Academic activism

, 425, 440

Acker, J.

, 359, 364, 370, 372, 373, 374, 376, 377, 378, 379

Actors of organizational level

, 211

Adler, N.J.

, 208, 365, 366, 368, 369, 374

Agency theory

, 12, 328

Allocation

, 332

Analytical concept

, 111, 112

Andersson, U.

, 13, 75, 79, 81, 82

Anthropology

, 162–168, 169, 183, 184, 185, 372

Asia

, 46, 130, 151, 271, 279, 368, 407

Authority

, 63, 253, 261, 368, 396, 415

Authority formal

, 103

Authority relation

, 103, 104

Bargaining

, 16

Bargaining power

, 50, 51, 299

Bartlett, C.A.

, 6, 7, 12, 73, 78, 92, 104, 109, 111, 196, 200, 203, 204, 207, 208, 209, 210, 216, 224n2, 225n7, 296, 327, 336, 345, 379

Becker-Ritterspach, F

, 11, 16, 19, 21, 32, 49, 297, 332, 333, 391, 394

Behavioral norms

, 446, 451

Bélanger, J

, 168, 181

Belgium

, 460, 464

Benchmarking

, 402

Best practices

, 103, 130, 219, 259, 402, 416

Birkinshaw, J

, 7, 13, 52, 55, 79, 81, 82, 205, 218, 219, 234, 236, 237, 260, 297, 299, 315, 317, 326, 328, 332, 333, 344

Black IB

, 30, 427, 432, 433, 436, 439

Blazejewski, S

, 16, 19, 229n8, 297, 333, 391, 394

Boddewyn, J. J.

, 51

Bottom-up

, 16, 80, 334

Boundary spanning

, 299

Boundary

, 216

Bouquet, C.

, 55, 79, 218, 234, 260, 297, 299, 315, 317, 326, 332, 333, 344

Bourdieu

, 27, 342

Bourdieu, P.

, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 346

Brannen, M.Y

, 16, 17, 184, 211, 216, 217, 220

Buckley, P.J.

, 10, 58, 82, 84, 85, 87, 164, 167, 278

Business group

, 15, 205

Business network

, 31, 79, 179, 267

Business perspective

, 449–452

Business system

, 15, 268

Canada

, 147, 198, 279, 460

Capitalism

, 266, 268, 278, 285, 439

Capitalism, comparative

, 447, 452

Capitalism, varieties of

, 15, 20, 28, 128, 267, 269

Career

, 205, 379

Case study

, 25, 27, 83, 162, 168, 218, 219, 275, 340

Centrality

, 54–55, 315, 317, 328, 332

CEO

, 4, 5, 144, 147, 151, 204, 205, 217, 306, 344

Chapman, M

, 163, 164, 167, 183, 223, 430

China

, 9, 26, 55, 56, 63, 235, 239, 240, 241, 242, 244–248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 288, 390, 403, 404, 406, 407, 408, 410, 428, 429, 430, 440, 460

Chinese MNCs

, 27, 266, 275, 276, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286

Ciabuschi, F

, 82, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 318

Class

, 287n2, 362, 370, 371, 373, 375, 382

Class, working

, 163, 278, 287n2

Clegg, S.

, 9, 16, 23, 43, 55, 164, 427

Coalition

, 218, 329, 331

Coalition, dominant

, 221

Coalition of interest

, 48

Colonial

, 461, 463

Colonial postcolonial world

, 168

Colonial power

, 52

Colonialism

, 8

Community

, 162, 171, 364

Comparative

, 268, 275, 280, 361, 448, 469, 472

Comparative advantage

, 56, 428

Comparative institutional

, 59–60, 328, 329, 445–472

Comparative perspective

, 456

Competitive advantage

, 47, 203, 207, 212, 267, 282, 296, 394

Conceptual paper

, 27, 28, 29

Conflict

, 105, 163, 166, 199, 218, 221, 268, 296, 297, 300, 301, 308–311, 319, 333, 335, 338, 397, 403

Contestation

, 296, 319, 391, 396, 397, 402, 417

Contested space

, 248

Contested terrain

, 16, 20, 168, 308, 319, 330, 391, 415

Contingency model

, 24, 71–95

Contingency theory

, 12, 18, 78, 85, 88, 211

Convention theory

, 27, 295–320

Coordination

, 72, 75, 76, 78, 80, 89, 90, 94, 205, 222, 297, 302, 304, 305, 307, 309, 312, 314, 317, 319, 339, 450, 455

