Index

Behavioral Strategy in Perspective

ISBN: 978-1-78756-348-3, eISBN: 978-1-78756-347-6

ISSN: 0742-3322

Publication date: 21 September 2018

This content is currently only available as a PDF

Citation

(2018), "Index", Behavioral Strategy in Perspective (Advances in Strategic Management, Vol. 39), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0742-332220180000039020

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited


INDEX

Academic disciplines
, 15, 26, 71

Academic legitimacy
, 15

Academy of Management Journal
, 269, 271

Action, hierarchical sensing
, 127–128

Adaptation
, 257

Adaptive cognitive processes
, 170

Adaptive rationality
, 82

Administrative Behavior
, 1

Advances in Strategic Management
, 267, 269

Agency theory
, 268

Agent-based simulation
, 226

Agentic capacities of strategists

adaptive cognitive processes
, 170

managerial and organizational cognition
, 169

strategic cognition research
, 169

temporal action capacities
, 170

Agricultural firms
, 55

Alliance partner choice
, 92

Alliances and acquisitions
, 224

Altruism
, 27

Ambidexterity
, 223

Analogical reasoning
, 74, 175

Analytical organizational process
, 149

Annual fee
, 213

Anticipatory thinking
, 175

Anti-competitive behaviors and competitors
, 251

Anti-intellectual culture
, 159

Apple’s CEO-centric organizational structure
, 125

Aristotelian sense
, 184

Artificial intelligence
, 140–141, 199

and human decision-making
, 141

Attentional engagement
, 173

Authority, representations
, 85

“Barriers to entry”
, 249

Behavior

behavioral data
, 233–234

individual participants’ search patterns over time
, 233–234

participants choices
, 233–234

experimental procedure
, 232–233

exploration and exploitation
, 223–230

risk-taking
, 230–232

self-reported data

Linguistic Word Inquiry Count (LIWC)
, 235–237

qualitative analysis software NVivo
, 234

quotes related to exploitation and exploration
, 235–236

selective codes, coding map
, 235

verbal reports
, 237–238

Behavioral and economic rationality
, 161

Behavioral approach and organizations
, 182

Behavioral decision research
, 159

Behavioral decision theory
, 42

unified prescriptive theory
, 199

Behavioral economics
, 27, 47, 103

Behavioral game theory
, 61

Behavioral hopes, strategic management
, 59–63

Behaviorally incomplete, business strategies
, 158

Behavioral pathologies
, 156

Behavioral perspective on strategic management

behavioral hopes
, 59–63

empirical realities
, 53

interdisciplinary
, 52–53, 62–63

perspectives on
, 54–57

plural in methodology
, 53, 61–62

(re)behavioralize aspects
, 51–52

trends in literature
, 57–59

two-way street learning
, 53–54, 60–61

Behavioral rationality

action and decision implementation
, 154–155

behavioral pathologies
, 156

business strategy
, 156

decision-making
, 156

decoupling of decisions and actions
, 155

economic rationality
, 154–155, 157

impulsive force of decision
, 156–157

impulsive power
, 156–157

knowing-doing gap
, 155

postscript
, 163

realized strategies
, 155

substitutes for strategy
, 155

Behavioral social sciences
, 16, 52–53, 55, 217

Behavioral strategy
, 51–52, 54, 57–59

agentic perspective
, 168–177

decision-making
, 19

decoupling in
, 43

discipline
, 15

dividing lines
, 25

economic rationality in
, 152–154

emerging meaning of
, 25

future of
, 18–19

interdisciplinary approach
, 47–48

large tent version
, 25, 31–33

microfoundations
, 103–104

midsize tent version
, 24–31

non-academic stakeholders
, 48

organizational adaptation
, 75

organizational foundations of
, 79–87

as quasidisciplines
, 15–16

rapid learning
, 75

reconceiving
, 45–48

small tent version of
, 24–26

social category
