Index

Toward Permeable Boundaries of Organizations?

ISBN: 978-1-78743-829-3, eISBN: 978-1-78743-828-6

ISSN: 0733-558X

Publication date: 17 October 2018

This content is currently only available as a PDF

Citation

(2018), "Index", Toward Permeable Boundaries of Organizations? (Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 57), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 361-374. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20180000057014

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited


INDEX

Access to information
, 155

Accounting

boundary-making
, 34

closure
, 37

critical
, 41–43, 50

and economization
, 43–47

entity assumption
, 34–37

financial
, 32–34, 42–49

group
, 38–41

Accrual accounting
, 45

Activation policies, sociological interpretation of
, 169–191

interorganizational collaboration and cognitive opening
, 181–186

open systems’ perspective
, 172–175, 179–181

organizationally structured provision of services
, 186–189

procedural, relational, and personnel structuring of organizational decisions
, 177–179

systems-theoretical perspective
, 175–177

Actorhood
, 47–48

rational
, 62

Actor network theory
, 59

Adaptation
, 105n3

Ad networks
, 315–316

Affectual action
, 89

African Research Universities Alliance
, 275

Aheim Airport
, 294, 295, 297–299

Airbnb
, 116–118, 121, 122, 128, 310

“Airbnb Citizen” campaign
, 126–127, 129

Airports

networks
, 291–298

space effect on boundaries within
, 284–285

Allodoxia
, 341, 342, 348, 349

Android
, 117

Anonymous
, 140, 144

ANT project
, 157

AOL
, 320

TACODA
, 315

Apache Group
, 152–156

intentionally designed organizational elements
, 153–154, 155–156

unintended adjustments
, 154–156

Apache incubator
, 157, 158

Apache OSS community
, 141–142, 147–152

communication networks
, 149

Apache Software Foundation (ASF)
, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158–160

Apache World

intentionally designed organizational elements
, 156–157, 158

unintended adjustments
, 157–158

App users
, 204–207, 218

Arab League
, 272

Arsenal London
, 19

Asian Association of Agricultural Colleges and Universities
, 268

Asian Universities Alliance
, 275

Assets
, 42

Association for European Life Science Universities
, 273

Association of African Universities
, 271

Association of American Colleges and Universities
, 269

Association of American Universities
, 274

Association of Arab Universities
, 271, 272

Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities
, 271

Association of East Asian Research Universities
, 275

Association of European Universities
, 271

Association of Indian Universities
, 280n6

Association of Pacific Rim Universities
, 275

Association of Public and Land-grant Universities
, 271

Association of Swedish Higher Education
, 280n6

Association of the Universities of the Latin America and the Caribbean
, 271

Attention economy
, 308

Aurora
, 275

Austrian Rectors’ Conference
, 280n6

Authenticity, ontological assumptions of
, 61

Authentic self-disclosure
, 17

Authentic transparency
, 69, 74

Authority negotiations
, 232, 253–254

Epsilon
, 247–249

Pirate Party of Germany
, 242–243

Autocatalysis, from complex endogenous relationships
, 165

Autopoiesis
, 4, 8, 175, 339

Baden-Württemberg
, 289

Balanced Scorecard
, 94

Balance sheets
, 50

Benefit payment
, 189

Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)
, 166n5

open license
, 153

Bestadt Airport
, 297–299

Big data
, 309, 321

Biological genesis
, 166n4

Bismarck, Otto von
, 76n2

Boundary(ies)

competence
, 159

of control
, 38–41

discourse
, 202

efficiency
, 143, 159

extra-organizational, affected by meta-organizations
, 259–279

formation
, 141, 144, 159–162

fuzzy
, 164

identity
, 143, 144, 159

operative
, 57

organizational field and institutional isomorphism
, 335–337

within organizational networks, space effect on
, 283–301

of organizations
, 3–24, 139–166, 169–191

porosity
, 141, 143, 162, 323

of power
, 143, 145, 159

trajectories of
, 161–163, 164–165

of visibility in transparency
, 55–76

work
, 174

Boundaryless organizations
, 15, 140, 144, 164

Boundary-maintaining systems
, 7, 57, 62, 75

Bounded rationality
, 5, 67

Bourdieu, P.

