Index
ISBN: 978-1-83867-990-3, eISBN: 978-1-83867-989-7
ISSN: 0733-558X
Publication date: 24 March 2021
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2021), "Index", Chen, K.K. and Chen, V.T. (Ed.) Organizational Imaginaries: Tempering Capitalism and Tending to Communities through Cooperatives and Collectivist Democracy (Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 72), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 303-311. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20210000072012
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2021 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes.
Accountability
, 276, 277–278
Accounting
, 125–126, 131, 176
Ad hoc arrangements
, 71
Affective loyalty
, 11, 35
Alcoholics Anonymous
, 298
Alternative enterprises
, 258
alternative ownership enables mission-sustaining mechanisms
, 276–278
alternative ownership models
, 269–274
alternatively owned banks tend to values imprinted from social movements
, 274–276
formation, values imprinting, and ownership
, 285
ladder of mission-sustaining ownership models
, 281–283
managing contested rationalities in
, 261–265
mission drift, ownership and
, 260
ownership of enterprise
, 265–266
prevent mission drift
, 284
traditionally owned banks struggle to deploy mission-sustaining practices
, 278–279
Alternative high schools
, 293
Alternative organizations
, 114, 116
in Brazil
, 231–253
forms
, 84
and social movements
, 231–233
Alternative ownership models
, 260
embed inclusive board governance mechanisms
, 269–271
enable mission-sustaining mechanisms
, 276–278
member ownership
, 271–272
unrestricted investor ownership
, 273–274
virtual or special shareholder ownership
, 272–273
American Sociological Review (ASR)
, 296
“Anchor institution” approach
, 179
Anger
, 34
Association of Research on Nonprofit and Voluntary Associations (ARNOVA)
, 294
Asymmetry
, 152
AT&T
, 189
Autonomy
, 89
B Corps
, 84
B Lab’s certification criteria
, 87
model
, 283
Banking
, 214
BAUEN Cooperative
, 32–33, 37–40
Black communities
, 175
Black Lives Matter
, 297
Brazil
alternative organizational forms and social movements
, 231–233
collectivist-democratic organizations
, 240–241
ecosystems as multiple strategic action fields
, 233–235
emergence of ecosystem and diffusion of SEEs
, 240
future research
, 250–253
historical context
, 237
initial conditions for emergence of field
, 238
organizing for action
, 244–247
providing glue for action
, 241–244
solidification of field through creation of cultural boundaries
, 238–240
Brazilian Forum for Solidarity Economy (FBES)
, 242
Brazilian Solidarity Economy Movement
, 19, 230, 237, 239
British Academy
, 86
Bureau of Labor Statistics
, 142
Bureaucracy
, 4–6
Bureaucratic hierarchy
, 166
Burning Man
, 13
“Business ontology”
, 105
“Business-like health care” logic
, 147
Calibration
, 246–247
Capitalism
, 4–6, 96, 189
Capitalist Manifesto, The
, 167
Care
, 180
Certified social enterprises
, 16–17
Charismatic leaders
, 14
Cincinnati Union Co-op Initiative
, 168
Citizenship
, 106
Civic engagement
, 189
Civil rights
, 169
Civility
, 103
Classic liberalism
, 88
Co-determination
, 166
Co-op Cincy (see Cincinnati Union Co-op Initiative)
Co-op Exploratory Committee
, 170
activities
, 172–175
Co-op leaders
, 132
Coercive isomorphic pressures
, 130
Collective effervescence
, 33, 35
generating
, 45–48
Collective emotion
, 35–36
“Collective emotional labor”
, 42
Collective organizations
, 293
Collective ownership
, 117
Collectivist-democratic enterprises
, 4
Collectivist-democratic organizations
, 3–4, 8, 10, 11–16, 19, 33, 35, 56, 84, 114, 230, 240–241, 258, 293–297
adaptation and opposition
, 116–118
between cooperation and coercion
, 130–132
cooperatives
, 114–115
emancipating work in
, 57
food co-op field
, 118–119
nurturing craft ethics
, 66–71
quasi-compromises
, 71–73
remain local
, 128–130
setting norms through support
, 121–128
sociology of worth in workplace
, 58–60
status of
, 20
taming rationalization in
, 63–66
Collectivist-democratic practices
, 7, 10–11
Columinate
, (see CDS)
Combahee River Collective Statement (1977)
, 9
