Banking institutional logic
, 39
Base domain activation
, 289–291
Bitcoin
, 19–20, 235–236
protocol
, 234
“Blockchain” technology
, 235–236
Blumer’s symbolic interactionism
, 230
Bonacich centrality
, 319, 330, 334, 336
Bottom-up
community-based movement
, 70
process
, 75
Boundary-crossing job mobility
boundary-crossing approach
, 443–444
characteristics of entrepreneurial leaders
, 420
entrepreneur career boundary-crossing
and entry into new product areas
, 432–433
and startup performance
, 433–440
entrepreneurial leaders’ boundary-crossing
, 440–441
industry boundary-crossing
, 442
model of entrepreneurs’ boundary-crossing
, 421
as source of industry and functional knowledge and skill
, 423–424
theory and hypotheses
, 422–427
Brokerage
, 317, 323–324
negative impact of
, 325
opportunities
, 326, 327, 329
See also Network—brokerage
Business models
, 267, 270
development
, 268
C-Form
, 19
organization
, 143
Categories
, 110, 174, 176–177
attributes
, 112
category-spanning hybridization
, 427
construction
, 110, 111, 130
emergence
, 111
as institutions
, 209–210
Ji-zake category
, 112, 116
labels
, 110–111, 289–290
See also Ji-biru category
Categorization literature
, 242–243
Charge-coupled device (CCD)
, 295
Charter Management Organizations (CMOs)
, 77, 84
Charter schools, emergence of
, 70, 76–77
cross-national comparison
, 93–94
diversity of identities
, 90–93
field-level institutional logics to organizational form identity
, 91
founding actors
, 86–88
frames
, 85–86
ideal type of institutional logics
, 101
identity shifts over time
, 89
initial founder identity
, 88
institutional logics
, 73–74
legitimized forms
, 94–95
measuring institutional logics
, 79–82
organizational identities
, 70–71, 95
population ecology
, 71–72
repackaging institutional logics as organizational frames
, 74–76
research context
, 76
institutional complexity
, 77–79
STEM
, 90
topic modeling
, 82–83
Chicago School sociologists
, 241
Claiming labels
, 174, 175, 177–178
Clean Energy Finance and Investment Authority (CEFIA)
, 43
Coercive
forces
, 19
pressure
, 8
Cognitive
action
, 259–260
confusion
, 272
dimension
, 266
interaction
, 270–272
legitimacy
, 124
process
, 74–75
Cohesion
, 147
structural hole signature
, 147
Collective behavior theory
, 226, 230, 244–245
Collective behaviorists
, 241
College preparation frame
, 84–85
College preparatory
, 86–88
Commercialization process
, 292–293
Community
, 240, 244–245, 389
actors
, 90–91
community-focused identity
, 95
energy management system
, 264–265
Community logics
, 78, 80, 85, 405
development logic to appropriate
, 403–405, 406
experimentation and articulation
, 397–400
state logic to restricting
, 400–403
Community radio (CR)
, 395, 400
key actors
, 393–394
as new phenomenon in India
, 388–390
Community Radio Association and Community Radio Forum
, 390
Competition
competition-based status
, 356–358
evolutionary forces
, 142
Competitive emergence
, 378, 379
Competitive Environment
, 432
Competitive market mechanisms
, 70
Competitive responses
, 358
Consequential emergence
, 4
Constraining pressures
, 238
Contemporary relevance
, 231
CorpTech Directory of Technology Companies
, 427–432, 437
Coverage initiation, predicting
, 360–363
Cox proportional model
, 331
“Craft beer” category
, 112, 116, 128
Crowd
and collective behavior
, 229–231
crowd-initiated logics
, 245
crowd-to-market progression
, 241
crowd-to-social movement progression
, 241–242
differentiation
, 235–236
emergent discourse
, 224
emergent logics
, 245
formation
, 232–234
as interaction structure across time and space
, 231–232
market formation
, 237–238
members
, 241
micro-level tensions
, 238–240