, 42

strategy prescription and
, 197–206

threats
, 24

trends in literature for
, 57–59

Behavioral Strategy Interest Group
, 24–25, 43–44

Behavioral strategy scholars
, 42

Behavioral theory of organizations
, 16

Behavioral Theory of the Firm, A
, 1, 92

Behavioral thinking
, 160

Behavioral variation

in choice process
, 81–82

in goals
, 80–81

multiple rationalities
, 82

in representations
, 81

Behaviorism
, 72

Behaviors of duopolies
, 250

Bell Labs
, 55

Biased attributions and perceptions
, 256–257

“Big Five,” model of personality
, 27

Bounded rationality
, 140–141, 182

assumption
, 92

in human intelligence
, 141

Boussoiset Souchon-Neuvesel (BSN)
, 252–254

Broad search
, 94

Business planning
, 55

Business policy
, 1

Business strategies

behavioral rationality
, 156

romantics and mercenaries
, 157–158

Capital One in credit card financing
, 213–215

Carnegie School tradition
, 72

Carnegie tradition
, 42, 44–45, 47

“Case for Behavioral Strategy, The”
, 4

Cause effect linkages
, 29–30

Chess
, 72

Choice
, 168–169, 177

Choice process, behavioral variation in
, 81–82

Chordal triad
, 170

Coalition
, 96

Cognition
, 153–156

giving direction
, 96

Cognitive ability
, 28

Cognitive adaptation
, 30

Cognitive biases
, 160

economic rationality
, 152–154

Cognitive capabilities
, 168

Cognitive neuroscience
, 44

Cognitive rationality
, 160

Cognitive representations
, 81

Cognitive schema
, 27, 29–30, 44

Collective intelligence
, 75

Communitarian perspective of firm
, 182–183

four illustrations
, 184–187

praxis, character, and competence
, 187–190

Competency traps
, 4, 184, 190

Competition neglect
, 153

Competitive endeavors
, 201

Competitive Strategy
, 2

Competitors/opponents
, 105

Complete rationality
, 159–160

Complex signal detection system
, 124–125, 128

Computation

abilities
, 143

complexity
, 142

computational complexity
, 142

consumer utility
, 143

firm profit maximization
, 143

human and managerial cognition as
, 145

human computation for TSP
, 145–146

intractability
, 143–145

managers and organizations
, 142

quantum computers
, 141

Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP)
, 142–143

well-structured problems
, 142

Computational complexity
, 140, 142

and artificial intelligence
, 140

intractability
, 143–145

organizational intractability
, 147–148

Computational modeling
, 53

Computerized “black box” trading system
, 111

Conservatism vs. liberalism
, 32

“Context of discovery”
, 161

“Context of justification”
, 161

Contextualism
, 45, 155

Conventional dichotomies
, 162

Convergence
, 175

Corporate arrogance
, 190

Cost-conscious retailers
, 184

Course materials
, 14

Credit assignment
, 72

Cultural values, beliefs, and objectives
, 46

Culture and strategy
, 32

“Curse of dimensionality”
, 73

Damage-assessment routine
, 182–184

Decision biases
, 215–217

Decision-maker (DM)
, 124–128

cognitive schema
, 29

and decision-influencers
, 28

economic rationality
, 153

simulations configuration
, 128

Decision-making
, 59

behavioral rationality
, 156

change in dynamic environments
, 134–135

cognitive antecedents
, 27

focal
, 29–30

hierarchical sensing
, 124–129

processes
, 61

Decision rationality
, 159, 163

Decomposability and hierarchical categorization
, 202

Decoupling

in behavioral strategy
, 43

of decisions and actions
, 155

Degree of dependence
, 109

Degree of heterogeneity
, 31

Delays in sensing
, 128, 130–133

an environmental shock
, 136

in organizational structures
, 132–133

Deliberation
, 105–107, 111–112

psychology
, 103

“Deliberation vertex” phenomena
, 107

Deliberative behavior
, 103

Delusional optimism
, 153

Design capacity of organizations
