Index
Research on Economic Inequality
ISBN: 978-1-78714-522-1, eISBN: 978-1-78714-521-4
ISSN: 1049-2585
Publication date: 10 October 2017
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2017), "Index", Bandyopadhyay, S. (Ed.) Research on Economic Inequality (Research on Economic Inequality, Vol. 25), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1049-258520170000025011
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Index
absolute (post-transfer) income, 10
additive decomposability
, 81–82
Adjusted Headcount Ratio
, 66
Armenia
correlations between number of consumption items curtailed
, 151
curtailed expenditures categories in 2013
, 153
determinants of poverty
, 141–142
economic growth
, 139–140
economic opportunities, 2000s
, 152
order of curtailment of consumption expenditures
, 147–150
poverty and income distribution
, 140
poverty in
, 152
socioeconomic indicators
, 140
threshold corresponding to curtailment
, 154
asset poverty index
, 240
assimilated poverty measures, 64–65, 75–76, 78–79
Azerbaijan
correlations between number of consumption items curtailed
, 151
curtailed expenditures categories in 2013
, 153
determinants of poverty
, 141–142
economic growth
, 139
order of curtailment of consumption expenditures
, 147–150
poverty and income distribution
, 140
poverty in
, 152
socioeconomic indicators
, 140
threshold corresponding to curtailment
, 154
bipolarisation indices
, 52
defined
, 53
notation
, 53–54
Cambodia’s CESSP Scholarship Program (CSP), analysis of
, 261–263
characteristics of CSP recipients and non-recipient applicants
, 271–273
comparison of program effects for recipients and their siblings
, 262
enrollment and work outcomes for children
, 274–275
identification strategy
, 276–277
Intent-to-Treat (ITT) estimates of program impact
, 277
model
, 263–269
offsetting effects
, 262
program and data
, 269–276
proof that both children are enrolled
, 296–297
recipient household and school enrollment
, 262
results
, 277–287
CSP program effects on the siblings of applicants
, 280–281, 284–286
effects on school enrollment
, 277–278, 286–287
non-pecuniary educational spillovers
, 287, 290, 290n2, 291n11, 293n28
program effects on parents
, 297–298
recipient effects by gender
, 278–279
richer and poorer households, school enrollment
, 286–288
robustness checks
, 281–287
school-specific quartic trends and intercepts
, 282–284
selection of CSP recipients within eligible schools
, 270
censored headcount ratio (CHR)
, 167, 174–175
child-specific conditional transfer program, Cambodia, 260–261. see also Cambodia’s CESSP Scholarship Program (CSP)
China, estimations of MPI (2010–2014)
adjusted headcount ratio
, 164–167
advantages and limitations of dataset
, 172
age of the household head and MPI levels
, 188–191
Amartya Sen’s capability approach, motivation for
, 162–163
asset ownership
, 171
basic results
, 172–174
China Family Panel Studies’ (CFPS) data set
, 164, 167–168, 170–173, 177, 179, 200, 205, 211n11
Chinese traditional concept of poverty
, 163
cooking fuel
, 171
cross-dimensional poverty cutoff
, 166
deprivation cutoffs
, 166
drinking water facility
, 171
education level of household heads and MPI levels
, 182–183, 185–188
electricity connection
, 170
female-headed households and MPI levels
, 179, 182–183
flooring information
, 171
gender difference and MPI levels
, 179, 182–183, 223–227
household size and MPI levels
, 196–197, 199–200
Hukou system and MPI levels
, 189, 192–195, 199, 213n34, 213n37
indicator analysis
, 168–172, 174–175
indicators of destitution poverty and deprivation thresholds
, 222
large provinces (Liaoning, Shanghai, Guangdong, Henan, and Gansu)
, 177–181
literature review
, 163–164
living standard
, 170–171
major regions (East, Central, and West)
, 177–178, 212n27
methodology
, 164–167
mortality and nutrition
, 170