online conversations
, 228
Customer relationship management
, 263
Customised energy reports
, 263
Early claimants
, 174
to labels
, 180
benefits and risks
, 181
category emergence
, 183–184
logic
, 180–181
multiple organizations
, 181–182
relevant PSS
, 184–188
social understanding
, 182–183
Education Management Organizations (EMOs)
, 84
Ego-to-alter observation (i-to-j observation)
, 327–328
Electrical devices, interoperability
, 264
Emergence
, 2–3, 70–73, 78–79, 88, 92, 95, 110, 144, 172, 204–206, 225, 244, 254, 258–259, 265–266, 271–272, 320
of actor’s status
, 319
of competitive structure
, 353
emergent industry’s entrants
, 130
emergent opportunities
, 142
endogenous force
, 20–21
evidence
, 12
formation
, 15–17
growth
, 14–15
formation
, 10–11
Google search trends
, 3–4
growth
, 8–10
of industries
, 133–135
innovation
, 19–20
of Japanese microbrewery industry
, 115–129
novelty
, 5–7, 12–14
organizational ecology
, 4–5
organizational theory
, 18–19
process
, 175–176
processes
, 384
of social objects
, 386–388
steps
, 17–18
theory
, 5
See also Charter schools, emergence of; Market emergence
Emerging
categories
, 174, 177
fiscal sponsorship as
, 189–191
logic
, 384–385, 388
role structure
, 233
Empty categories
, 112
category-specific characteristics
, 130
creation of common meanings and identities
, 110
and emergence of industries
, 133–135
external actors
, 111
government policy
, 111
Japanese beer industry
, 135
Ji-biru and emergence of japanese microbrewery industry
, 115–129
material and symbolic resources
, 112
media, consultants, and technology gurus
, 136
research design and methods
, 113
data analysis
, 115
data sources
, 113–114
Entrants and product offerings
, 123–126
Entrepreneur boundary-crossing
, 430–431
and entry into new product areas
, 424–426
performance
, 426–427
Entrepreneur career boundary-crossing
, 432–433
baseline model
, 436, 437
industry boundary-crossing
, 440
multinomial Logit models for failure, acquisition, IPO
, 438–439
piecewise exponential hazard rate models
, 435
Entrepreneurial leaders
, 420, 421, 423
functional responsibilities
, 425
Entrepreneurial opportunity structure
, 164
Entrepreneurial producer
, 243
Entrepreneurs
, 146, 243
join startup organizations
, 420
Entrepreneurship
, 34–36, 165, 425
Environment-focused identity
, 95
Environmental instability
, 32
Environmental shocks
, 144–145
Environmental uncertainty
, 32, 33, 35
data analysis
, 41–43
data collection
, 39–40
external legitimacy
, 63–64
geographical locations
, 34
green banks
, 57–58
green institutional logic
, 38–39
hybrid entrepreneurship
, 43–57
innovative hybrid organizations
, 32–33
institutional logics
, 60–61
institutional uncertainty and entrepreneurship
, 34–36
local environments
, 58–59
novel strategies
, 64
relationship between resource environment and strategic orientation
, 59–60
senior leadership teams in hybrid organizations
, 36–37
strategic orientation
, 37–38
strategic orientation
, 62
Evolutionary
biology
, 2
dynamics
, 271, 274
framework
, 232
novelties
, 2
External actors
, 6, 111, 118
actors, themes, and representative quotes
, 120
and industry emergence
, 131–133
micro-level factors
, 123
number of internal and external voices
, 119
references to different themes
brewers, media, and non-brewers
, 122
by year
, 122
themes identified in articles on Ji-biru
, 121
See also Actors
External legitimating forces
, 237
Generalists
, 145, 146, 148, 156–158, 160, 162
Geography
, 172, 175, 180, 184, 194–195
arguments
, 184–185
geographic PSS
, 186–187
geography segment
intersection
, 196–197
social space defining by
, 202
logic
, 187–188
potential stakeholders
, 185–186
social space defining by
