Access

, 256

Accountability processes

, 232–233, 236

Active management

, 266–267

Activities of daily living (ADL)

, 160–161

Administration on Aging (AoA)

, 158

Affordable Care Act

, 22–23

Alcohol use

, 40

American Cancer Society (ACS)

, 257–258

Antibullying laws

, 70–71, 76–77

Anticipated stigma

, 257

Anxiety

, 70

Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC)

, 280

Austin’s NIH-funded study

, 211

Behavioral Model

, 256

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)

, 6–7, 40, 44, 60

Binary sex/gender/sexuality

, 261

Biomedicalizing gender

, 241–242

Biopsychosocial nexus

, 255

Birth cohorts

, 143–145

Black and Latino men with same-sex partners

, 29–30

Botched double mastectomy

, 264

Bourdieu’s approach to class

, 28–29

BReast CAncer gene (BRCA gene)

, 265

Bullying

, 71–72

Children

, 182

Chronic anxiety

, 113

Chronic stress

, 4

Chronic stressors

, 104–105

Cigarette smoking

, 40

Cisgendering interactions

, 303

Cissexism

, 279

City Rape Crisis Center (CRCC)

, 300–301, 305–306

trans inclusion at

, 306–308

Class

, 18–20

class-related resources

, 22–23

Comfort

, 303

Community

, 159–160

community-level attitudes

, 142–143

levels of social support and coping

, 182–183

resilience

, 183–184

support

, 196–197

Compliance

, 243–247

deflecting attention from lack of experience

, 246–247

improving relationship

, 245–246

passive patient

, 244–245

Compulsory heterosexuality

, 211

Concealment of stigmatized identities

, 257

Control variables

, 77

Crimes against nature

, 2

Cultural

competency

, 287

spaces

, 20

taxation

, 281–282

Curriculum

, 279, 282

LGBTQ health in

, 288–290

De facto Weberian approach

, 30

Decision-making

, 232

Deferred Action for Child Arrivals (DACA)

, 111

Demedicalization of homosexuality

, 3

Deportation threats

, 105

Deportation-related anxiety

restricting engagement with social networks to relieving

, 114–115

restricting movement to relieving

, 113–114

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

, 2, 143–144

Dimensionality

, 120

Direct discrimination

, 30

Discomfort of Genitalia

, 264–266

Discrimination

, 67, 161–162, 188–189

experiences

, 262–264

Discursive distancing

, 242–243

Dissonance

, 232

Distal minority stress

, 187

Distal minority stress processes

, 183

District of Columbia (DC)

, 108–109

Diversity in medical education

, 281–282

Education

, 19, 22

Egocentric approaches

, 139

Embodied disruption

, 254–255

Embodiment

, 254, 261–270

Employment

, 19–20

Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO)

, 104

Equality

, 76–77

Evidence-based medicine (EBM)

, 234

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)

, 118–119

Exploratory sequential mixed methods research design

, 108

Family scholars

, 137–138

Fear of deportation

, 105–106

affected access to healthcare

, 113

chronic anxiety

, 113

data analysis

, 110

development of scale to assessing

, 116

intersectional identity exacerbated

, 112–113

migration history

, 112

negative effects

, 115–116

participants

, 109

potential consequences

, 107

procedure

, 109–110

qualitative study to exploring domains of

, 108–116

quantitative study

, 117–121

restricting engagement with social networks

, 114–115

restricting movement to relieving deportation-related anxiety

, 113–114

sample characteristics

, 111–112

study setting

, 108–109

Fear of discrimination

, 173

Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC)

, 108–109

Formal social safety nets

, 7–8

Gay, lesbian, and bisexual persons (GLB persons)

, 40, 41

Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs)

, 69

Gayby Boomers

, 144–145

Gender

, 18–20, 148–149, 235

expression

, 254

panics

, 303

scholars

, 233

Gender and Sexuality Alliances

, 69

Gender minority. See also Sexual minority

, 20–23

health

, 233

stress

, 183–185

Gendered accountability processes

, 235–236

Health

, 136

disparities

, 3–4

inequalities

, 3, 233–234

outcomes

, 137

Healthcare

, 5–6, 7, 254–255

disparities

, 280–281

interactions and discrimination in medical settings

, 172–174

Healthcare providers

, 255

data analysis

, 238

data collection

, 237–238

gendered accountability processes

, 235–236

invoking language of scientific evidence

, 239–243

mandating compliance

, 243–247

medical authority

, 234–235

methods

, 236–238

results

, 238–247

trans patients accountable to medical authority

, 232–233

Heterosexism

, 279

Heterosexual marriage

, 30

Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale

, 2–3

HIV/AIDS epidemic

, 3

Homophobic bullying experiences

, 70–71

Homosexuality

, 2

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

, 258

Hotline

, 311

Hyperawareness of Genitalia

, 264–266

Identity taxation

, 281–282

Immigrant Latinx MSM

, 106–108, 125

qualitative study to exploring domains of fear of deportation

, 108–116

quantitative study

, 117–121

Inclusion in medical education

, 281–282

Income

, 19, 21

Indirect estimation methods

, 40

Informal social safety nets

, 7–8

Institute of Medicine (IOM)