nutrition (BMI) distribution among ages for adults
, 222
national poverty comparisons
, 228
overlap of monetary poverty and MPI
, 200
raw headcount ratio (RHR) and censored headcount ratio (CHR)
, 174–175
rural and urban areas
, 175–177, 212n25
rural official poverty line and rural poverty
, 1980–2014, 221
sampling procedure and weights
, 168
sanitation
, 170–171, 211n19
schooling and child school attendance
, 169–170
by social groups
, 179–200
chronic and intertemporal poverty measures
, 107–111
application of
, 129–131
dynamic models of evolution of wellbeing
, 115–129
autoregression with household fixed effect
, 121–125
autoregression with PA trend
, 125–126
comparison and evaluation of
, 126–129
household-specific time trends
, 119–121, 129
linear interpolation
, 118–119
log consumption ratio predictions
, 118–120, 122–125, 127–128
statistical and econometric methods to
, 117
Foster and Santos’s measure of chronic poverty
, 110, 133n6
normative and positive aspects, analysis of
descriptive statistics
, 113–115
ERHS sample
, 111–115
unit of analysis
, 112–113
unit-period wellbeing indicator
, 112
orderings of wellbeing trajectories
, 107–109
duration sensitivity or contiguity
, 108–109
non-decreasing compensation measures
, 109–110, 130
Porter and Quinn’s measure of intertemporal poverty
, 110, 133n7
‘true’ degree of
, 131
clustering-increasing transfer (CI)
, 43, 46, 55
composite income-net worth poverty index
, 239
deprivation order
, 138
entrepreneurship
, 300
impact of inequality, long term effects
, 301, 303–307
relationship between inequality and, analysis of
data and methodology
, 307–315, 335–337
early entrepreneurial activity (TEA) during
, 2005–2011, 309, 311, 316–317, 338–341
econometric results
, 315–319
GEM survey
, 309–311, 334–335
historical inequality measures
, 307–309, 315–319, 334
institutional variables
, 311–314, 325–327
panel random effects
, 314–315
robustness checks
, 319–327
financial poverty index
, 240
Foster–Wolfson bipolarisation index
, 41, 47, 52, 56–57
Georgia
correlations between number of consumption items curtailed
, 151
curtailed expenditures categories in 2013
, 153
determinants of poverty
, 141–142
economic growth
, 139–140
order of curtailment of consumption expenditures
, 147–150
poverty and income distribution
, 140
poverty headcount ratio
, 154
socioeconomic indicators
, 140
threshold corresponding to curtailment
, 154
Gini coefficient
, 3, 5, 13, 16–17, 22n3, 47, 317
between-group
, 53
within-group
, 53
Gini index
, 4–5, 21
defined on post-transfer incomes
, 9
as a function of the transfer
, 12, 22n3
generalised
, 54
generalised between-group
, 54
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey
, 301
income-equalizing transfer
, 5
income inequality
, 2
Gini coefficient of
, 2
intra-household spillovers
, 260
Italy, status of immigrants in
acquisition of Italian citizenship
, 247, 253n3, 255n25
average economic situation of immigrant households
, 239–243
average values of equivalent income and wealth
, 237–239
breakdown of immigrants by area of birth
, 232–233, 236
composite income-net worth poverty index
, 239
decomposition of poverty
, 243–246
degree of integration or isolation of immigrants
, 230
determinants of poverty and immigration
, 246–249
economic conditions of migrants
, 237–238
economic vulnerability
, 240–241
educational qualifications of immigrants
, 234
gender breakdown of immigrants
, 234
home ownership among immigrants
, 237
Italian Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) data set
, 231–232
life expectancy
, 241, 255n23
proportion of immigrant households in “severe” poverty
, 242
share of foreign-born in Italian population
, 234–235
socio-economic conditions
, 232–239
state of poverty by immigrant status
, 249–252
Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR) scholarship program