Corporate control

, 102

Corporate elites

, 342

Corporate governance

, 28, 115, 447, 450, 455

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 5, 28, 30, 31, 102, 103, 106, 112, 115, 120, 445–472

Country of origin

, 15, 24, 127–155, 272, 283, 285, 456

Country-specific arrangements

, 131

Country-specific features

, 130

Country-specific patterns

, 131

Crisis

, 11

Critical approach

, 22

Critical discursive approach

, 16, 32

Critical realism

, 26, 32, 265–288

Crouch, C

, 129, 267, 328

Crown

, 45, 61

Culture

, 7, 59, 102, 115, 119, 120, 163, 164, 168, 171, 175, 178, 183, 184, 195, 196, 197, 203, 209, 210, 224, 242, 253, 262, 374, 400, 450

Culture, corporate

, 13, 14, 378

Culture, organizational

, 205, 241, 400

Dacin, M. T

, 100, 103, 128, 234, 268, 299, 326, 456

Data analysis

, 242–243

Data collection

, 135–137, 167, 239–241, 242

de Bakker, F

, 390, 391, 392, 393, 396, 399, 401, 405

den Hond, F

, 390, 392, 396, 397, 399, 401, 402, 405, 410, 413

Development

, 24, 86, 165, 234, 358, 367, 372, 380, 412

DiMaggio, P. J

, 14, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 331, 335

Discourse

, 16, 21, 167, 235, 319, 372

Discourse, dominant

, 272

Discourse, societal

, 238

Discursive perspective

, 234, 235, 237, 238, 239, 256, 260, 261

Discursive struggle

, 21, 26, 32, 233–262

Disintegration

, 31, 56, 82, 86

Distance

, 13, 14, 16, 450, 451

Distance institutional

, 14, 105, 272, 299, 328, 329, 450, 451, 452, 461, 468, 470, 472n1

Distance, cultural

, 14, 105, 120, 164

Diversification

, 136, 146

Djelic, M.-L.

, 131, 267, 328, 336

Dominance

, 14, 20, 21, 165, 177, 279, 375, 376, 399

Domination

, 426

Dörrenbächer, C

, 10, 11, 16, 20, 32, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 119, 128, 129, 131, 155, 177, 218, 234, 235, 237, 238, 258, 260, 261, 267, 268, 297, 299, 300, 315, 318, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333, 334, 337, 345, 391, 394, 415

Doz, Y.L

, 12, 76, 200, 202, 203, 205, 296, 328

Drori, G. S.

, 15, 24, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 128, 336, 375

Duality, institutional

, 5, 15, 299, 336

Dunning, J. H

, 13, 102, 109, 111, 112, 195, 327

East India Company

, 23, 43–65

Edwards, P

, 16, 20, 26, 115, 168, 181, 218, 269, 273, 274, 285, 297, 308, 318, 329, 330, 391, 415

Egelhoff, W.G

, 7, 13, 23, 76, 77, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 94, 212

Embeddedness

, 59, 88, 107, 112, 316, 332, 372, 455

Embeddedness, external

, 82

Embeddedness, local

, 23, 88

Embeddedness, social

, 267, 328

Embeddedness, structural

, 326

Employment relations

, 268, 333

Entrepreneurship

, 13, 54, 328

Entry modes

, 14, 439

Environment, external

, 13, 19, 105, 200, 211, 212, 217, 328, 329, 344

Environment, internal

, 105, 329

Environment local

, 54, 79, 80, 104, 450

Environmental conditions

, 77

Ethnographic

, 14, 23, 25, 32, 161–186

Ethnography

, 25, 162, 163, 164–168, 181, 182, 184, 185, 216, 375

Europe

, 10, 18, 31, 51, 61, 73, 92, 130, 139, 149, 163, 206, 271, 279, 286, 406, 407, 411, 412, 416, 428, 461, 463

European Union/ EU

, 29, 115, 179, 336, 383, 394, 398, 417, 432, 434, 470

Expatriation

, 27, 265–288, 373

External constituents

, 25, 130, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, 141–142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155