theory of social fields
, 332–334, 335–343, 346–348, 352–355

model of differentiated societal fields
, 337

Buffering
, 155

Bureaucratic authority
, 94

Capitalism, crowd-based
, 116, 117

Cash flow statements
, 50

Central American University Council
, 271

Centralization
, 91–92

Centralized resource allocation model
, 44

C-Form
, 118

CfP
, 306, 313

Charismatic leadership
, 94

Chatham House Rule
, 247

Chinese C9 League
, 274, 275

Cisco
, 156

Code modules, keeping
, 153

Coding
, 202

Coercive isomorphism
, 336

Cognitive openness
, 175–177, 181–186

Coimbra Group
, 274, 275

Collaboration, as organization design
, 21

affectual action
, 89

challenges to scaling-up value-rationality
, 90–92

ethic of contribution, institutionalization of
, 93–95

future research
, 102–104

instrumentally rational action
, 88

interactive process management
, 95–96

moderators and boundary conditions
, 100–102

participative centralization
, 96–98

shared value, impediments of
, 85–87

traditionalistic action
, 89

value-rationality
, 89–90

Collaborative consumption
, 116, 121

Collaborative organization design
, 84

Collective identity, positioning of
, 154

College for Sciences of the Society
, 345, 346, 348

Collegiality
, 92–100

Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals of the Universities of the United Kingdom see Universities UK

Communication
, 17

channels
, 177–178, 188

distancing
, 206

robotic
, 206–207

Community
, 288

brokers
, 158

gatekeepers
, 157

hybrid
, 21, 118–123

management, professionalization of
, 156

online
, 113–132

Community-managed production
, 145

Community of Mediterranean Universities
, 266

Companies Act 2006

Section
, 172, 36

Competition as ideological imperative, rise of
, 274–276

Complete organizations
, 144

Confederation of European Union Rectors’ Conferences
, 271

Consent desensitization
, 320

Consistency
, 230–231, 250–252

Epsilon
, 244–246

Pirate Party of Germany
, 238–240

Consortium of Universities for Global Health
, 273, 277

Control, boundaries of
, 38–41

Corporate identity
, 234

Corporate partners’ resources, accessing
, 156

Corporate social responsibility
, 43

Critical accounting
, 41–43, 50

Cross-border interaction, intensification of
, 271–274

Crowd-based capitalism
, 116, 117

Crowdfunding
, 120

Customer service representatives (CSRs)
, 206

Data analysis
, 202

Data-based business (DBB) models
, 305–325

data governance, as organizational field
, 310–321

organizational boundaries
, 308–310

Data-based discrimination

democracy and
, 313–314

power and
, 313–314

Data collection
, 201–202

Data governance, as organizational field
, 310–321

data ownership
, 311–312

data privacy
, 312–313

data-based discrimination
, 313–314

institutional history
, 316–321

key actors
, 314–316

Data ownership
, 311–312

Data privacy
, 312–313

Debian OSS community
, 165, 166n7

Decided and undecided orders, interactions between
, 159–161

Decision machines
, 63

Decision premises
, 63–64

Decision programs
, 177, 178, 184–185

Deliveroo
, 196

Democracy, and data-based discrimination
, 313–314

Digital data
, 309

Digital direct action
, 320

Digital economy
, 115–117

Disclosure devices
, 59

Disruptive innovations
, 221

Diversification of interests
, 157

Driver-bots
, 196, 207–210, 218

Driver-partners
, 196, 208, 210–213, 218

Driver responses to organizational boundaries
, 202

Dynamic fields and markets
, 14–17

new institutionalism
, 15–17

systems theory
, 15

EAS7
, 274

eBay
, 316

Economization, accounting and
, 43–47

Effacement
, 203

Emergent institutional fields
, 321–322

Emilia Romagna
, 289

Enron
, 40

Entity(ies)