, 270
maximum relative bipolarisation
benchmark of
, 40–41
identifying rank-dependent Wang–Tsui indices
, 46–47
normalisation properties of
, 47–48
characterisation of
, 44–46
desirable axioms of
, 43
implications of
, 41
normalisation axioms
, 43–44
notation
, 42
median-dependent indices
, 52–53, 55–56
median-independent indices
, 52–53
monetary poverty with MPI
, 200–203
mismatch between multidimensional poverty and
, 203
by quintiles and subsidy groups
, 201–202
relative contributions for subsidy receiving/not receiving subgroups
, 202–203
in terms of income/expenditure per capita
, 201–202
Muirhead’s theorem
, 45
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
, 64, 67, 85–86, 88–89, 94n4
estimations for China
, 2010–2014
adjusted headcount ratio
, 164–167
advantages and limitations of the dataset
, 172
age of the household head and MPI levels
, 188–191
Amartya Sen’s capability approach, motivation for
, 162–163
asset ownership
, 171
basic results
, 172–174
China Family Panel Studies’ (CFPS) data set
, 164, 167–168, 170–173, 177, 179, 200, 205, 211n11
Chinese traditional concept of poverty
, 163
cooking fuel
, 171
cross-dimensional poverty cutoff
, 166
data
, 167–168
deprivation cutoffs
, 166
drinking water facility
, 171
education level of household heads and MPI levels
, 182–183, 185–188
electricity connection
, 170
female-headed households and MPI levels
, 179, 182–183
flooring information
, 171
household size and MPI levels
, 196–197, 199–200
Hukou system and MPI levels
, 189, 192–195, 199, 213n34, 213n37
indicator analysis
, 168–172, 174–175
large provinces (Liaoning, Shanghai, Guangdong, Henan, and Gansu)
, 177–181
literature review
, 163–164
living standard
, 170–171
major regions (East, Central, and West)
, 177–178, 212n27
methodology
, 164–167
mortality and nutrition
, 170
overlap of monetary poverty and MPI
, 200
raw headcount ratio (RHR) and censored headcount ratio (CHR)
, 174–175
sampling procedure and weights
, 168
sanitation
, 170–171, 211n19
schooling and child school attendance
, 169–170
by social groups
, 179–200
in geographic areas
rural and urban
, 175–177, 212n25
monetary poverty with
, 200–203
properties of
, 166–167
statistic of censored headcount ratio (CHR)
, 167
statistic of “percentage contribution”(PCB)
, 167
subgroup decomposability
, 167
robustness of
, 203–206
order of curtailment of consumption expenditures, Caucasian states
Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia
, 147–150
asset approach to standards of living
, 138–139
economic growth and poverty reduction
, 139–142
link between total consumption expenditures and total household income
, 150–154
standards of living, measures of
, 142–147
percentage contribution (PCB)
, 167
Pigou–Dalton transfer principle
, 2–3, 56–57
constructive example
, 6–13
consumption and post-transfer income, relationships between
, 7
consumption/post-transfer income, optimal level of
, 8, 10–11
effort exerted and pre-transfer income, relationships between
, 7
effort/pre-transfer income, optimal level of
, 8, 10–11
functions of transfer
, 10–13
relative deprivation measures
, 4–7, 15, 18, 23n6, 23n14, 24n17–18
continuity lemmas
, 16–17, 26–31
failure to reduce inequality
, 22
generalizations
general social welfare functions
, 17–21
Lorenz-domination of distribution
, 17–21
non-singularity of the utility specification
, 13–17
impact of transfer on poorer individual
, 4–6
labor supply response of recipient(s) of transfer
, 4–6
maximization of the utility functions
, 18–19, 24n18, 34–37
proportional tax on income of richer individual
, 5–6, 23n8, 32–33
rank-preserving
, 53
poorer individual
impact of transfer of income to
, 4–6
population principle (PP)
, 43
poverty alleviation program
, 66, 72
poverty measurement
aggregate measures
, 130
assessment of inequality
, 79–85
additive decomposability