Family firms

, 28, 341

Ferner, A

, 15, 129, 154, 170, 218, 237, 297, 299, 329, 381

Field of power

, 325–347

Finland

, 133, 140, 144, 146, 148, 149, 198, 240, 241, 245, 254, 459

Foreign direct investment/FDI

, 8, 11, 48, 199, 286, 426, 432, 436

Forsgren, M

, 7, 79, 82, 83, 86, 88, 89, 103, 307, 318

France

, 51, 54, 198, 301, 341, 460

Frenkel, M

, 22, 28, 262, 360, 363, 374, 375, 378, 381

Friedberg, E

, 54, 331, 332, 334, 339, 340, 341

Functionalist

, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 22, 31, 223, 266, 268, 269, 270, 272, 283, 284, 450

Game theory

, 330, 331, 332, 333, 339, 345

Gammelgaard, J

, 16, 50, 52, 53, 54, 81, 82, 131, 218, 234, 237, 258, 260, 297, 299, 318, 332, 333

Gender

, 28, 170, 171, 359, 360, 361–365, 370–382

Gender culture

, 361, 362, 364, 365, 366, 369, 370, 375

Gender regimes

, 28, 29, 361, 363, 364, 370, 371, 372, 373, 377, 380, 381, 382, 383

Gendering

, 29, 357–383

Geppert, M.

, 3, 15, 16, 20, 21, 49, 55, 115, 119, 129, 131, 132, 154, 155, 234, 237, 238, 261, 267, 268, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 308, 314, 315, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333, 334, 345, 391, 394, 401, 415, 470

Germany

, 132, 140, 217, 341, 343, 403, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 418n4, 455, 460, 461

Ghoshal, S

, 6, 7, 12, 14, 18, 19, 25, 27, 31, 32n1, 32n3, 73, 78, 104, 109, 111, 196, 200, 203, 204, 222, 225n2, 296, 327, 328, 336, 345, 379

Global economy

, 8, 11, 131, 134, 277, 280, 446, 458

Globalization

, 9, 11, 12, 31, 106, 107, 114, 120, 358, 362, 372, 379, 380, 383, 428, 439

Globally oriented organization

, 19, 24, 107, 108, 109, 111, 113, 117, 120

Glocalization

, 106, 110, 116, 117, 118

Government

, 50, 51, 58, 60, 61, 88, 148, 199, 200, 427, 430, 431, 435, 438, 451, 458, 470

Greenwood, R.

, 111, 113, 222, 242, 297, 299, 329, 469

Growth

, 199, 427–429, 439

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states

, 277

Habitus

, 28, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 345, 346

Hardy, C

, 136, 238, 260

Harzing, A. W

, 15, 54, 128, 132, 199, 216, 270, 271, 279

Headquarter

, 5, 10, 13, 16, 23, 24, 45, 52, 53, 54, 55, 59, 71–95, 104, 110, 200, 201, 202, 207, 213, 218, 220, 221, 267, 271, 296, 326, 328, 368, 391, 413, 429, 449, 459

Headquarter-subsidiary relationship

, 233–262, 295–320

Hedlund, G.

, 7, 13, 76, 77, 78, 203, 313, 327

Heterarchy

, 7, 77, 78, 203, 327

Hierarchical relation

, 80, 104, 110, 245

Hierarchical structure

, 78, 85, 86

History

, 25, 58, 64, 150, 172, 176, 243, 251, 272, 284, 300, 404, 426

Hofstede, G

, 104, 105, 261, 272, 361, 362, 369

Höllerer, M. A

, 15, 24, 101, 104, 128, 336

Holm, U

, 13, 75, 79, 81, 83, 86, 88, 89, 307, 318

HQ roles

, 71

HQ-subsidiary relations

, 233–262

Hybridization

, 360, 361

Identity

, 26, 107, 108, 118, 171, 211, 215, 359

Identity, collective

, 335

Identity, managerial

, 254

Identity, national

, 169, 218

Identity, organizational

, 118, 234

Ideological position

, 399

Individual actor

, 252, 274, 302, 316

Industrial relations

, 20

Infrastructure

, 8, 9, 380

Innovation

, 45, 60, 79, 82, 83, 91, 92, 134, 196, 204, 205, 225n7, 271

Institution

, 20, 372, 417

Institutional distance

, 14, 105, 272, 299, 328, 329, 450, 451, 452, 461, 468, 470, 472n1

Institutional diversity

, 452

Institutional duality

, 5, 15, 299, 336

Institutional environment

, 24, 101, 105, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 267, 360, 363, 381, 382, 395, 446, 447, 449, 470