, 75

Design thinking
, 176

Detection rates, simulations configuration
, 128

“Deviations from rationality”
, 24

“Dewey Triangle”
, 103, 106

Directed search

broad search
, 94

cognition giving direction
, 96

environment giving direction
, 97

low performance
, 93

multiple goals giving direction
, 94–95

myopic search
, 94

power giving direction
, 95–96

Disciplines
, 15–16, 18

Distorted probabilities
, 255–256

Diversity
, 46

Divestiture
, 92

Dominant coalition
, 96

Don Quixote
, 20

Draper Fisher Jurvetson (DFJ)
, 215–216

Dualism
, 182, 184

DuPont
, 55

Dynamic capabilities
, 184

framework
, 113

Dynamic programming problem
, 73

Economically incomplete, business strategies
, 158

Economic and behavioral rationality
, 158

Economic rationality
, 154–155, 157

behavioral rationality
, 154

in behavioral strategy
, 153–154

cognitive biases
, 153–154

company’s “economic strategy”
, 153

decision-makers
, 153

individual preferences
, 153

normative economic rationality
, 153

spectrum of
, 154

in strategic management
, 153

Economics of imperfect competition, The
, 250

Economic theory
, 48

Embryonic academic fields
, 24

Emergent strategies
, 251–252

Emotional behavior
, 103

Empirical realities
, 53

Enhance sensing
, 133–135

Entrepreneurship
, 62–63, 210–211

Environment giving direction
, 97

Epistemological assumptions
, 182

Evolutionary fitness
, 191

Evolutionary theory
, 16

Executive psychology
, 28, 30, 33

Exogenous uncertainty
, 105

Experiments
, 227, 231, 233

See also Exploration and exploitation

Exploration and exploitation
, 19–20

agent-based simulation
, 226

alliances and acquisitions
, 224

ambidexterity
, 223

behavioral measure of
, 227–228

behavioral strategy and
, 19

binary activities
, 227

code behaviors or actions
, 226

consistency or flexibility
, 223

knowledge gains
, 223

limited resources
, 228–229

managerial serendipity
, 230

micro-foundations
, 224

minimal information
, 229

operationalized
, 224–226

organizational factors
, 224

rugged landscape
, 229

two ends of continuum
, 230

valid feedback
, 229

External sensors
, 110

Failed ventures
, 256

Fairbank
, 213–215

False-negative error
, 212

Finance
, 16

Firms’ commitments
, 256

Five Force framework
, 2, 210–211

Fluid intelligence
, 173

“Fog of war”
, 15

Ford
, 55

Ford Foundation
, 53

Forecasting judgement
, 62

Formal organizations
, 85

Framing
, 83–86

and reframing processes
, 175

Fundamental divide, strategy research
, 2–4

Game theory
, 16, 268

unified prescriptive theory
, 199

GE
, 55

General intelligence
, 28

General-purpose effector system
, 111

General-purpose sensors
, 109, 111

Generative cognition
, 175–176

Gervais-Danone
, 253–254

Goals

behavioral variation in

basic human needs
, 80

means-ends linkages
, 80

self-interest
, 81

self-preservation
, 80

subgoals
, 80–81

vertical dimension
, 80

broad
, 93–94

as cognitive constructs
, 84

frames
, 84

giving direction
, 94–95

return on assets (ROA)
, 92–93

top management levels
, 93

Group decision-making, social psychology
, 43

Habitual behavior
, 103

Habitual-iterational
, 172–173

“Habit vertex” phenomena
, 107

Halo effects
, 153

Harvard Business Review
, 206

Harvard Department of Social Relations
, 17

Heterogeneous organizational outcomes
, 26

Heterogeneous TMTs
, 31

Heuristics
, 140, 146–147, 182

and biases
, 146

definition
, 146

in organizations
, 146

Hierarchical categorization
, 202

Hierarchical sensing

model of
, 124–128

simulations configuration
, 128–129

See also Sensing

Homophily
, 211

Hubris
, 153

Human agency, temporal orientations of
, 170–171

Human cognition
, 259

Human intelligence
, 140

Human sensory capacities