Commitment and Community
, 296
Common Cooperative Financial Statement
, 125
Communal identity
, 88
Communitarian elements of employee ownership
, 92–102
Community newspaper
, 293
Community banks
, 192–194, 205–215
FDIC coding of
, 222n4
Community development financial institution (CDFI)
, 280, 283
Community Service Society (CSS)
, 142
Congruent isomorphism
, 117
Consumer cooperatives
, 272
consumer-owned firms
, 18
Contemporary organizational scholars
, 9
Cooperative banks
, 272
Cooperative Home Care Associates (CHCA)
, 142, 152, 164, 170–172
CHCA–1199SEIU collaboration
, 146, 149–155
helping CHCA–1199SEIU collaboration succeed
, 155–157
home healthcare
, 149
understanding multi-organizational hybridity through CHCA–1199SEIU case
, 157–159
Cooperative(s)
, 84, 114–115, 142, 150, 216, 231
commonwealth approach
, 20
conversion
, 36–37
model
, 298
movement
, 57
organizational form
, 116, 130
ownership model
, 263
processes
, 61
shared missions
, 143–145
Cooperators
, 56, 65, 114
“Cooperators generale”
, 120
Corporate social responsibility approaches
, 258
Corporations and critique of shareholder capitalism
, 85–86
Costs and benefits of ownership
, 265–266
Craft ethics
, 56
nurturing
, 66–71
Creativity
, 69
Credit unions
, 193, 195, 215
Credito Cooperativo (pseudonym)
, 278–279
Cross-sector strategy
, 134
Culture
, 34
of silence
, 245
of solidarity
, 37
Curriculum Library for Employee Ownership
, 23n3
Customer service
, 41
interviewee
, 97
De-intensifying work processes
, 65
Decision-making authority
, 11
“Democracy 2. 0”
, 38, 98, 169
Democracy
, 165
democratic decision-making
, 11, 51n3, 150
democratic deliberation
, 8
democratic-managed organizations
, 240
democratic by design
, 258
democratic governance
, 117, 129–130
democratic logic
, 165
democratic principles
, 298
Demographic compositions of local economies
, 201
Denials of dignity
, 7, 45
Density of connections
, 234
Development Cooperative (DC)
, 127
Developmental liberty
, 103
Direct selling organizations
, 17
Document analysis
, 119
Domestic world
, 67
Dystopian
, 2
Ecology
of alternative enterprise
, 196
of ideology
, 20, 197
“Economia solidária”
, 235, 240
“Economic democracy”
, 169, 175, 258
Economic resilience
, 191–192
as dependent variables
, 199
financial crisis
, 188–189
modelling estimates
, 209–218
organizational infrastructures for resilience
, 192–197
SVO
, 190–191
Economic theories
, 143
“Economies of worth”
, 75n1
Economy
, 175
Ecosystems
, 231
engaging in action
, 248–250
as multiple strategic action fields
, 233–235
organizing for action
, 244–247
providing glue for action
, 241–244
Electrical utilities
, 215–216
Emotional labor
, 34–35, 42
in cooperation
, 40–42
“Emotional turn”
, 32–33
Emotions
, 33
cooperative conversion
, 36–37
organizational rituals and collective emotion
, 35–36
at work
, 34
Employee ownership (EO)
, 85, 89, 96
challenge to capitalism and limits as moral community
, 104
communitarian elements of
, 92
historicity and building common identity
, 93
integration and institutionalization of ethos
, 100–102
as moral community
, 102–104
mutuality, equality, and autonomy
, 95–98
participation in shared project
, 98–100
plurality and inclusion
, 94–95
Employee Ownership Association (EOA)
, 87
“Employee Ownership Day”
, 93
Employee ownership trust (EOT)
, 17, 90
Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs)
, 17, 90, 144, 167
in United States
, 98
Employee(s)
, 103
employee-owned businesses
, 84
employee-owned firms
, 17, 90, 93, 99, 106, 101
Employment rate recovery
, 199
Enthusiasm
, 34
Entrepreneurial ecosystem
, 233–234
Enterprise
, 261
ownership of
, 265
Environmental
degradation
, 2
protection
, 57
Equality
, 95–98
“Equally distributed” resources
, 9
Ethnography
, 39
Excluding borrowers
, 279
Excluding external investors
, 280–281
Exclusion of non-value aligned parties
, 279
“Expert community”
, 89
Facilitating calibration
, 246–247
Failure theories
, 143
Fairness
, 98
Familiarity
, 127
FDIC coding of community banks
, 222n4
Federal Housing Finance Agency
, 202
Feeling rules
, 34
Field-level food co-op cooperation
, 117
Field’s elaboration
, 234
