Abad, M.

, 8, 10

Abrams, L. S.

, 91, 98

Abstract liberalism

, 92, 140–141

Acker, J.

, 155

Affirmative action policies

, 19

de-institutionalization of

, 20

Alston, R. S.

, 155

AMA. See American Missionary Association (AMA)

American criminal justice system

, 91

American Medical Association

, 29

American Missionary Association (AMA)

, 5, 6, 33, 42

American political system

, 172

American racial state

, 173–174

Anderson, Lawrence

, 53–55

Appalachia

, 10, 42

Ayers, Edward L.

, 54

Baker, Charlie

, 75, 76

Bastado, Michael

, 26

Bell, Derrick

, 106, 134, 136

Bell, J. M.

, 146

Bell, John C.

, 64

Berrey, E.

, 145

Binder, A.

, 36

Black congressional community

, 186

Black Connecticut residents

, 101

Black lawmakers

, 183

Black people

in Connecticut

, 95–96

in United States

, 95

Black Power

, 136

Black service workers

, 180, 186, 188

Black unemployment rate

, 95

Bobo, L.

, 97

Bologna Process

, 34

Bonilla-Silva, E.

, 9, 91–92, 94, 95, 97, 136, 139, 141, 144–146, 156

Boston Teachers Union (BTU)

, 75

Bourdieu field theory

, 17

Bracey, G. E.

, 174, 175

Branch E. H.

, 184

Breckinridge, John C.

, 64

Brooks, Lamar

, 161

Brown, Kate

, 180

Brown, Shantel

, 164

BTU. See Boston Teachers Union (BTU)

Bureaucracies, racialization of

, 160–161

Bureaucratic process

, 155–157

Bureaucratic retaliation

, 162–164

Bureaucratic rules

, 161–162

Burke, M. A.

, 132

CAA. See Congressional Accountability Act (CAA)

Cannon, John

, 162

Cap lift 2016

, 74–75

Carbado, D. W.

, 142

Carceral citizenship

, 104

Carpenter, Daniel

, 53

Chapel, Emmanuel

, 65

Charter schools

, 69–70

expansion in Massachusetts

, 73–83

public funds for

, 73

Civil Rights

, 28, 146

legislation

, 28

movement

, 9, 21, 28–29, 132, 136, 177

Civil Rights Act

, 165, 183

Civil Rights Commission

, 162

Civil War

, 28, 51

southern legacy of

, 64

United States

, 32, 50

Clay, Henry

, 59

Coalitions

, 71, 72, 74, 76

interracial

, 77, 79–83

“Save Our Public Schools”

, 79–83

Cofield, Juan

, 74, 80

Coleman, Dan

, 51

College-educated Latinx

, 116

Collins, S. M.

, 111, 117, 134, 143

Colorblind

discourses

, 153

organizations

, 138

policies

, 140, 144

in organizations

, 140

practices

, 136

Colorblind ideology

, 92

rise of

, 135–139

Colorblindness

, 100, 105

invocation of

, 144

racial

, 89–107

reinforcing

, 101

Colorblind racism

, 65, 92, 126, 131, 132, 139, 140, 144, 146

Congress

, 172

as racialized political institution

, 173

as white institutional workspace

, 175–177

Congressional Accountability Act (CAA)

, 185

Congressional offices

, 184–185

Congressional staff

, 175, 187, 188

Congressional workplace

race-neutral analyses of

, 176

racialized origins of

, 177–179

theorization of a racialized

, 172

Connecticut

all Black ex-prisoners in

, 102

Black people in

, 95–96

criminal justice system

, 101

Contemporary field theory

, 18

Core organizing principle, race as

, 3–4

Couloute, L.

, 7, 8, 11

Crabb, George W.

, 59

Crenshaw, K. W.

, 137

Criminal justice system, Connecticut

, 101

Cruz, Selena

, 163

Cultural racism

, 142–143

Dawson, William

, 181

De-institutionalization, of affirmative action policies

, 20

DeLauro, Rosa

, 103

De Leon, C.

, 5, 6

Democratic Gazette (Tuscaloosa)

, 58

Department of Human Services agencies (DHS)

, 119, 120

de Priest, Oscar

, 181

Desmond, Matt

, 28, 43

DHS. See Department of Human Services agencies (DHS)

Diamond, J. B.

, 139, 141

DiMaggio, P.

, 37

Discourses

colorblind

, 153

on reentry

, 102–103

Discrimination

, 153–158, 165

labor market

, 100

in New Deal era

, 180–182

patterning of

, 158–160

racial

, 98, 153

Doane, A. W.

, 92

Dobbin, Frank

, 33

Dominant ideology

, 90

Drezner, N. D.