, 108

IBM paradox
, 113–115

Identity-driven conception of appropriateness
, 185

Ill-defined situations
, 185

Imagination
, 168–169, 174–176

Imaginative agency
, 174

Imitation, environment giving direction
, 97

Implementation problem
, 72

“Impulsive force” of decision
, 156–157

“Impulsive power”
, 156–157

Incentive systems
, 86

Individualism
, 184

Individual-level differences
, 28

Individual reproductive success
, 84–85

Industrial economics
, 251

Industrial organizational economics
, 15

Influencing, mechanisms for
, 83

Information flow
, 134–135, 136

Information processing
, 182

Ingroup/outgroup dynamics
, 42

Innovations
, 92

Institutionalization
, 56

Institutional logics
, 46

Integration, strategic management
, 46

Intellectual ancestors
, 201

Intellectual history
, 14, 18

Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency
, 62

Intelligent economic behavior
, 14

Intentional action
, 15

Interdisciplinary
, 52–53, 62–63

Interdisciplinary linkages
, 62–63

Intergroup bias
, 44

Intergroup dynamics
, 44–45

Internal goods
, 185

Internal sensors
, 110

Interpretation, sensing
, 127

Intertemporal linkages
, 72

Intractability, computational complexity
, 143–145

Intraorganizational power and politics theory
, 33

Intrapersonal phenomena
, 43

Intrinsic motivation
, 85

Irresponsible leadership
, 188

Knightian uncertainty
, 62

“Knowing-doing gap”
, 155

Knowledge schemas
, 171

Large tent conception

conservatism vs. liberalism
, 32

culture and
, 32

multicase study design
, 33

organizational culture
, 32

political processes implications
, 33

“social approval assets”
, 32–33

strategic decision-making
, 32

strategic management scholars
, 32

See also Midsize tent conception; Small tent conception

Learning
, 27

Legitimate behavioral strategy
, 18

Limited resources, exploration and exploitation
, 228

Linguistic Word Inquiry Count (LIWC)
, 235–237

“Logic of appropriateness”
, 82

Long Range Planning
, 56

Long-term abstract properties
, 249

Low performance
, 93–95

Machiavellianism
, 27–28

Macroorganization
, 85

“Magnet strategy”
, 215–216

Management replacement
, 96

Managerial and organizational cognition
, 169

Managerial cognition
, 168

research
, 96

stemming
, 96

Managerial dynamic capabilities
, 173

Managerial intelligence
, 140

Managerial sensemaking
, 172

Managerial serendipity
, 230

Managers
, 14

cognitive filters of
, 172

Market expansion
, 92

Marshall Plan
, 55, 58

Means-ends linkages
, 80

Mercenary strategies
, 160

Mergers and acquisitions
, 92

“Meta” strategy problem
, 73–74

Methodological individualism
, 182

Microeconomics
, 48

Microfoundations
, 103–104

exploration and exploitation
, 224

Microorganizations
, 85

Mid-range theories

consumer behavior
, 202

decomposability and hierarchical categorization
, 202

individual psychology
, 202

near decomposability
, 201

population ecology research
, 202–203

top management behavior
, 202

Midsize tent conception

academic discipline
, 26

decision-makers and decision-influencers
, 28

decision-making, cognitive antecedents
, 27

differences in
, 27–28

executives’ behaviors
, 28

focal decision-making
, 29–30

heterogeneous organizational outcomes
, 26

limitations
, 27

personal attributes
, 28

strategic management theory
, 26

substantial meta-analytic evidence
, 28

top management teams (TMTs)
, 30–31

upper echelons theory
, 28

See also Large tent conception; Small tent conception

Military decision-making
, 61

Military organizations
, 61

Military strategy and writings
, 54

Mindful adaptation
, 184

Moneyball in Major League Baseball
, 211–213

“Monopoly”
, 249

Multicase study design
, 33

Multidisciplinary heritage