Finance, insurance, and real estate (FIRE)
, 201
Finance Act (2014)
, 90
Financial
ownership
, 152
resilience
, 84
Financial crisis (2008)
, 61, 84, 188–189
Financialized capitalism
, 189
Firm-level EO community
, 98
Folk politics
, 101
Food co-op
, 120–121, 123–124, 128, 135n3, 293
field
, 118–119
meta-organization
, 118
For-profit
enterprises
, 189
managerial enterprises
, 11–16
managerial firms
, 6, 14
Ford Motor Company
, 189
Framing rules
, 34
Free clinic
, 293
Frontline healthcare workers, building union power for
, 168–170
Gemeinschaft
, 13, 88, 101
Gesellschaft
, 12, 13, 88
Goal degeneration
, 57
Grange movement
, 21
Great Recession
, 167, 188, 197, 202
“Green House” models
, 177
“Greenwashing” of corporate social responsibility approaches
, 258
Healthcare, union co-ops future in
, 175–180
Historicity
, 88
Home care work
, 57
“Horizontalist” principles
, 297
Hospital workers
, 168
Housing market conditions
, 202
Humanist Bank (pseudonym)
, 273
Hybrid enterprises
, 258
Hybrid organizational forms
, 145–147, 261–262
Hybridity
, 116, 145
Identity
, 88
In-depth interviews
, 91
Inclusion mechanism
, 94–95, 276, 277, 263
Inclusive stakeholder ownership
, 11
Independence Care System
, 171
Indirect cultural mechanisms
, 215
“Industrial democracy”
, 166
Industrial Workers of the World
, 166
Inequality
, 2
Informal ad hoc organizations
, 18
Institutional logics
, 143, 146, 262
Institutionalization of ethos
, 100–102
Instrumental-rational firms
, 14
Integration
, 89
Interaction rituals
, 36
of workplace democracy
, 42–45
Interconnectedness
, 230
of multilevel actors
, 234
Interdependence
, 88
Interlocking supply chains
, 20
International Association of Machinists
, 168
International Cooperative Alliance (ICA)
, 87, 114, 119
Intra-organizational structures
, 146
Investor ownership
, 283
Investor-owned firms
, 14, 193
Iron cage of rationalization
, 116
“Iron law of oligarchy”
, 179, 258
Isomorphic pressures
, 118, 130
types and sources of
, 131
Isomorphism
, 114, 117, 131
congruent and non-congruent sources of
, 118
Job crafting
, 151
Kürwille
, 102
Labor
labor-intensive demands
, 9
labor-management committee
, 172
labor-management partnership
, 169
unions
, 21, 175
Labor Management Project
, 180n6
Labor Party
, 90
Ladder of mission-sustaining ownership models
, 281–283
Law collectives
, 293
Legal and accountability mechanisms
, 263
“Liability of newness”
, 167
Liberal capitalism
, 88
Liberal market economies
, 19
“Liberal myopia”
, 88
Local purchasing
, 128
Localism
, 128, 189
Logics
, 146
of community
, 189
Long-term care
, 170, 179
spectrum
, 176
unionized worker co-op model in
, 170–172
workforce
, 168
Management
, 4
Manager-run firms
, 14
Market
economy
, 57
market-buffering strategies
, 135
market-oriented enterprises
, 265
Matrix
, 145
“Matrix guardian”
, 146
Medicaid funding
, 169
“Medical professionalism”
, 147
Medicare
, 169
Member ownership
, 271–272, 282
structures
, 263–264
Membership accountability pressures
, 132
Merchandising
, 124
Meta-organizations
, 115–132
“Microschools”
, 13
Mimetic pressures
, 130
Mission drift
, 260–266, 284
Mission-sustaining mechanisms
alternative ownership enables
, 276–278
exclusion mechanism
, 260
traditionally owned banks struggle to deploy
, 278–279
Mission-sustaining ownership models
, 260
ladder of
, 281–283
Moral community
, 85
collectivist-democratic ideal-type organization
, 84
communitarian elements of employee ownership
, 92–102
employee ownership in UK
, 89
EO community as
, 102–104
EO’s challenge to capitalism and limits as moral community
, 104–106
evaluating alternative organizations
, 86–89
Moral emotions
, 35
Multi-organizational hybridity
, 21, 145
challenges of
, 149–155
CHCA–1199SEIU case
, 142–143
helping CHCA–1199SEIU collaboration succeed
, 155–157
hybrid organizational forms
, 145–146
hybrid organizational logics
, 146–147
organizational identity
, 147–149
understanding multi-organizational hybridity through CHCA–1199SEIU case
, 157–159
unions
, 141–142
unions and cooperatives’ shared missions
, 143–145
“Multi-stakeholder cooperative”
, 127
Multilevel marketing firms
, 17
Multiple logics
, 147
Mutual banks