assumption
, 34

proprietary
, 35, 36–37

pure
, 35, 36

rule-abiding
, 66

social
, 35–37, 41, 44

Entrepreneurialization
, 203

Environmental degradation
, 50

Epsilon
, 22

authority negotiations
, 247–249

consistency
, 244–246

surveillance
, 246–247

transparency
, 235–237

Equity method
, 38

Equity ownership
, 38, 39

Ethic of contribution, institutionalization of
, 93–95

Europaeum
, 275

European Association of Co-operative Banks (EACB)
, 262

European Collaborative Economy Industry
, 129

European Commission

General Data Protection Regulation
, 319

1998 Data Protection Directive
, 319

European Confederation of Upper Rhine Universities
, 272

European Union (EU)
, 18, 129, 272, 319

European University Association
, 266, 271, 272

Exponential growth
, 157

Extant theory of platform organizing
, 115

External legitimacy
, 102

Extrusion
, 203

Facebook
, 308, 310, 319

Face-to-face interactions
, 62, 120, 121

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
, 318–319

Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World
, 272

Fiction of control
, 40

Field-level governance
, 307

FIFA
, 18, 19

Financial accounting
, 32–34, 42–49

Financial health
, 45

Finland

disciplinary struggle in organizational field
, 343–352

isomorphic pressures and restoration of doxa in university department
, 348–352

medical system, reform of
, 44

organizational field at national level in educational sciences
, 344–348

Firefox
, 320

Firm-level governance
, 307

Fitbit
, 309

Fluid forms of production, organizational boundaries in
, 139–166

decided and undecided orders, interactions between
, 159–161

intentionally designed organizational elements
, 153–154, 155–157, 158

relevance and characteristics
, 163–164

salience and formalization
, 159

structuring dynamics
, 164–165

trajectories of boundaries
, 161–163, 164–165

unintended adjustments
, 154–156, 157–158

Fluidity
, 143

Fragmentation
, 91

of identities
, 157

Freemium services
, 306

Free Software Foundation
, 154

Frontstage/backstage theory
, 57, 60–62, 74

Fuzzy boundaries
, 164

Georgetown Law Center on Privacy and Technology
, 324

Gett
, 196

Global Council of Research-Intensive Universities
, 276

Global Research Council
, 281n8

Global research university
, 276

Glocalization
, 337

Goal attainment
, 105n3

Goal displacement
, 91

Goffman, Erving
, 57, 60–62, 65–66, 70, 74–76

Google
, 308, 310, 316, 319, 324

Ad Sense
, 315

Governance gap
, 308

Group accounting
, 38–41

Group of Eight
, 268, 274, 275

Group of Ten see U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities

Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities
, 275

Heritage assets
, 37

Hetereodoxy
, 345

Hierarchy
, 152, 253–254

of roles
, 155

hierarchical levels, proliferation of
, 156

High reliability networks (HRNs)
, 291–292, 298, 300

High reliability organizations (HROs)
, 291, 292

Hire an Esquire
, 221

HomeAway
, 116

Homesharing
, 120

Hoshin Kanri planning process
, 94

HouseTrip
, 116

Hybrid communities
, 21

boundary-blurring nature of sharing economy, mirroring
, 119–121

form of
, 121–123

platform organization, resource dependence of
, 124–128

in sharing economy
, 118–123

strategic responses to dependency on
, 128–130

Hypocrisy
, 67

IBM
, 99, 148, 156

Ideal speech situation
, 94

Identity-based mobility
, 157

IKEA
, 286

Income statements
, 50

Individualization
, 180–181, 186–189

Inferred data
, 309

Informality
, 64–65

Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
, 61, 114, 116, 120, 124, 127, 128, 131