, 62

Multiple goals giving direction
, 94–95

Multiple rationalities, behavioral variation
, 82

Myopia

learning
, 4, 75

managerial experience
, 96

source of
, 96

Myopic search
, 94

Near decomposability
, 201

Neo-Aristotelian thinking
, 183, 187

Neo-Carnegie tradition
, 3–4, 42, 44–45, 72

Neoclassical economic rationality
, 82

Non-academic stakeholders
, 47

Normative economic rationality
, 153

OODA loop
, 60–61

Optimal behavior
, 15

Optimistic expectations
, 257

Optimizing hyper-rationality
, 3

Organizational adaptation
, 75, 92

Organizational behavior
, 46

Organizational control and ideologies
, 257

Organizational culture
, 32

Organizational dynamic capabilities
, 173

Organizational foundations

behavioral phenomena, diversity of
, 80–82

behavior of interest
, 86–87

organization design and individual behavior
, 83–86

“Organizational Foundations of Behavioral Strategy, The”
, 7

Organizational intractability
, 140

computational complexity and
, 147–148

definition
, 147

rational analytical technologies
, 147

strategic planning
, 147–148

Organizational learning
, 216

and adaptation
, 75, 92

Organizational liberalism
, 32

Organizational members, sensing
, 124

Organizational politics
, 43

Organizational sensing
, 7, 112

IBM paradox
, 113–115

microfoundations
, 103–104

organizations and strategy
, 107–109

sensors
, 107–113

strategizing behavior as black box
, 104–107

Organizational strategies
, 59

Organizational structures
, 85, 135

simulations configuration
, 128

Organization design and individual behavior

framing
, 84–85

mechanisms for influencing
, 83

sorting
, 83–84

structuring
, 85–86

Organization intelligence
, 140

Organizations (1958)
, 1

Organizations and markets, structure and processes inherent in
, 203–204

Organization’s strategizing behavior
, 108

Organization studies

and behavioral strategy
, 18

consultancy
, 17

quasidiscipline of
, 17

unity and exchange
, 17

Outgroup homogeneity effect
, 44

Overconfidence
, 211

Partial insights
, 74

Pattern matching
, 175

Perception, sensing
, 126–127

Performance feedback
, 95

Persistence
, 24

Personal attributes
, 28

Persuasion
, 24

Plural in methodology
, 53, 61–62

Pluralism
, 43, 45, 155

Pluralistic ignorance
, 45

Political acumen
, 24

Political processes implications
, 33

Population ecology
, 201

Population ecology research
, 202–203

Power giving direction
, 95–96

Practical-evaluative agency
, 174

Practical-evaluative element, conceptualization
, 173

Praxis
, 187

Prediction
, 102

Probability, sensing
, 129–130

Problem-driven research
, 53

Problemistic search
, 92, 96, 111–112

myopic search
, 93

organizational learning and adaptation
, 92

profitability
, 93

return on assets (ROA)
, 92–93

Problem-solving
, 182

Product introduction
, 92

Professionalization
, 56

Profitability
, 93–95

Protocol analysis
, 222–223, 233

Psychology of deliberation
, 103

Psychopathy
, 27–28

Qualitative analysis software NVivo
, 234

Quarterly Journal of Economics
, 140

RAND Corporation
, 55

Randomness
, 248, 254–256

Rapid learning
, 75

Rational analytical decision processes
, 140

Rationality
, 18–20

“Realized strategies”
, 155

(Re)behavioralize aspects, strategic management
, 51–52

Recategorization
, 175

Reductionism
, 45, 155

Re-enacting the past

anticipatory thinking
, 175

attentional engagement
, 173

design thinking
, 176

fluid intelligence
, 173

framing and reframing processes
, 175

habitual-iterational
, 172–173

imaginative agency
, 174

iterational dimension
, 171

knowledge schemas
, 171

managerial dynamic capabilities
, 173

managerial sensemaking
, 172

managers, cognitive filters of
, 172