, 272
Mutual organizations
, 18
Mutual ownership model
, 263
Mutual societies
, 18
Mutualism
, 150, 190
Mutuality
, 88, 95–98
National Center for Employee Ownership (NCEO)
, 177
National Co+op Grocers (NCG)
, 115, 119–120, 130
National Cooperative Business Association
, 119
National Labor Relations Act (1935)
, 166
National Solidarity Economy Secretariat (SENAES)
, 236
Neighboring Food Co-op Association
, 129
Neo-institutional theory
, 117
Neoliberal capitalism
, 6, 105
“Neoliberal” governing logic
, 166
Non-congruent isomorphism
, 117
Non-SVO organizations
, 188, 192, 194–196, 202
Nonprofit organizations
, 16, 145, 173
Normative pressures
, 130
Open-source software projects
, 8
“Orders of worth”
, 58
Organic food
, 118
Organization(al)
, 35, (see also Collectivist-democratic organizations)
actors
, 18
citizenship behaviors
, 35
degeneration, 57 density
, 201
ecosystems
, 230, 233
fields
, 3
forms
, 11
hybridity
, 143
identity
, 143, 147–149
imaginaries
, 7
infrastructure
, 4, 20, 192–197
inspire “What If” and “If Only” possibilities
, 6–7
logics
, 165
organization-generating organizations
, 21
performance mediates adaptation
, 130
practices
, 2, 5, 36
rituals and collective emotion
, 35–36
shape organizing possibilities
, 18–21
studies
, 8–11
systems
, 199–200
types of organizing
, 11–18
Ownership
, 4, 11, 285, (see also Employee ownership (EO))
of enterprise
, 265
models
, 259
Participation
, 89
in shared project
, 98–100
Participatory
budgeting
, 8
democracy
, 87
democratic organizations
, 293–300
democratic social movement organizations
, 14
Pennsylvania Railroad Company
, 189
Performance rituals
, 36
Personal autonomy
, 89
Piety
, 103
Pluralism
, 58
Policy governance
, 129
Political economy research
, 259
Population density
, 201
Post-capitalist economic models
, 258
Prefigurative organizations
, 114
“Price perception”
, 124
Producer cooperatives
, 18
Product selection
, 124
Providing glue for action
, 241–244
Provisional settlement
, 60
Public agencies
, 16
Qualitative research methods
, 39–40
Quality-of-jobs crisis
, 299
Quasi-coercive pressures
, 116, 130–131
Quasi-compromises
, 71–73
Quebec’s social economy
, 178–179
Racism
, 2
Rational bureaucracy
, 6
Rationalization
, 4
Reciprocity
, 88
Recovery
, 199
Research universities
, 190, 192–193
Resilience
, 191
organizational infrastructures for
, 192–197
Resilient economies
, 191
Resistance
, 199
Resource-poor co-ops
, 116
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
, 3
Scaling
, 117, 123
1199SEIU
, 164–165, 169
model of labor-management partnership
, 169
Science-fiction stories
, 2
Scopix (pseudonym)
, 56, 61, 72, 75n1
“Second wave” food co-ops
, 115
Secretariat of Solidarity Economy
, 235–236
Sectorized model of cooperative
, 115
SEIU
, 142, 178
Self-directed care
, 177
Service
providers
, 119
work
, 41
“Shared capitalism”
, 37
Shareholder
capitalism
, 84
corporation and critique of
, 85–86
profit
, 84
Shareholder value-oriented corporations (SVO corporations)
, 188, 190
Skilled workers
, 63
“Social and Solidarity Economy”
, 254n1
Social banking network
, 266–269
Social capital
, 195
Social constructionist approach
, 34
Social democracy
, 93
“Social ecologies”
, 197
“Social economy”
, 178–179
Social enterprise
, 84, 145, 258, (see also Alternative enterprises)
and entrepreneurship
, 254n1
hybridity
, 142
Social imprinting
, 262
Social infrastructure
, 21
Social missions
, 84
Social movements
, 3, 21, 143, 230, 297
alternative organizational forms and
, 231–233
Sociality trumps efficiency
, 116
Socialization
, 263, 276–278
enabling
, 244–246
Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics (SASE)
, 24, 294
Socio-material dynamics
, 194
Sociology
of conventions
, 75n1
of critique
, 75n1
Sociology of worth (SoW)
, 56, 63
in workplace
, 58–60
Solidarity
co-op
, 127
cooperatives
, 178
economies
, 8
enterprises
, 231
Solidarity economy
, (see “Economia solidária”)
Solidarity Economy Council
, 243
Solidarity economy enterprises (SEEs)
, 231, 235
expanding and institutionalizing
, 249
Solidification of field through creation of cultural boundaries
, 238–240
Special shareholder
models
, 272–273