, 81–82, 100–101
change in level of inequality among poor, in Haiti and India
, 86–89
computing disparity across subgroups, in Haiti and India
, 89–91
as a continuous function
, 80
counting approach framework
, 83–85
distribution of sample clusters, in Haiti and India
, 102
regressive transfer
, 81
relative inequality
, 80
replication invariance
, 81
transfer properties
, 80–83
translation invariance
, 80–81
within-group inequality
, 82, 101
assimilated approach to
, 64–65, 75–76, 78–79, 92–93
counting approach to
, 67–72
aggregation
, 69–70
attainment status value
, 69
censored attainment score
, 69
censored deprivation score
, 68
deprivation status value
, 68
dimensional breakdown property
, 72
identification of deprivations and poverty
, 68–69
mathematical relations and operators
, 71
population subgroups
, 70–71
properties
, 71–72
deprivation score vectors
, 71–72, 74–75, 79, 83, 85, 95n6
dimensional breakdown property
, 66
distribution of deprivations among poor
, 72–79
in context of welfare measurement
, 73
deprivation scores
, 73
Generalized Entropy measure
, 76
inequality in deprivation scores
, 74
empirical illustration
, 85–91
proposed measure of inequality
, 66
poverty reduction, fundamental aim of
, 89
regressive transfer
, 81
relative bipolarisation index
characterisation of
, 44–46
desirable properties of
, 54–55
generalised between-group Gini index
, 54
generalised Gini index
, 54
problem of median dependency
, 55–56, 60–62
numerical illustration of
, 56–58
transfer axioms
, 54–55
relative bipolarisation Lorenz (RBL) curve
, 44
replication invariance
, 81
reproducibility index
, 145
rich-to-poor transfer, case of
, 4–6
Schur-concave welfare function
, 13, 18
Sen, Amartya
poverty and development, conceptualisation in terms of capabilities
, 162–163
social welfare function
, 3
as a function of the transfer
, 8–9, 13
Shorrocks’ mobility index
, 255n26
social welfare
, 2
Sen’s social welfare function
, 3
South Caucasian region
economic growth
, 139–140
order of curtailment of consumption expenditures
, 147–150
link between total consumption expenditures and total household income
, 150–154
poverty and income distribution
, 140–141
social protection transfers in reducing poverty
, 141–142
standards of living, measurement of
, 142–147
asset approaches
, 142–143
correspondence analysis
, 146–147, 158–159
count approach
, 147
Item Response Theory model
, 145–146
multiple-indicator multiple-cause (MIMIC)
, 142
order of acquisition of durable goods approach
, 143–145
principal components analysis (PCA)
, 142, 146
spread-increasing transfer (SI)
, 43, 46, 55
subgroup decomposability
, 167
translation invariance
, 80–81
trickle-down effect
, 300
United Nation Development Program’s (UNDP) Human Development Reports
, 64
utility functions, defined
, 17–18
Wang–Tsui indices
, 41–42, 44
wellbeing of societies
determinants of
, 2
Western Asia, studies of poverty in
, 141–142
- Prelims
- An Adverse Social Welfare Consequence of a Rich-to-Poor Income Transfer: A Relative Deprivation Approach
- The Benchmark of Maximum Relative Bipolarisation
- The Necessary Requirement of Median Independence for Relative Bipolarisation Measurement
- Did Poverty Reduction Reach the Poorest of the Poor? Complementary Measures of Poverty and Inequality in the Counting Approach
- Chronic Poverty and Poverty Dynamics: Resolving a Paradox in the Normative Basis for Intertemporal Poverty Measures
- Curbing One’s Consumption and the Impoverishment Process: The Case of Western Asia
- Exploring Multidimensional Poverty in China: 2010 to 2014
- Immigration and Poverty: The Case of Italy
- Own and Sibling Effects of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Theory and Evidence from Cambodia
- Does inequality foster or hinder the growth of entrepreneurship in the long-run?
- Index