, 40

Institutional

levels of social support and coping

, 182–183

support

, 197–198

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

, 236–237

Internalized homophobia

, 192–194

Internalized transphobia

, 192–194

Intersectional identity exacerbated fear of deportation

, 112–113

Intersectionality

, 6, 105–106, 184

integration

, 28

of sexuality, gender, and class

, 18–20

as theory and method

, 200–201

Isolation

, 159–160

Labor market

, 21–22

LaClínica

, 108–109

Latinx

gay/bisexual and transgender immigrants

, 106

immigrants

, 105

transgender women

, 105–106

LBTQA + women, social construction of obesity and implications for

, 209–212

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults (LGB adults)

, 160–161

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)

, 158

directions for future research

, 174–176

disparities in health and related behaviors

, 160–162

healthcare interactions and discrimination in medical settings

, 172–174

identity

, 21–22

life course

, 163–166

older adults

, 158, 162, 170

personal networks, health outcomes, and alternative supports

, 167–172

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ)

, 182

concealment and fear of negative experiences

, 193–194

cultural competency

, 287

curricula in medical school training

, 279

in curriculum

, 288–290

diversity and inclusion in medical education

, 281–282

equality

, 67

expertise

, 292–293

families

, 184–186

findings

, 187–190, 285–292

gender and sexual minority stress and queer intersectionality

, 183–184

health

, 278

hybrid form of knowledge

, 285–288

institutional support

, 197–198

internalized transphobia and internalized homophobia

, 192–194

intersectionality as theory and method

, 200–201

language

, 279

LGBTQ + health

, 9, 208–209

LGBTQ-friendly providers

, 291–292

LGBTQ-inclusive policies

, 71

LGBTQ+ elders

, 175

limitations

, 201–202

marginalization

, 290–292

medical education in addressing healthcare disparities

, 280–281

methodology

, 186–187

methods

, 283–285

minority resilience

, 194

parents

, 185–186, 189

rejection and expectations of rejection

, 190–192

relational support

, 194–197

structural advocacy

, 287–288

unique health needs

, 286

Lesbian culture

, 208–209

Lesbian obesity

, 8, 208

community influence on body management

, 220–221

embodying queer resistance

, 221–224

“looking good” and critiquing male gaze

, 218–220

methods

, 212–213

participant characteristics

, 213–215

reclaiming eating, redefining obesity

, 217–220

resisting & rejecting labels

, 215–217

social construction of obesity and implications for LBTQA + women

, 209–212

Lesbian paradox

, 210

Life course

analysis

, 159, 163–166

approach

, 137–138

stress and

, 138

Lifeline analysis

, 149

Marital biography

, 137–138

Marriage

, 169–170

Medical authority

, 234–235

Medical domains

, 236

Medical education in addressing healthcare disparities

, 280–281

Medical providers

, 232

Medicalization processes

, 210–211

Men who have sex with men (MSM)

, 7, 105

Mental health

, 66

Mental well-being

, 40–43

Meyer’s minority stress model

, 211

Micro-abrasions

, 264

Minority

, 136

resilience

, 194

stressors

, 183

Minority stress

, 188

among sexual minority youth

, 67–68

model

, 105

processes

, 182–183

in suicide risk

, 68–69

theory

, 4--5, 28–29, 67

Multi-item measure

, 108

Multiple marginalization

, 28

Multiplicative effects of minority stress processes

, 4–5

National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study (NHAS)

, 6, 144–145

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

, 209–210

National School Climate Survey (NSCS)

, 67–68

Neighborhood-level hate crimes

, 142–143

Nicotine in cigarettes

, 41

Nondiscrimination policy

, 76–77

Obesity

, 208

paradox

, 210

Obstetrics and gynecology (Ob/Gyn)

, 283

Occupation

, 19, 21–22

“Off time” life course transitions

, 164–165

Parent interviews

, 186–187

Partnerships

, 42–43

Peer aggression

, 68

Persistent marginalization

, 161–162

Physical and mental health

, 158–159

Population

health

, 19

studies

, 29

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

, 70

Poverty

, 28–29

Power

, 233, 236

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

, 257–258

Protective factors

, 210

Proximal minority stress

, 187

processes

, 183

“Public charge” rule

, 126

Qualitative study of lesbian women and gay men

, 166

Queer intersectionality

, 183–184

Rape crisis centers

, 300, 301

Relational

levels of social support and coping

, 182–183

support

, 194–197

Reliability

, 120

Resilience/resiliency

, 7, 159, 162, 183–184, 187

in LGBTQ families

, 198–200

Respondent-driven sampling (RDS)