, 36

Education

public

, 75

quality

, 78, 85

See also Higher education

EEOC. See Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

Emirbayer, Mustafa

, 28, 43

Environmental professionals

, 143

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

, 159, 185, 186

Espeland, W.

, 38

Ethnically responsible trajectory

, 117–121

Ethnically tethered trajectory

, 121–125

Evolving Organizations (Aldrich)

, 15

Fielding higher education

, 32–35

Field theory

, 16–17

contemporary

, 18

Fligstein, N.

, 17

Flores, Hector

, 162

Ford, Lacy K.

, 50

Fourcade, M.

, 28, 39

Framing

colorblindness in organizations

, 139–140

message

, 71

racial

, 70, 71, 74, 77, 79, 84

“Free Soil Democrats”

, 60

Frost, William G.

, 41, 42

Gender

, 152

Gender inequality

, 152

Genovese, Eugene

, 52

Gingrich, Newt

, 185

Glynn, M. A.

, 39

Gomez, Jose

, 162

Great Depression era

, 90

Gulati, M.

, 142

Hallett, T.

, 39, 43, 174–175

Hall, S.

, 135–137

The Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism

, 15

The Handbook of Organizations (March)

, 15

Harassment

, 162–164

Harris, Darryl

, 161

Hartmann, D.

, 146

Hawkesworth, M.

, 185

HBCUs

, 21, 35, 38

HEOs. See Higher education organizations (HEOs)

Hierarchies

, 16–18, 21

Higher education

, 20, 26–27, 37, 38

field development in United States

, 32–35

United States

, 26, 28

Higher education organizations (HEOs)

, 28, 33, 35–38, 40–44

Hilliard, Henry

, 62

Hill, Michael

, 50

Hines, Robert

, 51

Hirsh, E.

, 29–30

Hoffman, A. J.

, 92

Huehls, F.

, 36

Hughey, M. W.

, 132

Ideal workers

, 160–161

Identity, racial

, 29–30

Ideological consistency

, 84

Immigrant Service Center (ISC)

, 125

Immigrant-service provider

, 118

Immigration

, 113, 125

policy

, 127

Immigration-service roles

, 128

Individualism

, 103, 105

Inequality

, 165

causes of

, 138

gender

, 152

racial

, 8, 11, 131–132, 138–140, 142, 145

in workplace organizations

, 153–158

Inhabited institutionalism

, 31, 38, 43, 44

Innovators, organizational

, 133

Institutional entrepreneurs

, 30

Institutionalism

inhabited

, 31, 38, 43, 44

organizational

, 4

Institutionalist

, 17

Institutionalizing discrimination, in New Deal era

, 180–182

Institutional legacies

, 65

Institutional theory

, 15–17

Institutional workspace, congress as white

, 175–177

Institutions

, 51, 52, 54

political

, 64

racial

, 173–175

racialized

, 171–172

supremacist

, 65

Institutions and Organizations (Scott)

, 15

Interracial advertising

, 77–79

Interracial coalition

, 77, 79–83

Interracialism

, 72

Interracial labor movements

, 72

ISC. See Immigrant Service Center (ISC)

Jackson, Andrew

, 57

Jemison, Robert, Jr.

, 59–61

Jim, Crow

, 29, 40, 180

Jones, John W.

, 57

Jones, Trevor

, 161

Jordan, Michael

, 97

Karabel, Jerome

, 40

Katz, Michael

, 34

Katz, Phil

, 82

Kennedy administration

, 19

Khurana, R.

, 28, 39

Kimura, K.

, 28, 39

King, D. S.

, 178

Klueger, J. R.

, 97

“Know Nothing” Party

, 57, 63

Kornrich, S.

, 29–30

Krislov, S.

, 176

k-12 schools

, 35

Labor market discrimination

, 100

Laissez Faire Racism

, 97

Latino pan-ethnicity

, 18

Latinx immigrants

, 8

Laub, J. H.

, 90

Lawmakers

, 184

Black

, 183

Lea, C. H.

, 91

Legacies, institutional

, 65

Legislative staff organizations (LSOs)

, 185

Legitimation

, 155–157, 164

Lewis, Amanda

, 85, 112, 139, 141

Lewis, Morris

, 181

Liability, risk and

, 2

Liberalism, abstract

, 140–141

Liberation, US-based Black

, 71

Lifschitz, A.

, 36

Light, R.

, 31

Logics, race as

, 6–8

Lounsbury, M.

, 6, 39

LSOs. See Legislative staff organizations (LSOs)

Malbin, M. J.

, 177

Malloy, Dannel P.