advances in
, 13–14

Information flows
, 123

Infusion of value
, 83, 85

Innovation

disruptive
, 221

networks
, 172, 289

open
, 116, 172

user
, 116

Institutional biographies
, 11

Institutional complexity
, 4, 11, 47–48

Institutional demands
, 11

Institutional embodiment
, 85

Institutional entrepreneur
, 15–16

Institutional entrepreneurship
, 11

Institutional heterogeneity
, 4

Institutional history of the organizational field of data governance

cognitive and individual approaches to personal data governance
, 320–321

pre-regulatory approaches
, 316–318

regulatory versus normative approaches to personal data governance
, 318–320

Institutional isomorphism, organizational field and
, 335–337

Institutionalization
, 88–89

Institutional logics
, 4, 12, 173, 174

Institutional work
, 11

Instrumentally rational action
, 88

Instrumental-rational action
, 21

Instrumental-rationality
, 98

Integration
, 105n3

Intellectual property rights (IPRs)
, 351

Intentionally designed organizational elements
, 153–154, 155–157, 158

Interaction theory
, 75

Interactive process management
, 95–96

Interactive value creation
, 172

Interagency collaboration
, 180, 181–186

Interinstitutional systems
, 173

International Alliance of Research Universities
, 275

International Association of Buddhist Universities
, 268

International Association of Maritime Universities
, 273

International Association of Universities (IAU)
, 264, 272

International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, Design and Media
, 273

International Federation of Catholic Universities
, 273

International institutions, advent of
, 271–274

International Network of Universities
, 274

Interorganizational collaboration
, 180

Interorganizational networks
, 172

Interstitial institutional fields
, 322

Inter-University Board
, 280n6

Intraorganizational processes
, 21–22

Intrinsic motivation
, 122–123

Invasive transparency regimes
, 17–18

new institutionalism
, 17–18

systems theory
, 17

Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO)
, 272

Italian Rectors’ Conference
, 266

Japanese RU11 League
, 274

Jawbone UP
, 309

Job centers
, 171, 180, 181–184, 185, 188–190, 191n1

Job placement
, 189

Kaiser Permanente
, 94, 96, 102

Kalanick, Travis
, 129–130, 211, 216

Kansansivistysoppi
, 346, 348

Kaplan University
, 222

King’s College London
, 273

Knowledge management
, 172

Knowledge work
, 172

Latency
, 105n3

Latin American Association of Universities of Public Relations Programmes
, 273

Latin American Organization of Catholic Universities
, 273

Leadership, charismatic
, 94

League of the European Research Universities (LERU)
, 268, 275

Legitimate domination
, 90

Lehman Brothers, collapse of
, 40

LEX
, 248, 249

Linux
, 119, 121, 122

Liquid Feedback
, 242

Lobbying core members
, 155, 157

Loose coupling
, 128

Luhmann, N.