organizational dynamic capabilities
, 173

practical-evaluative agency
, 174

practical-evaluative element, conceptualization
, 173

schemas
, 171

schematic-information processing
, 176

upper echelons
, 171

Representations, behavioral variation in
, 81

Resource-based view (RBV)
, 3, 198

Return on assets (ROA)
, 92–93

Reward structure, mental model
, 72–73

Risk-taking
, 92

ambiguity, behavioral measure of
, 231–232

conceptual models of
, 230–231

decision-making task
, 231

incentives
, 231

theory
, 230–231

The Rival
, 102

Romantics and mercenaries

anti-intellectual culture
, 159

behavioral decision research
, 159

behaviorally incomplete, business strategies
, 158

business strategies
, 157–158

cognitive biases
, 160

complete rationality
, 159

decision rationality
, 159

economically incomplete, business strategies
, 158

economic and behavioral rationality
, 158

“substitutes for enthusiasm”
, 158

Romantic strategies
, 160–161

Rugged landscape, exploration and exploitation
, 230

Schemas
, 29, 171

Schematic-information processing
, 176

Schweitzer, Albert
, 151–152

Scientific observers
, 19

Selective attention
, 27, 29

Selective codes, coding map
, 235

Self-interest
, 81

Self-limiting
, 188

Self-preservation
, 80

Sensemaking
, 111

Sensing

action
, 127–128

Apple’s CEO-centric organizational structure
, 125

complex signal detection system
, 124–125

decision-maker (DM)
, 124–128

delay in
, 130–133

enhance
, 133–134

interpretation
, 127

“just noticeable difference”
, 135

organizational members
, 124

perception
, 126–127

probability
, 129–130

symmetric hierarchy
, 124

See also Hierarchical sensing

Sensors

computerized “black box” trading system
, 111

cost-benefit balance
, 108, 110

degree of dependence
, 109

in dynamic capabilities framework
, 113

electromagnetic spectrum
, 107–108

external sensors
, 110

general-purpose effector system
, 111

general-purpose sensors
, 109, 111

human sensory capacities
, 108

internal sensors
, 110

investments in
, 110–111

organizational sensing
, 112

organization’s strategizing behavior
, 108

photographic techniques
, 108

“problemistic search”
, 111–112

quasidurable structures
, 109

sensemaking
, 111

specialized sensors
, 111

special-purpose sensors
, 109–110

top management
, 112–113

ShadowBox training
, 260–261

Simon, Herbert
, 51–62, 141

Simonian behavioral ideas
, 62

Simon-style bounded rationality
, 82

Simulations configuration

complex signal detection system
, 128

decision-maker (DM)
, 128

delays in sensing
, 128

detection rates
, 128

organizational structures
, 128

parameters in
, 128–129

Skepticism
, 105

Sloan Management Review
, 206

Slow-moving variables
, 102

Small tent conception
, 24–26

See also Large tent conception; Midsize tent conception

“Social approval assets”
, 32–33

Social category
, 42

Social psychological and organizational theory
, 42

Social psychological biases
, 46–47

Social psychology
, 30, 43

Social structures
, 54

Social value orientation
, 27

Sociopolitical mechanisms (symbolic management)
, 46

Sorting
, 83–84, 86

Span of decision-makers
, 125–127

Specialized sensors
, 111

Special-purpose sensors
, 109–110

Spontaneous re-engineering
, 183–184, 189

“Stage-setting” moves
, 72

Standards of excellence
, 185

State variables of organization
, 102

Static knowledge structures
, 29

Stereotype heuristic
, 212

Stimuli
, 182–183

Story of finance
, 16

Stratagems
, 205–206

Strategic adaptation
, 30

Strategic behavior, human prehistory
, 54

Strategic cognition research
, 169

“Strategic decision comprehensiveness”
, 153

Strategic decision-making
, 32, 59

in business
, 60

Strategic deliberation
, 105

Strategic factor market