, 199–202
Geopolitical instability
, 38–39
Glass-Steagall Act (1933)
, 4
Government-funded projects
, 268
Green institutional logic
, 38–39
“Green” environmental sustainability organizations
, 33
GREENSOUTH
, 41, 43, 56–57
founding process
, 51
Core Founding Group’s involvement
, 53
interactions with resource environment
, 53–55
local context and founding group
, 51
long-term strategic orientation
, 55
impact of resource environment on
, 52
interview summary
, 40
GREENWEST
, 41, 43
founding process
, 44
banking logic
, 47–50
Core Founding Group’s involvement
, 47
interactions with resource environment
, 47
local context and founding group
, 44–47
impact of resource environment on
, 45–46, 48–49
interview summary
, 40
i-to-j observation. See Ego-to-alter observation (i-to-j observation)
“Ideal type” societal institutional logics
, 71
and characteristics of school education field
, 101
Identity
, 318
brokerage on
, 325
identity-oriented approach
, 71
less-focused identity
, 326
of social actor
, 324–325
See also De alio identity
“Illegitimacy discount”
, 35
Implications
, 202–203
fiscal sponsorship empirical context
, 210–213
Implicit recognition
, 254
Incentives
, 57, 176, 180, 203, 268
Incumbent analysts
, 361, 362
Incumbent non-All-star analysts
, 362–363
Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
, 397
Individual actors
, 20, 258, 387
Industry
boundary-crossing
, 430, 433, 436, 436, 440
job mobility as source
, 423–424
development
, 110
industry-specific experience
, 421, 423
industry-specific knowledge
, 421
network structure
, 164
Industry emergence
, 133–135
category-specific characteristics
, 130
creation of common meanings and identities
, 110
external actors
, 111, 131–133
government policy
, 111
Japanese beer industry
, 135
Ji-biru and emergence of Japanese microbrewery industry
, 115–129
lack of effective and gradual legitimation processes
, 137
material and symbolic resources
, 112
media, consultants, and technology gurus
, 136
research design and methods
, 113
data analysis
, 115
data sources
, 113–114
Innovation
, 163, 245–246
boundary-crossing and emergence of innovation in startups
, 422
diffusion
, 245–246
literature
, 230–231
Innovative entrepreneurship
, 32
Innovative hybrid models
, 32
Innovative hybrid organizations
, 32–33, 35–36
Institutional bricolage
, 36
Institutional complexity
, 73, 384, 385
burgeoning research on
, 408
in Charter schools field
, 77–79
institutional logics
, 388
Institutional ecology
, 71–72
Institutional entrepreneurs
, 229
Institutional entrepreneurship
, 384, 387
Institutional investor
, 47, 354
Institutional Investor magazine
, 356, 358, 365
Institutional logic(s)
, 17, 72–74, 237, 245
archival sources
, 417
in community radio field
, 405
conversation between sociologists and emergence theorists
, 411
emergence
of community logic
, 408–409
with logics perspective
, 410–411
processes
, 384
of social objects
, 386–388
emerging logic
, 407
findings
, 393
development logic to appropriate community logic
, 403–405, 406
dominance of state logic
, 394–397, 398
experimentation and articulation of community logic
, 397–400
key actors in field of community radio
, 393–394
state logic to restricting community logic
, 400–403
toward normative evaluation and power
, 385–386
Institutional processes
, 254
Institutional theory
, 4, 8, 19, 60–61, 258
institutional logics
, 245
legitimacy and
, 9
literature
, 142
novelty and
, 7
Institutional uncertainty
, 34–36
Institutionalised rules
, 267
Institutionalization
, 174, 177, 237
Institutions
, 176–177
categories as
, 209–210
Instructional frame
, 84–85
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