Institutional field

, 24, 55, 111, 114, 276, 326, 327, 330, 334, 335–337, 341, 344, 345, 347

Institutional logics

, 20, 119, 299, 304

Institutional settings

, 390, 392, 455

Institutional theory

, 12, 217, 317, 329, 447, 451, 452, 469

Institutionalism

, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 114

Institutionalist

, 6, 7, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 32, 266, 267, 268, 394, 415

Integration

, 95, 178, 283, 337

Integration, global

, 12, 129, 200, 296, 312

Integration, normative

, 83, 87, 336

Interdependencies

, 77, 105, 331

Internalization process

, 116

International

, 12, 73, 196, 267–272, 334, 364

International business (IB)

, 4, 23, 45, 61, 101, 111, 120, 131, 163, 164, 179, 180, 183, 194, 266, 267, 269, 283, 285, 382, 391, 415, 425, 426, 433, 436, 446, 447, 448, 449–452, 469

International human resource management (IHRM)

, 27

Internationalization

, 4, 6, 24, 25, 27, 127–155, 208, 358, 360, 378, 379, 383, 449, 463, 464, 468, 487

Interpersonal relationships

, 338

Intra-organizational field

, 335, 336

Ireland

, 460, 464

Issue selling

, 16, 49, 237, 252, 297

Japanese MNCs

, 26, 194, 206–211

Johnson, G

, 49, 208, 218, 340, 342, 343

Joint venture

, 147, 260, 281, 426, 431

Key actor

, 16, 20, 27, 28, 55, 83, 87, 153, 234, 241, 268, 394, 395, 416

Kim, W.C.

, 7, 27, 207, 208, 209, 297, 298, 300, 307

Knowledge network

, 83, 87, 91, 92

Kostova, T.

, 5, 14, 15, 19, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 128, 234, 261, 268, 272, 296, 297, 298, 299, 318, 326, 327, 329, 330, 335, 336, 341, 345, 363, 449, 450, 456

Kristensen, P

, 15, 19, 61, 62, 129, 131, 181, 237, 261, 300, 307, 313, 326, 329, 330, 332, 334, 341, 345, 394

Labor rights

, 395, 403, 405, 406, 411, 412, 449, 454, 456, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462, 464, 467, 469, 470, 471

Labour

, 28, 163, 269, 282

Labour force

, 170, 277, 279

Labour process

, 21

Labour process theory

, 21

Language

, 111, 193–225

Language hierarchy

, 220

Language skills

, 203, 210, 211

Laurila, J.

, 15, 24, 129, 130, 144, 152

Learning

, 6, 59, 78, 130, 173, 204, 206, 212, 270, 299

Learning, organizational

, 6

Legality

, 30, 426, 427, 429, 433, 434, 436, 439

Legitimacy

, 24, 30, 54–55, 100, 101, 329, 433, 436, 447, 448, 453, 461

Legitimation

, 138, 153, 451, 456, 469, 472

Lidl

, 333

Lilja, K.

, 129, 130, 131, 152

Lobbying

, 236, 237, 251, 252, 255, 256

Localize

, 219, 251, 414

Longitudinal analysis

, 128

Longitudinal research

, 129, 168

Lounsbury, M.

, 20, 101, 111, 299, 331, 469

Low-power actor

, 334

Mainstream IB

, 12, 14, 16, 17, 22, 28, 29, 32, 101, 102, 267, 268

Marginalization

, 365, 370

Market

, 55, 102, 129, 171, 201, 305, 310, 314, 364, 382

Market, global

, 383

Market, local

, 92, 211, 279, 306, 310, 334

Marschan, R

, 197, 206, 211, 214

Matten, D

, 15, 128, 132, 237, 395, 446, 447, 454, 455, 462, 469, 470

McAdam, D.

, 347, 392, 400, 401

Media

, 133, 135, 146, 147, 149, 151, 153, 393, 403, 412

Merk, J

, 392, 400, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414

Mexico

, 375, 381

Meyer, J.W

, 14, 222, 318, 374, 451

Meyer, K

, 12

Micro-level interaction

, 401

Micropolitical activities

, 167

Micro-political perspective

, 326, 327, 330

Micropolitics

, 164–166, 169, 181, 186, 267

Minimum wage

, 411

MNC Headquarters

, 15, 53

MNC staffing

, 269, 276, 278, 285, 286, 287

Morgan, G.