, 210

Strategic leadership

and corporate governance
, 47

scholars
, 42

Strategic learning
, 43

Strategic management

behavioral hopes
, 59–63

economic rationality in
, 153

empirically driven
, 59–60

empirical realities
, 53

interdisciplinary
, 52–53, 62–63

perspectives on
, 54–57

plural methodology
, 53, 61–62

prescription in
, 200–201

problems
, 79

(re)behavioralize aspects
, 51–52

trends in literature
, 57–59

two-way street learning
, 53–54, 59–61

Strategic Management Journal (SMJ)
, 5, 24, 42, 268

Strategic management scholars
, 32

Strategic Management Society (SMS)
, 24–25

Annual Conference
, 42

Strategic management theory
, 26

Strategic organization
, 75

Strategic risk-taking. See Risk-taking

Strategizing

contemporary ideas

evolutionary explanation
, 249

industrial economics
, 251–252

industrial explanation
, 249

realistic theory
, 250–251

resource-based explanation
, 249

simple abstractions to interpret complex realities
, 249–250

courses
, 254–255

future-perfect framing
, 257–258

long-term abstract properties
, 249

psychological issues

biased attributions and perceptions
, 256–257

distorted probabilities
, 255–256

efforts in face of uncertainty
, 256

organizational control and ideologies
, 257

scanning
, 258–261

societal forces and technologies
, 248

Strategizing behavior

concern
, 102

deliberative process
, 102

information structures
, 102–103

internal functional differentiation
, 102

Strategy and organizations
, 54

Strategy consultants
, 74

Strategy formulation

behaviorism
, 72

interdependencies
, 72

strategy problems
, 72

Strategy-making process
, 73

Strategy prescription
, 197–206

Strategy scholarship
, 91–92

Striving
, 183

Structure-conduct performance paradigm
, 268

Structuring, organization design and individual behavior
, 85–86

Subgoals
, 80–81, 95

Substantial meta-analytic evidence
, 28

Substitutes for enthusiasm
, 158

“Substitutes for strategy”
, 155

Superior profitability
, 209–217

Capital One in credit card financing
, 213–215

Draper Fisher Jurvetson (DFJ)
, 215–216

Five Force framework
, 210–211

Moneyball in Major League Baseball
, 211–213

superior behavioral
, 210

Superstitious learning
, 4

SWOT analysis
, 204

Symbolic management
, 42, 46–48

theory
, 48

Symmetric hierarchy, sensing
, 124

Systems analysis
, 55

Temporal action capacities
, 170

Temporality
, 170–171

Tenure decision meetings
, 104–105

Text analysis
, 223, 235, 238

Theory of games
, 16

Theory of Monopolistic Competition, The
, 250

Theory of second best

behavioral and economic rationality
, 161

behavioral thinking
, 160

cognitive rationality
, 160

complete rationality
, 160

“context of discovery”
, 161

“context of justification”
, 161

conventional dichotomies
, 162

decision rationality
, 163

humanitarian service
, 162

Mercenary strategies
, 160

Pluralist and Contextualist research
, 160

Romantic strategies
, 160–161

TMTs. See Top management teams (TMTs)

Top management behavior
, 202

Top management teams (TMTs)
, 30–31, 96

Trade-offs
, 53

Trajectories of action
, 168–169

Trajectory tracking
, 175

Transaction cost theory
, 268

Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP)
, 142–143

human computation for
, 145–146

parameterizations
, 145

Two ends of continuum
, 230

Two-way street learning
, 53–54, 60–61

Unified APR (Annual Percentage Rate)
, 213

Unified prescriptive theory
, 198–200

Upper echelons
, 3, 171

Upper echelons theory
, 28

Valid feedback, exploration and exploitation
, 229

Venture capitalists
, 215–216

Vertical dimension, goals
, 80

VRIN (valuable, rare, inimitable and nonsubstitutable) resources
, 210, 252

“Wicked problems”
, 147–148