, 175, 191, 195, 196, 217
data
, 194
U.S. IRS. Fiscal sponsors
, 189
International Data Corporation (IDC)
, 224
Internet of Things (IoT)
, 227–228, 233
Interoperability of electrical devices
, 264
Intersubjective typifications
, 233
Japan Brewer’s Association (JBA)
, 128
Japan Craft Beer Association (JCBA)
, 114, 128
Japan Craft Beer Support
, 128
Japan Microbrewery Association (JMA)
, 128
Japanese culture
, 268–269
Japanese ji-biru brewers
, 114
Japanese microbrewery industry
, 112–113
emergence of
, 115
deregulation and media hype
, 115–118
entrants and product offerings
, 123–126
legitimacy, standards, and exits
, 126–129
role of external actors
, 118–123
See also Smart-city development in Japan
Japanese National Archives Library
, 114
Ji-biru category
, 12, 112, 113, 115, 116
deregulation and media hype
, 115–118
entrants and product offerings
, 123–126
legitimacy, standards, and exits
, 126–129
role of external actors
, 118–123
Ji-zake category
, 112, 116
Job mobility
, 421, 423, 424
Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)
, 82–83
Learning orientations
, 9–10
Legitimation
evolutionary forces
, 142
processes
, 130
Levi-Strauss’ bricolage–concept
, 274
“Local beer”. See Ji-biru category
Logics
, 15, 73, 225–226, 227, 229, 238
of action
, 233, 235, 237
banking institutional
, 39
development
, 403–406
DNA
, 224
dominant
, 384
green institutional
, 38–39
institutional
, 245
institutional
, 73–74
market
, 78, 84–85
market segment
, 187–188
professions
, 78, 84–85
repackaging institutional
, 74–76
shared
, 237, 241
state
, 78, 84–85, 394–397, 398, 400–403
See also Community logics
Long-term strategic orientation
, 55–57
LPG reforms in India
, 388
Nascent entrepreneurs
, 142
Negotiated environment
, 36
Neoclassical economic model
, 226–227
Neoinstitutional theory
, 384, 387, 410
Neoinstitutional work
, 179
Network opportunity
, 159
emergence and identification
, 142, 144
airline industry
, 151–156
directions for future research
, 163–165
generalists and specialists
, 156–158
network theory and niche
, 146–151
networks as niche
, 160–163
niche width and resource partitioning process
, 144–146
of specialist niche
, 158–160
framework
, 163
Network(s)
, 143
approach
, 316
brokerage
, 323–324, 326, 327
information benefits of networks
, 323
less-focused identity
, 326
negative correlation
, 325–326
negative impact of brokerage
, 325
centralization
, 148, 160, 162
degree centrality
, 330, 334, 336
hub
, 159
connections
, 157
as niche
, 160–163
structure
, 240
New labels
, 14, 174, 178, 180
New product areas, entry into
, 421, 422, 424, 425, 429–430, 432–433
New Songdo in Korea, smart-city projects of
, 255–256
Niche
, 146–151
network opportunity identification of specialist niche
, 158–160
networks as
, 160–163
width
, 144–146
Nihon Keizai Shimbun
, 117
Nikkei Sangyou Shimbun
, 117
Non-All-star analysts
, 359, 360, 362, 363, 365, 371, 375, 377
Non-optimal oriented diffusion mechanisms
, 11
Nongovernment organization (NGOs)
, 389, 399, 403, 405
member
, 402
Normative evaluation and power
, 385–386
Novelty
, 5–7, 12–14
emergence
, 13–14
and institutional theory
, 7
Securities analysts
, 354
Poisson models of entry by
, 372, 373–374
Poisson models of exit by
, 370
and quest for institutional investor all-star status
, 355–356
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
, 365–366
Semi-structured interview protocol
, 40
Sensemaking process
, 232, 287, 297, 309
“Silicon Valley” category
, 135
Small business industry corporations (SBICs)
, 70
Smart towns
, 264–265, 273
projects
, 270
Smart-city
, 274
challenges
, 265
definitions
, 262–263
demonstration projects
, 268
initiatives
, 263–265