, 101, 102

Mandated meritocracy

, 103–104

Manno, Michelle

, 85

Martin, P. Y.

, 155

Massachusetts

, 78

Massachusetts, charter schools expansion in

, 73–83

Massachusetts Teachers Association (MTA)

, 73, 75, 77

Massey, D. S.

, 44

Mass incarceration

, 89–90

McAdam, D.

, 17, 29

Meadwell, Hudson

, 53–55

Mejia, Julia

, 78, 79

Meritocracy, mandated

, 103–104

Mexican-American War of 1846–1848

, 52

Meyer, John

, 40, 41

Mijs, J. J. B.

, 91

Miller, R. J.

, 91, 104, 172

Minimization of racism

, 92

Minority-serving institutions (MSIs)

, 38

Miscegenation laws

, 137

Modern organization

familial origins of

, 132–135

theory

, 17

Moore, B.

, 52

Moore, W. L.

, 174

Morrill Act (1862)

, 32–34

Morris, Aldon

, 3, 71

MSIs. See Minority-serving institutions (MSIs)

MTA. See Massachusetts Teachers Association (MTA)

Multiracial

, 84

NAACP

, 80–81, 107

National Labor Relations Act

, 183

National Medical Association

, 29

Naturalization

, 145–146

Naturalization and cultural racism

, 92

NEAC-NAACP

, 80, 81

Nelson, A.

, 3

New Deal era, discrimination in

, 180–182

The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (DiMaggio and Powell)

, 15

Obama, Barack

, 92, 93

Ocasio, W.

, 6

Occupational Safety and Health Act

, 183

Occupational trajectories typology

, 116

Offe, Claus

, 26

Omi, M.

, 139, 173, 174, 186

Organization

colorblind policies in

, 140

framing colorblindness in

, 139–140

race and

, 2, 10, 11

racial character of

, 160

racialization of

, 29

social movement

, 70, 84

Organizational emergence

, 34

Organizational field

, 37

level

, 37

Organizational forms, diversity of

, 115

Organizational innovators

, 133

Organizational institutionalism

, 4

Organizational policies

, 139

Organizational theory

, 3–5, 17, 132, 139

modern

, 17

Origins of the Civil Rights Movement (Morris)

, 71

Pace, Lawrence

, 162

Pan-ethnicity

, 18

Latino

, 18

Pardons

, 104

Patronage in reconstruction era and segregation

, 179–180

Penner, A.

, 31

Petersilia, J.

, 90

Phelps, M. S.

, 93

Policing of status boundaries

, 162–164

Political institutions

, 64

Political parties

, 51, 52, 61, 65

Political system, America

, 172

Polk, James K.

, 52, 57

Polling and results

, 83–84

Post-Civil Rights

, 137

Post-Civil Rights era

, 152

outlier in

, 183–186

Powell, W.

, 37

Predominant scholarship

, 27

Predominately white institutions (PWIs)

, 38

Proviso, Wilmot

, 60, 61

Public education

, 35, 75

Public funds, for charter schools

, 73

Public schools

, 79–83

Public tertiary education, defunding of

, 34

PWIs. See Predominately white institutions (PWIs)

Quasi-feudal system

, 26

Race

categories of

, 21

Connecticut incarceration rates by (2016)

, 93

as core organizing principle

, 3–4

definition of

, 28

as fundamental element

, 4–10

as logics

, 6–8

omission of

, 175, 176

and organization

, 2, 10, 11

as process

, 8–10

scholars

, 85

segregation by

, 43

social conceptions of

, 11

sociological conceptualizations of

, 31

in sociology

, 1

sociology of

, 173

as strategy

, 4–6

sustained discussion on

, 10–11

theorists

, 138–139

Race/ethnicity

, 115, 153–158

Race-neutral analyses

, 176

of congressional workplace

, 176

Race-neutral approach

, 176

Race, Organizations and the Organizing Process

, 3

Racial activation

, 40

Racial activation theory

, 5, 28–31

proposition of

, 36, 38–40

Racial colorblindness

, 89–107

Racial discrimination

, 98, 153

Racial disparities

, 101

Racial formation

, 173

theory

, 174

Racial framing

, 70, 71, 74, 77, 79, 84

Racial identity

, 29–30

Racial ideology

, 90, 104

Racial inequality

, 8, 11, 100, 131, 132, 138–140, 142, 145

Racial institutions

, 173–175

Racialization

, 31

of bureaucracies

, 160–161

of organizations

, 29

of US higher education organizations

, 35–43

Racialized institution

, 171–172, 187

Racialized policing

, 161–162

Racialized political institution, congress as

, 173

Racializing organizations

, 40–43

Racial kinship

, 135

Racial leveraging and organizational needs

, 38–40

Racial meanings

, 30, 31

shaping organizational fields through

, 36–38

Racial process

, 187

Racial resources

, 74, 77

Racial segregation

, 37

in United States

, 31

Racial state

, 173–174

Racial transformation process

, 182

Racism

, 94

“changing same”