ownership
, 272–273, 282–283
special shareholder-owned firms
, 17
Stakeholder
, 165
capitalism
, 166
logic
, 165
model
, 166
theory
, 87
State-owned enterprises
, 16
“Status shields”
, 34
Stigmatization of deviant behavior
, 69
Strategic action fields (SAF)
, 231, 233–234
Structural equation modeling (SEM)
, 198, 209
Substantive value-rationality
, 258
Susus
, 174
Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
, 166
Taming rationalization
, 63–66
Taxi workers
, 168
Taylorist–Fordist rationalization
, 64
Technical assistance
, 119
Three-sector economy
, 143
Top-down approach
, 173
“Two hat” problem
, 151
U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
, 202
U. S. Census and American Community Survey
, 202
U. S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
, 200
Uncertainty
, 58
Unemployment rate spike
, 199, 201
Union co-op strategy
, 163, 175
1199SEIU
, 164–165
approaches to building worker voice
, 165–168
building union power for frontline healthcare workers
, 168–170
Co-op Exploratory Committee’s activities
, 172–175
future in healthcare and beyond
, 175–180
unionized worker co-op model in long-term care
, 170–172
Unionism
, 179
Unions
, 141, 150, 165–166, 176
and cooperatives’ shared missions
, 143–145
United Food and Commercial Workers
, 168
United Natural Foods, Inc. (UNFI)
, 118
United Steelworkers (USW)
, 144, 167
USW–Mondragon union co-op model
, 157
Universities
, 188, 193
ecologies of
, 196
research
, 190, 192–193
Unrestricted investor ownership
, 273–274
User-experience (UX)
, 96
Utilitarian
, 14
“Value-based purchasing”
, 169
Value(s)
, 4, 11
imprinting
, 262, 274–276, 285
value-rationality
, 11
“Virtual chain” of co-ops
, 119, 121
Virtual ownership
, 282–283
Virtual shareholder ownership
, 272–273
Weberian bureaucracy
, 13, 16
Welding
, 62
Welsh Co-operative and Mutuals Commission (WCMC)
, 89
Wesenwille
, 88, 102
Work
degeneration
, 56–57
integration social enterprise
, 145
practices
, 58
Worker
co-ops
, 167, 175
cooperatives
, 13, 14, 17, 32, 35, 56, 58, 165, 167
ownership
, 167
worker-recuperated cooperatives
, 7
Worker Council
, 151
Worker voice
approaches to building
, 165–168
logics for advancing
, 165
Worker-recuperated businesses
, 32
in Argentina
, 36–37
Workplace
BAUEN Cooperative
, 32–33, 37–40
democracy
, 165
emotional labor in cooperation
, 40–42
emotions at work
, 34–37
generating collective effervescence
, 45–48
interaction rituals of
, 42–45
SoW in
, 58–60
World Social Forum
, 297
Xenophobia
, 2
Zappos
, 10
Zipcar
, 279–280
- Prelims
- “What If” and “If Only” Futures beyond Conventional Capitalism and Bureaucracy: Imagining Collectivist and Democratic Possibilities for Organizing
- Part I: Working: Enacting Collectivist-Democratic Practices Through Everyday Interactions
- The Emotional Dynamics of Workplace Democracy: Emotional Labor, Collective Effervescence, and Commitment at Work
- Resisting Work Degeneration in Collectivist-Democratic Organizations: Craft Ethics in a French Cooperative Sheet-metal Factory
- Part II: Networking: Connecting Communities through Collectivist-Democratic Practices
- Moral Community as a Yardstick for Alternative Organizations: Evaluating Employee Ownership and its Place within the Socioeconomic Order
- The Iron Cage Has a Mezzanine: Collectivist-Democratic Organizations and the Selection of Isomorphic Pressures via Meta-Organization
- A Matrix Form of Multi-Organizational Hybridity in a Cooperative-Union Venture
- Economic Democracy, Embodied: A Union Co-op Strategy for the Long-term Care Sector
- Part III: Reworking: Challenging and Transforming Capitalist Economies through Collectivist-Democratic Practices
- Organizational Infrastructures for Economic Resilience: Alternatives to Shareholder Value-oriented Corporations and Unemployment Trajectories in the US during the Great Recession
- It Takes More Than a Village: The Creation and Expansion of Alternative Organizational Forms in Brazil
- Ownership and Mission Drift in Alternative Enterprises: The Case of a Social Banking Network
- Participatory Democratic Organizations Everywhere: A Harbinger of Social Change?
- Index