, 7, 15, 19, 20, 29, 32n4, 49, 57, 61, 62, 131, 268, 270, 300, 326, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333, 334, 341, 345, 394

Motivation

, 83, 85, 86, 93, 254, 259, 365, 366, 367

Multicultural

, 48

Multilingual

, 194, 198, 214, 223

Multilingual MNC

, 195, 197, 198, 199, 211, 216, 221, 222, 223, 224

Multinational Corporation (MNC)

, 3–33, 72, 99–121, 162–168, 194, 195, 197, 204, 222, 233–262, 270, 271, 296, 325–347, 357, 391, 394, 425, 427–429, 445–472

Multinationalism

, 359

Multinationals

, 44, 63, 65, 115, 270, 366, 377

Nature of decision-making

, 114, 118

Nature of MNC

, 26, 128, 234

Neeley, T. B

, 214, 215, 216, 220

Negotiation

, 16, 49, 116, 146, 150, 164, 165, 173, 234, 237, 260, 261, 316, 383

Neo-Institutional Theory

, 99–121

Neo-institutionalism

, 24, 28, 113, 128

Network

, 62, 104, 334, 342, 399

Network, differentiated

, 78, 203, 336

Network, integrated

, 26, 182, 194, 204

Network, personal

, 254

Network perspective

, 72, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 88, 93, 203

Nohria, N.

, 78, 203, 204, 328, 336, 345, 380

Nordic countries

, 130, 463

Oliver, C

, 103, 113

O’Mahoney, J.

, 273, 274

Ontology

, 114, 266, 269, 273, 274, 278

Open system

, 6, 104, 284

Opportunism

, 340

Organization

, 3–33, 114, 193–225, 238, 361, 362, 365

Organization design

, 78, 80, 84, 85, 89, 194, 209, 212, 213, 214, 215

Organizational behavior

, 362

Organizational change

, 302, 327

Organizational environment

, 18, 104, 378

Organizational politics

, 218, 326

Organizational rationality

, 326

Organizational structures

, 119, 120, 331, 373, 382

Organizational theory

, 21, 202, 377

Organizing

, 21, 57, 72, 311, 328

Ownership

, 15, 45, 82, 84, 281, 282, 436

Paper industry

, 134, 145, 147, 152, 244

Peng, M. W

, 12, 102, 103, 104, 105, 110, 113

Phillips, N

, 55, 110, 111, 136, 238, 428

Phronēsis

, 437

Piekkari, R

, 16, 21, 25, 108, 163, 193, 197, 210, 211, 214, 219, 220, 221, 332, 377, 393

Plurality

, 302, 346

Poland

, 213

Policy

, 54, 167, 168, 169, 172, 175, 176, 181, 182, 217, 218, 363, 413

Political

, 45, 181, 341, 364, 365, 372, 382, 418, 450

Political bargaining

, 236, 237, 251, 256

Political games

, 55

Political struggles

, 29

Political system

, 16, 195, 202, 209, 328

Politicization

, 28, 29, 50, 55, 389–418

Politicization, consequences of

, 398

Politics

, 11, 15, 26, 32, 218–221, 261, 268, 326, 330–334, 391, 394, 395

Politics of the MNC

, 218–221

Positioning

, 132, 138, 310, 368

Post-acquisition

, 343, 347

Post-colonial perspective

, 22, 220

Post-merger

, 21, 33n7, 300, 301, 314

Powell, W. W

, 14, 104, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 331, 335

Power

, 11, 54–55, 109, 168, 173, 175, 178, 218–221, 268, 326, 330–334, 340, 372, 391, 394, 396, 453

Power, balance of

, 51, 53, 54, 63

Power, role of

, 329

Power game theory

, 330, 331, 332, 334, 345

Power games

, 55, 326, 330–332, 334, 337, 339, 345, 346

Power over

, 364, 396, 408

Power relations

, 16, 26, 28, 52, 64, 115, 162, 164, 165, 182, 235, 243, 244, 250, 257, 258, 260, 330, 333, 335, 361, 362, 364, 365, 372, 374, 375, 381, 382, 391

Power resources

, 13, 218, 342, 394, 398

Power source

, 174, 429

Power structure

, 26, 167, 173, 313, 315, 333

Prahalad, C.K.