, 135–139

colorblind

, 65, 92, 126, 131, 132, 139, 140, 144, 146

cultural

, 142–143

minimization of

, 96, 143–145

omission of

, 175, 176

sociology of

, 173

Racism without Racists (Bonilla-Silva)

, 91, 131

Racist language

, 163

Rae, Danielle

, 160

RCC. See Returning Citizens Coalition (RCC)

Reactive sequences

, 51, 56, 64

Recidivism scholarship

, 7

Reconstruction era, patronage in

, 179–180

Reentry

discourses on

, 102–103

positioning

, 103

Reinforcing colorblindness

, 101

Reparation and Reconciliation: The Rise and Fall of Integrated Higher Education (Smith)

, 18

Resource dependency theory

, 27

Resource mobilization theory

, 71

Retaliation

, 153, 160, 163, 164

Returning Citizens Coalition (RCC)

, 94, 98

Rhetorical moves

, 105

Rios, V. M.

, 99

Risk and liability

, 2

Rivera, L. A.

, 142

Roberts, Shauna

, 163

Rodrigues, Michael

, 76

Rojas, F.

, 3–5, 16

Roof, Dylann

, 64, 65

Roscigno, V. J.

, 156

Rubin, A.

, 93

Saito, L.

, 139

Saperstein, A.

, 31

Sauder, M.

, 36, 38

“Save Our Public Schools” coalition

, 79–83

Scholarship

predominant

, 27

recidivism

, 7

sociological

, 164

wealth of

, 27

Scott, Dred

, 179

Scott, R. W.

, 37

Seamster, L.

, 139

‘Second Chance Society’

, 102

Segregation, by race

, 43

Senate balance rule

, 54

Skrentny, J. D.

, 117

Slave Era, congressional workplace in

, 177–179

Smith, C. M.

, 5, 6, 11

Reparation and Reconciliation: The Rise and Fall of Integrated Higher Education

, 18

Smith, Latoya

, 163

Smith, R. A.

, 97

Smith, William R.

, 59, 62–64

Social actors, interactions of

, 172

Social change

, 19, 20

Socially responsible trajectory

, 125–128

Social movement

, 71–72

organizations

, 70, 84

Social network analyst

, 17

Social psychologists

, 144–145

Sociological scholarship

, 164

Sociologist

, 8, 11, 16

Sociology

, 132

of race and racism

, 173

race in

, 1

“Southern Rights” Democrats

, 6, 61

Stainback, K.

, 143, 180, 183, 186

Stamatov, Peter

, 27

Stevens, M.

, 36

Stinchcombe, A. L.

, 133

Stuart, F.

, 104

Suburbs

, 112, 114, 115, 117–119

Supremacist institutions

, 65

Taylor, Dorceta

, 143

Texas Whigs

, 56, 59

Thornton, J. Mills

, 50

Thornton, P. H.

, 6

Tomaskovic-Devey, D.

, 143, 180, 183, 186

Travis, J.

, 90

Trump, Donald

, 65

Tuscaloosa County, Alabama

, 55–56

United States

Black liberation

, 71

Black people in

, 95

Civil War

, 32, 50

Congress

, 171

higher education

, 26, 28

field development

, 32–35

organizations, racialization

, 35–43

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

, 113

Mexican War

, 60

racial segregation in

, 31

Secession Crisis

, 6

alternative explanations

, 53–55

Van Buren, Martin

, 56–58, 60

Varon, Elizabeth

, 54

Ventresca, M. J.

, 39, 174–175

Walters, K.

, 6

Washington, Ebony

, 164

Washington, George

, 61

Watson, Harry L.

, 50

Weingast, Barry

, 53

Whig Party

, 57

White-dominated workplace

, 187

White institutional workspace, congress as

, 175–177

White supremacies, unfolding struggle of

, 56–64

Wiesenthal, Helmut

, 26

Williams, C. L.

, 155

Wilmot, David

, 60

Wimmer, Andreas

, 30

Winant, H.

, 139, 173, 174, 186

Winfrey, Oprah

, 97

Wingfield, A. H.

, 155

Wood, K.

, 36

Wooten, M. E.

, 38, 39, 92, 184

Workplace

organizations, inequality

, 153–158

racial discrimination

, 153

white-dominated

, 187

Workspace, congress as white institutional

, 175–177

Yancey, William L.

, 55, 58