusing on a range of topics including Far-Right extremism in the UK, gender in terrorism and CVE.

Paul Gill, Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London (UK), is an expert in the causes and patterns of terrorism. His published research demonstrates the heterogeneous profiles of terrorists, their developmental pathways into terrorism, the behaviors that precede and underpin a terrorist attack, how terrorists fit into a wider structure and how particular group influences condition individuals to engage in acts of violence.

Kevin D. Haggerty, Department of Sociology, University of Alberta (Canada), specializes in surveillance, governance, policing, and risk. He is a Killam Research Laureate and Editor of the Canadian Journal of Sociology. He has published widely on the topics of prisons, surveillance, research ethics, policing, risk, and governance.

Keiran Hardy, Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University (Australia), specializes in counter-terrorism law, countering violent extremism, radicalization, intelligence whistleblowing, and cyber-terrorism. He has published extensively on counter-terrorism law and policy and comments regularly for Australian media. He is the author of Law in Australian Society: An Introduction to Principles and Process.

James Hawdon, Department of Sociology, Virginia Tech (USA), investigates the role of communities in promoting, deterring, or reacting to crime and violence. His most recent work focuses on online communities and how pattern exposure to and participation in online extremism. He has published seven books or edited books and over 100 articles, book chapters, or research reports in the areas of terrorism and violent extremism, criminology, and sociology.

John Horgan, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University (USA), specializes in psychological issues in terrorism and political violence. He is a Distinguished University Professor and Director of the Violent Extremism Research Group. His work is widely published, and his books include The Psychology of Terrorism.

Ayse Lokmanoglu, Transcultural Conflict and Violence Initiative, Georgia State University (USA), specializes in media of violent extremist groups. She earned her M.A. in Middle Eastern Studies from Harvard University and her B.A. in Economics and Near Eastern Studies from Cornell University.

Zoe Marchment, Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London (UK), specializes in the spatial arrangement of terrorist targets. She is a Post-doctoral research associate with UCL’s Grievance Project. Her research examines the spatial decision-making of terrorist target selection, with a focus on lone-actors and Violent Dissident Republican activity.

Katharina Meredith, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University (USA) is a Ph.D. researcher and a Research Associate in Georgia State University’s Violent Extremism Research Group. Her research interests are inter-group and intra-group violence, online extremist propaganda and radicalization, group processes and group-exit, identity of current and former members, program development, and program evaluation.

Therese O’Toole, School of Sociology, Politics and International Studies and the Centre for the Study of Ethnicity and Citizenship, University of Bristol, researches Muslims and governance and the impact of the Prevent and Counter Extremism agendas on Muslim civil society in the UK. Her recent book (with John Holmwood) analyses allegations of a plot by Muslim extremists to infiltrate and Islamicise state-funded schools in Britain: Countering Extremism in British Schools? The Truth about the Birmingham Trojan Horse Affair (Policy Press 2017).

Katerina Papatheodorou, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University (USA), is a psychology Ph.D. researcher and Graduate Research Assistant in the Violent Extremism Research Group. Her research focuses on the psychology of terrorism. Specifically, she is interested in understanding how and why people disengage from violent extremist groups.

Tom Pettinger, Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick (UK), specializes in critical terrorism studies, risk, pre-emption, and radicalization. His primary focus is the distinction between the sorts of behaviors associated with risk through contemporary terrorism pre-emption, and the sorts of behaviors demonstrated by those convicted of terrorism offences in Northern Ireland. He has conducted over 50 research interviews with Prevent officials, Channel mentors, and Northern Irish former combatants.

Bettina Rottweiler, Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London (UK), researches violent extremism, radicalization, and terrorism. Her current project explores the social ecology of radicalization in Germany.

Nadine Salman, Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London (UK), researches the application, validity, and reliability of terrorism risk assessment tools used to estimate and prioritize the risks posed by potential violent extremists. Her previous academic research has focused on the impact of handcuffing suspects on deception detection in police interviews, and on the relationship between terrorism and drug trafficking.

William J. Schultz, Department of Sociology, University of Alberta (Canada), specializes in studying the life experiences of prisoners and correctional officers. His research focuses on Canadian jails, interviewing prisoners and staff about how fentanyl and major security concerns impact everyday life experiences in the prison setting. He is a Vanier Canada and Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation doctoral scholar.

Ryan Scrivens, School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University (USA), specializes in terrorists’ and extremists’ use of the Internet, right-wing extremism, and computational social science. He is a Research Fellow at the VOX-Pol Network of Excellence and a Research Associate at the International CyberCrime Research Centre.

Derek M. D. Silva, Department of Sociology, King’s University College at Western University (Canada), specializes in radicalization and violent extremism, policing, sport, and social control. His most recent work can be found in peer-reviewed journals Crime, Media, Culture, Punishment & Society, Sociological Forum, Race & Class, and the Sociology of Sport Journal.

Pete Simi, Department of Sociology, Chapman University (USA), specializes in extremist groups, violence, and radicalization. He has published more than 50 peer reviewed manuscripts and book chapters and is co-author of an award-winning book manuscript, American Swastika: Inside the White Power Movement’s Hidden Spaces of Hate.

Isabelle Van Der Vegt, Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London (UK), researches crime-solving problems, verbal deception detection, and counter-terrorism. She is currently pursuing a Ph.D. at the UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, with a focus on understanding and predicting targeted violence through linguistic threat assessment.

Yannick Veilleux-Lepage, Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University (the Netherlands). He previously worked as a Senior Researcher in the Transcultural Conflict and Violence Initiative at Georgia State University. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of St Andrews.

Dr. Alex Wilner, Associate Professor, Norman Patterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University (Canada), species specializes in the application of deterrence theory to contemporary security issues like terrorism, radicalization, organized crime, cybersecurity threats, and proliferation, and Artificial Intelligence. His books and volumes include Deterrence by Denial: Theory and Practice (Cambria Press, 2020), Deterring Rational Fanatics (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015), and Deterring Terrorism: Theory and Practice (Stanford University Press, 2012).

Steven Windisch, Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University (USA), focuses on developmental and life-course criminology and symbolic interactionist perspective to examine the overlap between conventional criminal offending and violent extremism. His interests are primarily at the individual-level and focus on how the negative consequences of physical/psychological trauma, identity formation, and interpersonal violence intersect with political extremism.

Sanaz Zolghadriha, Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London (UK), specializes in transnational organized crime networks, offending behavior, and law enforcement investigative practices. In 2014, she founded the UCL Organised Crime Research Network, with which she is currently heavily involved.