, 147–148

Risk

, 240–241

Safe Space

, 313

Sample selection

, 29

Scholarship

, 169

School victimization

, 69–71, 75–76

among sexual minority youth

, 67–68

experiences by sexual identity and state policy

, 78–83

Sequence analysis

, 148–149

Sex-specific cancer screenings (SSCS)

, 255–256

and embodiment

, 261–270

interview questions and analysis

, 259

as positive and affirming

, 267–270

sample

, 260–261

and transgender people

, 257–259

Sexual and gender minority (SGM)

advancing research on

, 6

birth cohorts

, 143–145

contemporary research on

, 4

disparities

, 4

diverse axes of difference

, 146–147

elders

, 159, 159

evolution of research on

, 2

health

, 2, 18

interactional social ties on health disparities

, 145–146

life course approach

, 137–138

main research concerns for study of social biographies

, 139–140

SGM people

, 18–19, 136

social network approach

, 138–139

structure and content of social biographies

, 140–143

theory-driven methods

, 147–150

Sexual assault

, 310

Sexual behavior

, 2–3

Sexual identity

, 76

concealment

, 175

disparities in suicide risk

, 68–69

Sexual inversion

, 2

Sexual minority

, 20–23, 41

women

, 208, 210

Sexual minority youth

, 66

data and methods

, 72–78

measures

, 72–77

plan of analysis

, 77–78

results

, 78–93

school victimization and minority stress among

, 67–68

Sexual orientation

, 41–43

analytic plan

, 46

data

, 44–46

dependent variables

, 44–45

independent variables

, 45–46

results

, 46–54

sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors

, 42–43

Sexual perversions

, 2–3

Sexual violence

, 300

Sexuality

, 18–20

Smoking

, 41

Social biographies

, 7, 136

main research concerns for study of

, 139–140

structure and content of

, 140–143

Social class

, 19–20

among sexual and gender minorities

, 20–23

intersectionality of sexuality, gender, and class

, 18–20

in sexual minority health research

, 23–28

SGM people

, 18–19

studies of gender and sexual minority health disparities

, 25–26

as underlying SGM health disparities

, 28–31

Social conditions

, 19–20

Social isolation

, 169

Social network methods

, 5, 138–139, 147–148, 167–168

Social psychological scholarship

, 236

Social relationships

, 136

Social service health organizations

, 301–302

Social stressors

, 104–105

Social support

, 159–161

Social ties

, 140

content

, 142–143

interactional social ties on health disparities

, 145–146

structure

, 140–142

Socioeconomic status (SES)

, 19–20, 40, 43

State-level policies

, 70

State-policy variables

, 76–77

Statements of commitment

, 281

Statistical interactions

, 29

Stereotypes

, 189–190

Stigma

, 2, 162, 257

Strategic reframing

, 266–267

Stress. See also Minority stress

, 138

in LGBTQ families

, 198–200

process model

, 104–105

proliferation

, 28

theories

, 28

Structural advocacy

, 287–288

Structural discrimination

, 30

Structural intersectionality

, 18–19, 28

Structural stigma

, 67, 69–71, 95–96

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)

, 60–61

Substance use

, 41–43

Suicide

, 41, 56

Suicide attempt

, 72

by sexual identity and state policy

, 88–93

Suicide ideation

, 40, 41–43, 72

by sexual identity and state policy

, 83–88

Suicide risk

, 69–72

minority stress and sexual identity disparities in

, 68–69

Support groups

, 312

Temporary Protected Status (TPS)

, 107–108

Theory-driven methods

, 147–150

Trans inclusion at CRCC

, 306–308

Trans people

, 300

Transgender

adults

, 22

identity

, 254

individuals

, 255

medicine

, 233

older adults

, 148

studies

, 259

Transgender and gender expansive children (TGE children)

, 182, 185

Transgender people

barriers to health care among

, 256–257

SSCS and

, 257–259

Transgender survivors

, 300

literature review

, 301–304

managing difference and ranking oppressions

, 310–311

method

, 304–306

problem as patriarchy or as intersecting oppressions

, 308–309

trans inclusion at CRCC

, 306–308

women-only space and exclusion

, 311–314

Transwomen

, 163

Unconscious transphobia

, 310

Undergraduate medical education institution (UME institution)

, 278

Undocumented Latinxs

, 104–105

US Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

, 104

US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

, 108–109

Veterans Administration (VA)

, 262

Wages

, 21

Wealth

, 19, 21

Weight-related behaviors

, 211–212

Women-only spaces

, 300, 303

benefits

, 301

and exclusion

, 311–314

Working-class identity

, 20

World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH)

, 239–240

Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2017)

, 67–68, 70, 72

“Zero Suicide” program

, 60–61