systems-theoretical legacy
, 333, 336, 338–340, 342, 343, 345, 348, 352–355

Lyft
, 121, 196

Manchester United
, 19

Marketization
, 187

Massive open online courses (MOOCs)
, 222

McCool, Rob
, 148

Membership
, 286–287

behavioral expectations and
, 287

Meritocracy
, 152, 153

Meta-entities
, 34, 38–41

Meta-organizations
, 18–19, 22–23, 39

extra-organizational boundaries affected by
, 259–278

competition as ideological imperative, rise of
, 274–276

cross-border interaction, intensification of
, 271–274

international institutions, advent of
, 271–274

national higher education fields, consolidation of
, 269–271

twentieth-century university expansion
, 269–271

as extra-organizational environment
, 261–264

new institutionalism
, 19

systems theory
, 19

in university sector
, 264–265

Micro-sociological theory
, 76

Microsoft
, 154

Atlas
, 315

Mid-Staffordshire National Health Service Trust
, 45–46

Mimetic isomorphism
, 336

Mode 2 knowledge production
, 332

Monitoring
, 152

Motivation, intrinsic
, 122–123

Multiple-field embeddedness
, 277

Napster
, 116, 316

National Association of German Cooperative Banks (BVR)
, 262, 263

National higher education fields, consolidation of
, 269–271

Natural selection
, 152, 153

Neoinstitutionalism
, 332–333

Neo-institutionalist organizational theory
, 172, 173–174

Neoinstitutionalists
, 332–337, 343, 345, 350, 352–355

Network(s)
, 288

innovation
, 172, 289

interorganizational
, 172

organizational see Organizational networks

project
, 289–290

regional
, 289

Networks Effective Aids for Individuals
, 182

New institutionalism
, 4, 6–8, 11–12, 15–16, 17–19

dynamic fields and markets
, 15–17

information and communication technologies
, 14

invasive transparency regimes
, 17–18

meta-organizations
, 19

New Public Management
, 44, 179

Nextlaw Labs
, 221

9Flat
, 116

Normative isomorphism
, 336

Not-entity
, 51

Observation period
, 200–201

Observed data
, 309

Off-balance sheet
, 51

On-demand economy
, 195–223

app users
, 204–207

coding and data analysis
, 202

data collection and research question
, 201–202

driver–bots
, 207–210

driver–partners
, 210–213

online ethnographic methods and observation period
, 200–201

role conflicts and contradictions
, 213–215, 216–217

theorizing
, 203

work and worker, challenges to locating
, 197–198

work as source of belonging
, 198–199

work as source of identity
, 199

work as source of substantial meaning
, 198

On-demand workers
, 22

Online behavioral advertising (OBA)
, 309

Online communities
, 113–132

features of
, 118–119

form of
, 122

sources of
, 119

Online ethnographic methods
, 200–201

Open innovation
, 116, 172

Open-source software (OSS)
, 140, 141–142, 147–158

Open systems’ perspective of activation policies
, 170, 171, 179–181

limits of
, 172–175

Operational autonomy
, 9

Operational closure
, 175–177

complexity in
, 184–185

Operative boundaries
, 57

Operative closure
, 62–66, 74

Oral culture
, 71, 72

Organic integration
, 154

Organizational boundaries
, 3–24

data-based business models
, 308–310

driver responses to
, 202

extra-organizational boundaries affected by meta-organizations
, 259–278

in fields and networks
, 172–175

in fluid forms of production
, 139–166

and partiality, relationship between
, 141

redesigning
, 169–191

see also Boundaries

Organizational decisions

procedural, relational, and personnel structuring of
, 177–179

Organizational fields
, 4, 23–24, 307, 331–356

data governance as
, 310–321

defined
, 310–311

and institutional isomorphism
, 335–337

at national level in educational sciences
, 344–348

neoinstitutionalist notion of
, 332–333

permeability
, 337–338

silence of doxa
, 338–342

system unfolding complexity of environment in discipline making
, 353–356

Organizational identity
, 143

Organizational imperfections
, 66–68

Organizationally structured provision of services
, 186–189

Organizational mission
, 82

Organizational networks
, 23

interorganizational networks
, 172

space effect on boundaries within
, 283–301

Organizational permeability
, 337–338

Organizational politics
, 97

Organizational practice
, 290, 296–298

Organizational responses to demands for transparency
, 69–71

Organizational slack
, 67

Organizational vision
, 82

Organization design for shared purpose, collaboration as
, 81–106

affectual action