objectives
, 265–266
solutions
, 255–256, 263–264, 267–268
Smart-city development in Japan
, 254
cognitive interaction
, 271–272
evidence
, 262
Japanese culture
, 268–269
methods and data
, 260–262
organisational fields
, 254–255
and issue of participation numbers
, 256–257
through cognitive action
, 259–260
through social interaction
, 257–259
organisational respondents
, 266–267
organisations in research
, 279
smart meter
, 267–268
specific temporal context
, 269–270
theoretical context
, 256
TQM
, 273–274
See also Japanese microbrewery industry
Social actors
, 7, 16, 72, 174, 184, 324, 324–325, 408
Social construction
, 204–206, 258, 259
Social construction of markets
, 172, 203–204
analysis of survivor bias
, 217–219
assessing survivor bias
, 193
categories
, 176–177
contributions and future research
, 204
categories as institutions
, 209–210
implications of fiscal sponsorship empirical context
, 210–213
proximate social space
, 206–209
social construction and emergence
, 204–206
early claimants to labels
, 180–188
emergence process
, 175–176
empirical setting
, 189–191
implications
, 202–203
institutions
, 176–177
labels
, 176–177
PSS
, 173–174
social interactions patterns in
, 179–180
social interactions
, 174–175
social space
, 199–202
strategically claiming labels to influence understanding
, 177–178
website archives
, 192–193
See also Market emergence
Social interactions
, 172, 173–174, 258–259, 260, 267, 269–272
patterns in proximate social space
, 179–180
Social media
, 3, 232–233, 243
Social movement(s)
, 75, 228–229, 237, 240–242, 258–259
mechanisms
, 227
theory
, 14, 226, 227
Social objects, emergence of
, 386–388
Social space
, 199
geography
, 199–202
probit analysis
, 200–201
geography segment
, 202
market segment
, 199
Social understanding
, 172–174, 177–178
Socially Responsible Investment (SRI)
, 39
Socio-cognition
distinctions
, 238–240
efforts
, 265–266
explanations
, 256
process
, 14–15, 246
Socio-cultural
change
, 227
evolutionary framework
, 226
Sociopolitical legitimacy
, 110
Space
, 225
crowds as interaction structure across
, 231–232
social
, 199–202
See also Proximate Social Space (PSS)
Specialists
, 156–158, 162
network opportunity identification of niche
, 158–160
niche network opportunity
, 160
niche size
, 158
Startup outcomes
, 429–430
Startup performance
, 430, 433
baseline model
, 436, 437
industry boundary-crossing
, 440
State logic
, 78, 84–85
dominance of
, 394–397, 398
to restricting community logic
, 400–403
Status
, 316
actor’s network position
, 318–319
Advogato Certification System
, 347
Advogato Trust Metric
, 348–349
brokerage position
, 317
descriptive statistics and correlations
, 333
emergence of
, 316
evaluation
, 317–318
focal actor
, 338–339
future studies
, 340–341
implications
, 339–340
and network brokerage
, 323–327
non-focal actors
, 338
random effects Probit estimates of working on projects
, 332
Status-seeking behavior
, 16–17, 352
affecting competitive emergence
, 378
benefits of securities analyst market
, 354–355
market actors
, 376–377
and market performance behavior
, 353
motivations of competitive emergence
, 379
Strategic Action Fields (SAF)
, 258–259
Strategic orientation
, 33–34, 42, 44, 58
green
, 40, 58
GREENSOUTH
, 41, 53, 56–57
GREENWEST
, 41, 47, 55–56
of hybrid organization
, 38
innovative hybrid organizations
, 34
long-term
, 55
organization’s
, 38, 60, 61
relationship with resource environment
, 59
shifting
, 36
Structural equivalence
, 147
Structural holes
, 143, 323–324
“Super Smart Society” theme
, 135–136
Supplementary analysis
, 193
Survivor bias
analysis of potential
, 217–219
assessment
, 193
Systematic transactions
, 235–236