, 12, 76, 200, 202, 203, 205, 296, 328

Preferences

, 338, 365, 366, 398

Private regulation

, 418n3, 449, 456, 457, 458

Quack, S.

, 131, 267, 336, 364

Rationality

, 77, 82, 102, 103, 105, 106, 113, 114, 115, 116, 211, 242, 331, 374, 377

Rationality bounded

, 77

Rationalization

, 105, 116, 118, 119

Reflexivity

, 235, 256, 268, 269, 285

Regime

, 373, 383

Relationships

, 7, 27, 72, 76–77, 80, 166, 180, 267, 274, 295–319, 328, 329, 332, 343, 344, 391, 404, 426, 454, 472

Relationships, external

, 237

Relevant actors

, 111, 340, 342, 403

Relocation

, 287n1, 374, 380

Research

, 8, 11, 12, 13–14, 18, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 72, 74, 77, 78, 80, 92–93, 101, 117–121, 128, 129, 132, 133–135, 164, 168, 169, 171, 180–183, 184, 185, 194–225, 236–238, 239–241, 270, 271, 273, 282, 284, 287, 296, 298, 299, 300, 301–302, 316, 317, 382, 417, 440, 448, 449, 464, 472

Research design

, 93, 133–135, 239–241, 417

Research method

, 12, 17, 18, 185, 273

Research process

, 223

Research question

, 44, 75, 93, 117, 119, 120, 448

Resistance

, 21, 55, 57, 165, 168, 172, 176–178, 182, 203, 234, 236, 237, 242, 243, 249, 251, 253, 268, 362, 374, 381

Resource

, 8, 13, 27, 52, 54–55, 114, 115, 132, 148, 194, 204, 213, 214, 218, 219, 220, 237, 259, 260, 261, 281, 299, 315, 317, 328, 338–339, 399

Resource, critical

, 55, 299

Resource dependency

, 13, 213, 237, 328

Resource exchange

, 328

Restructuring

, 21, 134, 171, 178, 205, 360, 392, 415

Ridderstrale, J

, 13, 78, 299

Ritual

, 47, 59, 165

Roth, K.

, 5, 14, 15, 100, 104, 110, 112, 128, 234, 296, 299, 326, 329, 456

Rules

, 28, 45, 55, 59, 60, 176, 274, 285, 286, 315, 331, 333, 334, 340, 363, 375, 383, 395, 418, 458, 469

Rules institutional

, 268, 452, 453

Rules of the game

, 28, 47, 55, 327, 333, 342, 344

Russia

, 213, 428, 460

Sahlin, K

, 113

Saka-Helmhout, A.

, 20, 21, 267, 297, 298, 299, 326

Scott, W. R

, 14, 18, 19, 102, 113, 116, 278, 281, 282, 335, 400, 450, 453

Scullion, H.

, 269, 270, 271, 366, 367

Sector

, 129, 404, 413, 414

Sector, industrial

, 29, 131, 132, 144

Sense-giving

, 24, 119, 120, 308

Sense-making

, 4, 18, 21, 24, 119, 120, 215, 221, 298, 300

Set of actors

, 62, 285

Shareholder

, 44, 150, 343, 438

Shareholder model

, 45

Shareholder value

, 102

Shop steward

, 136, 137, 149

Shutdown

, 134, 139, 140, 149, 150, 151

Smith, C.