, 89

challenges to scaling-up value-rationality
, 90–92

ethic of contribution, institutionalization of
, 93–95

future research
, 102–104

impediments of
, 85–87

instrumentally rational action
, 88

interactive process management
, 95–96

moderators and boundary conditions
, 100–102

participative centralization
, 96–98

traditionalistic action
, 89

value-rationality
, 90–92

Organizations
, 63, 286

boundaries of see Organizational boundaries

as closed and open systems
, 5–8

physicalist/manufacturist conception of
, 33

and operative closure
, 62–66

technical versus institutional dimensions of
, 85

partial
, 280n2

see also individual entries

Orthodoxy
, 345

Ostwestfalen-Lippe University of Applied Sciences
, 263

Oxford University
, 263

Partial organizations
, 141

and organizational boundaries, relationship between
, 141, 146

Partial organizations
, 280n2

Participative centralization
, 96–98

Path generation
, 165

Pedagogical College, Jyväskyla
, 345

Peer reviewing
, 152, 153

Performativity approaches to transparency
, 58–60, 69

Permeability
, 3–24, 45

problematics in accounting
, 49

Personnel selection
, 178

Physicalist/manufacturist conception of organization
, 33

Pirate Party of Germany
, 22, 72–73, 74, 229, 234–235

authority negotiations
, 242–243

consistency
, 238–240

surveillance
, 240–242

transparency
, 237–243

Placement barriers
, 189

Platform economy
, 116

Platform organization
, 113–132

boundary-blurring nature of sharing economy, mirroring
, 119–121

resource dependence view, strategic implications of
, 123–130

in sharing economy
, 115–118

See also Sharing economy

Power, and data-based discrimination
, 313–314

Premier League
, 19

Presumption
, 119

Principal-agent theory
, 58

Privacy self-management
, 320

Private–public partnerships
, 46

Problem-driven boundary phenomenon
, 308

Project Management Committees (PMCs)
, 152, 156, 158

Project networks
, 289–290

Proprietary entity view of the accounting
, 35, 36–37

PRX see UpBeat

Public Employment Service (PES)
, 181–182

Public policy
, 102

Purdue University
, 222

Pure entity view of the accounting
, 35, 36

Quality Function Deployment
, 94

Quantified self movement
, 315

Rational actorhood
, 62

Rebound effect
, 160

Rectors’ conference
, 260, 280n1

Rectors’ Conference of Finnish Universities of Applied Sciences
, 268

Reflexivity
, 341–342

Regional networks
, 289

Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture
, 273

Related parties
, 33

Representative practice
, 290, 294–295

Reputational risk
, 72

Research-intensive university
, 276

Research question
, 201–202

Resource control

concentration of
, 127

discretion over
, 126–127

Resource dependence theory
, 20

contemporary relevance of
, 123–124

platform organization on hybrid community
, 124–128

strategic implications of
, 123–130

Resource importance
, 126

Reward distribution
, 122–123

Ride-hailing
, 222n, 3, 223–224n, 6

Ridesharing
, 120

Risk(s)
, 68

management
, 68

reputational
, 72

Robotic communication
, 206–207

Role conflicts and contradictions
, 213–215, 216–217

Rule-abiding entities
, 66

Russell Group
, 19, 274, 275

Sanctioning
, 152

Saxe, John Godfrey
, 76n2

Scientific capital
, 342

Secrecy–transparency nexus
, 69, 74

Security signals
, 320

Segmentation
, 94

Self-referential closure
, 184

Self-referential organizations
, 4

Self-referential systems
, 176, 177

Self-tranaparency
, 58

Shared discourse about identity, establishing
, 157

Shared purpose, collaboration as organization design for
, 81–106

affectual action
, 89

challenges to scaling-up value-rationality
, 90–92

ethic of contribution, institutionalization of
, 93–95

future research
, 102–104

impediments of
, 85–87

instrumentally rational action
, 88

interactive process management
, 95

moderators and boundary conditions
, 100–102

participative centralization
, 96–98

traditionalistic action
, 89

value-rationality
, 90–92

Sharing economy
, 13, 21, 114

boundary-blurring nature of, mirroring
, 119–121

hybrid communities in
, 118–123

platform organization in
, 115–118

Silence of doxa
, 333, 338–342, 345

Silicon Valley
, 289

Social entity view of the accounting
, 35–37, 41, 44

Society
, 63

Soft resistance
, 315

Solidarity
, 236

Solvency
, 45

Source Forge
, 154

Southern African Development Community (SADC)
, 272

Southern African Regional Universities Association
, 272

Space effect, on boundaries within organizational networks
, 283–301

organizational practice
, 296–298

representative practice
, 294–295

spatial practice
, 295–296

Space representation
, 290

Spatial practice
, 289, 290, 295–296, 299

Specialization
, 92, 185

Special purpose vehicles (SPVs)
, 40

Stakeholders
, 47–48

Stanford model of technology transfer
, 335–336

Stanford University
, 335

Strategic action fields
, 173

Strategic choice
, 11

Structural coupling
, 339

Structural differentiation
, 186

Structuring dynamics, in fluid forms of production
, 164–165

Subsidiarity
, 236

Sun Microsystems
, 156

Surveillance
, 231–232

Epsilon
, 246–247

forms of
, 252–253

Pirate Party of Germany
, 240–242

Swarm intelligence
, 242

Swedish Academic Rectors’ Conference
, 280n6

Swiss Rectors’ Conference
, 269

Systems theory
, 4, 6–11, 15, 17, 19–21, 57, 171

dynamic fields and markets
, 16

information and communication technologies
, 13–14

invasive transparency regimes
, 17–18

meta-organizations
, 19

System-theoretical legacy
, 333

Task

allocation
, 122

characteristics
, 101

division
, 121–122

partitioning
, 153

significance
, 82

TaskRabbit
, 121, 196

Territorialization
, 45

Tertiary schooling
, 337

Theorization of roles
, 153–154

Theorizing
, 203

Theory of the presentation of the self
, 57

360-degree feedback
, 99

TrackMeNot
, 320

Traditionalistic action
, 89

Traditionalistic status
, 94

Transaction cost economics (TCE)
, 306, 321, 323

Transnational institutional fields
, 322–323

Transparency
, 20, 22

authentic
, 69, 74

authority negotiations
, 232, 242–243, 247–249, 253–254

boundaries of visibility in
, 55–76

comparative case study
, 237–238

consistency
, 230–231, 238–240, 244–246, 250–252

Epsilon
, 235–237, 244–249

invasive regimes
, 17–18

measures
, 70

organizational responses to demands for
, 69–71

performativity approaches to
, 58

perils of
, 227–254

Pirate Party of Germany
, 234–235, 237–243

research
, 57–60

and secrecy, nexus between
, 69, 74

self-tranaparency
, 58

strategies of
, 230–233

surveillance
, 231–232, 240–242, 246–247, 252–253

verifiability approaches to
, 57–58

T-shaped skills
, 98–100

Twentieth-century university expansion
, 269–271

Twitter
, 308

Uber
, 22, 117, 118, 121, 127, 196, 205–206, 208, 216–217, 223n, 6, 286, 310

UberEats
, 208

UberPool
, 209

UEFA
, 19

U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities
, 274–275

Unintended adjustments
, 154–156, 157–158

Union of International Associations (UIA)

Open Yearbook
, 264

United Nations
, 18

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
, 265, 272

Universities Austria
, 280n6

Universities Bureau of the British Empire
, 271

Universities Canada
, 269

Universities UK
, 269

University associations

competition as ideological imperative, rise of
, 274–276

cross-border interaction, intensification of
, 271–274

extra-organizational boundaries affected by
, 259–279

international institutions, advent of
, 271–274

national higher education fields, consolidation of
, 269–271

twentieth-century university expansion
, 269–271

types of
, 267

University of Jyväskyla
, 345

University of Tampere
, 345

UpBeat
, 221

UpCounsel
, 221

User innovation
, 116

Value for money
, 72

Value-rationality
, 21, 83–84, 89–90, 93, 105n2

challenges to scaling-up
, 90–92

principles and techniques for scaling-up
, 101

Verifiability approaches to transparency
, 57–58, 69

Visibility in transparency, boundaries of
, 55–76

examples
, 71–73

frontstage/backstage theory
, 60–62

operative closure
, 62–66

organizational imperfections
, 66–68

organizational responses to demands for transparency
, 69–71

performativity approaches
, 58–60

verifiability approaches
, 57–58

Volksbildungslehre
, 348

Wikipedia
, 116, 121

Wimdu
, 116

Wissenschaft
, 339

Work

as app users
, 206–207

challenges to locating
, 197–198

as driver–bots
, 207–210

as driver–partners
, 211–213

role conflicts and contradictions
, 213–215, 216–217

as source of belonging
, 198–199

as source of identity
, 199

as source of substantial meaning
, 198

Worker, challenges to locating
, 197–198

World-class university
, 276

World cultural approach
, 336–337

Yahoo
, 316

Right Media
, 315

Young European Research Universities
, 275