, 19, 26, 268, 280, 281, 283, 285

Social capital

, 338, 342, 344

Social change

, 391, 393

Social construction

, 16, 26, 116, 119, 211, 215, 218, 221, 223, 273, 274, 285, 340

Social media

, 438

Social movements

, 22, 28, 29, 383, 390, 393, 395, 396, 401, 413

Social network

, 79, 176

Social relation

, 64, 165, 181, 371

Social relationship

, 268

Social space

, 20, 268

Social structure

, 197, 273, 274, 319n3, 360, 374, 378

Social system

, 166, 211, 212

Socialization

, 78, 203, 222, 336, 338, 366, 367

Societal institution

, 269, 328

Socioeconomic action

, 268

Socio-political

, 8, 268

Socio-political issues

, 402

Socio-political process

, 26

Socio-political, nature of MNC

, 26

Sorge, A

, 15, 20, 128, 131, 154

Sovereignty

, 53, 63

Stakeholder

, 28, 30, 31, 268, 446, 448, 449, 451, 470

Stakeholder impacts

, 437–439

Stakeholder salience

, 30, 448, 449, 452, 453, 454, 456, 457, 461, 462, 469, 471, 472

Standardization

, 306, 451

State-owned enterprises/firms

, 281

Strategic alliance

, 51, 340, 426

Strategic approach

, 20, 117, 118, 119, 120, 249

Strategic decision making

, 81, 84, 221, 299, 395, 450

Strategic management

, 102

Strategy

, 31, 49, 50–51, 54–55, 61, 76, 78, 128, 194, 212, 256, 273, 338, 409, 449

Strategy, corporate

, 55, 114, 118, 137

Strategy, political

, 51, 284, 315

Structuration

, 111, 392, 398, 400, 404, 416, 417

Struggle

, 26, 60, 233–262, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 395, 396, 397, 399, 413, 414

Subjectivity

, 235, 242, 256, 258

Subsidiary

, 52, 89, 90, 110, 201, 236, 299, 308, 310, 311, 314

Subsidiary autonomy

, 236, 261, 333

Subsidiary bargaining power

, 50

Subsidiary initiative

, 13, 79, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 240, 242, 248, 249, 250, 252, 254, 256, 259, 261, 262

Subsidiary initiative-taking

, 16, 260, 261, 334

Subsidiary lobbying

, 237, 252, 255, 256

Subsidiary management

, 237, 267, 328

Subsidiary power

, 79, 88

Subsidiary role

, 234, 236, 237

Suddaby, R.

, 20, 113, 222, 242

Superiority

, 79, 247, 249, 382

Sweden

, 140, 219, 460

Symbolic capital

, 28, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 346

Technology transfer

, 82, 93

Tempel, A.

, 132, 218, 297, 317, 329

Thévenot, L.

, 297, 298, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 307, 310, 311, 313, 314, 318

Tienari, J.

, 17, 21, 130, 220, 235, 238, 260, 261, 298, 332, 364, 378, 382, 401

Tietze, S.

, 16, 211, 220, 221

Top management team

, 221

Top managers

, 153, 248

Top-down

, 77, 238, 334, 454

Trade union

, 15, 25, 115, 133, 143, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 346, 399, 402, 403, 406, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 418

Traditional MNC

, 10, 260

Transaction cost

, 7, 13, 327

Translation

, 201, 215, 217, 218, 219, 359, 409, 437

Translation process

, 136

Translator

, 20, 218

Transnational fields

, 391, 398

Unit of analysis

, 19, 20, 21, 29, 317, 328

United Arab Emirates

, 277, 279, 460

United Kingdom

, 12, 115, 140, 179, 217, 304, 403, 407, 432, 435, 454, 460, 461, 471

Vaara, E.

, 17, 21, 26, 130, 178, 220, 225n8, 234, 235, 238, 239, 243, 260, 261, 262, 298, 332, 342, 378, 401

Value chain

, 10, 27, 73, 82, 84, 237, 316, 317, 458

van Maanen, J.

, 7, 14, 18, 25, 162, 165, 167, 169, 185, 220, 242

Varieties of capitalism (VoC)

, 15, 20, 28, 128, 267, 269

Verbeke, A

, 12, 31, 51, 134

Vernon, R.

, 50, 102, 195, 196, 199, 225n6, 327

Vignette

, 28, 327, 341, 344

Vincent, S.

, 273, 274

Walgenbach, P.

, 15, 19, 24, 26, 101, 115, 128, 132, 317, 329, 335, 336, 345

Welch, C.

, 163, 210, 393

Welch, D.E.

, 16, 197, 211, 219

Welch, L.S.

, 16, 197, 219

Westney, D. E.

, 6, 7, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31, 32n1, 32n3, 101, 103, 108, 208, 211, 217, 220, 222

Whitley, R.

, 6, 15, 20, 60, 129, 131, 132, 268, 328

Williams, K

, 15, 20, 21, 115, 128, 172, 203, 237, 273, 299, 330, 470

Women

, 358, 359, 360, 362, 363, 365–370, 371, 375

Work force

, 132

Works council

, 461

Worldviews

, 235, 239, 243, 244, 247, 252, 253, 254, 255, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262

Zaheer, S.

, 14, 15, 19, 101, 272, 297, 298, 327, 329, 336, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 458, 469

Zajak, S.

, 390, 397, 401, 402, 413, 414, 418n3

Zeitlin, J.

, 129, 181, 237, 261, 300, 307, 313