Index
Work and Labor in the Digital Age
ISBN: 978-1-78973-586-4, eISBN: 978-1-78973-585-7
ISSN: 0277-2833
Publication date: 4 July 2019
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2019), "Index", Vallas, S.P. and Kovalainen, A. (Ed.) Work and Labor in the Digital Age (Research in the Sociology of Work, Vol. 33), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0277-283320190000033011
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2019 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Note: Page numbers followed by “n” with numbers indicate notes.
Ableism
, 154–155
Active job seeking carries
, 114
Activity-based systems
, 134
Advertising
, 30
platforms
, 15, 65
strategists
, 30
Affordances
, 6, 70, 81
critique
, 69
Aggregators
, 95
Agricultural occupations
, 55
Airbnb
, 2, 10, 26, 146
Amazon
, 17, 19, 23–24, 35n3
Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT)
, 2, 7, 26, 125–126, 131
Amazon Publisher Services
, 27, 29–30
Amazon Web Services
, 15
Amazon’s Echo
, 48
Analytic memos
, 97–98
Analytical categorization
, 17
Apollo lunar missions
, 48
App economy
, 29
App stores
, 27
App-based restaurant delivery service Foodora
, 158
AppAnnie
, 30
Apple
, 19
Apple App Store
, 28
Applicant tracking system (ATS)
, 99
software systems
, 114
Artificial intelligence (AI)
, 2, 4, 48
ATM machines
, 51–52, 58n9
Augmented reality
, 49
Automated Hiring Platform (AHP)
, 62–64, 66, 69, 72–73, 76, 78, 80–81
becomes web platform
, 76–78
CDA of
, 73
Automated scheduling platforms
, 84
Automated society
, 44–45
“Automating inequality” effect
, 7
Automation process
, 48
Automobile
, 50
Autonomous learning game
, 171–172
“Bad jobs”
, 166
Be your Own Boss (slogan-triad of emancipatory resonance)
, 169
Belgian labor market
, 150–152, 160n4
workers equally in
, 157–160
Belgian system
platform revolution in
, 9
of self-regulation
, 147
social reproduction
, 155
“Black Hole” of mass posting sites
, 98
going with flow
, 98–100
low skill and high competition
, 100–101
Répondez S’il Vous Plaît
, 101
Blogs
, 30
Bottlenecks, appreciation of
, 52
British National Health System
, 46
Bullet-speed trains
, 50
Burn-out
, 30
Business model
, 146, 157
of platform-based firms
, 153–155
Business risks
, 153
Cadcrowd for engineering
, 26
Capital
, 153–154
accumulation
, 155–156
gains
, 20
platforms
, 68
Capitalism
, 153–154
Capitalistic production
, 154
CAPTCHA method of testing
, 33
CareerBuilder
, 74–75, 94–95, 98
Casual drivers
, 25
Chief executive officers (CEOs)
, 129
ChoicePoint (data broker)
, 78–79
Classical business models
, 155
Classical firms
, 148
“Classical” capital
, 155, 160
“Classical” firms
, 155–156
Cloud platforms
, 15, 65
Cloud-based SalesForce
, 85
Collaborative economy
, (see Sharing economy)
Communication from Commission (2016)
, 148–149
Communication platforms
, 47
Community
, 126–127
as control
, 137
forums
, 130
macrotask platforms
, 138–139
microtask platforms
, 137–138
Compensation
, 17
Competition
, 124
Computer gaming industry
, 51
Consensus-based model
, 156
Conservative commentators
, 44
Consignment content producers
, 27–31
Constitutive elements of work-games
, 171–172
Consumer purchasing behavior
, 24
Consumers
, 178
Content
analysis
, 69
creators
, 28
Contest
contest-based macrotask platforms
, 135
contest-based platforms
, 139
platforms
, 124
Context-sensitive methodology
, 70
Contractor-provided systems
, 7
Contradictions within capitalism as historical opportunity to recover self-regulation
, 155–157
Control on crowdwork platforms
, 125–126
community as control
, 137–139
control through reputation and ranking systems
, 133–137
direct control
, 130–133
variety of
, 130
Control regimes
, 128
Coordinated market economies
, 156
Corporatist industrial relations
, 167
Cost externalization of social reproduction of labor
, 153–155
Craigslist
, 23, 34
Credit cards
, 51
Critical discourse analysis (CDA)
, 69–70
of AHP
, 73, 83
CrowdFlower platform
, 2, 125
Crowdsourcing firms
, 146
Crowdwork platform
, 122
control on
, 125–126
crowd, community, and social engineering
, 126–127
crowdworking sites
, 7
data and methods
, 127–130
digital Taylorism
, 122–123
as new work model
, 123–125
performance regulation
, 122, 128–129, 133, 141
variety of control within
, 130–139
Cruise-control
, 49
Cultural signaling
, 114
Cumbersome legislation on platforms
, 148–149
Customer relationship management (CRM)
, 84–85
Cybervetting
, 114
Data collection firms
, 30
Data janitors
, 22
Data-processing power
, 51
Decision Point Systems
, 75–76
Deeleconomie
, 148
Deliveroo
, 123, 146
Design
of AHPs
, 69, 76
decisions
, 68
tasks
, 132
of work platforms
, 64
99Design for design
, 26
Digital
economy
, 3–4
ethnography of software
, 84
evaluation processes
, 114
infrastructures
, 123
operations
, 4
platforms
, 14, 25, 27
reputations and rankings
, 133
revolution
, 2–4, 9
signifiers
, 113
systems
, 7
Taylorism
, 7, 122–123
Digitalization
, 122
Direct control on crowdwork platforms
, 130
macrotask platforms
, 132–133
microtask platforms
, 130–132
Direct digital control
, 123
Diverse labor
, 148
sharing economy as strategy to activating
, 148–150
Diverse labor, sharing economy as strategy to activating
, 148–150
Diverse workers
, 148
Diversity
, 158–159
“Double-edged” character of online job finding
, 96
Drone aircraft
, 51
Dynamex
, 24
Dynamic pricing
, 175, 184
E-lance
, 2
Earning coins
game
, 179
virtual work-game of
, 173–178
Earning stars
, 176–177
eBay
, 17, 23
Economic graph
, 69
Economic theory of SBTC
, 97
Économie collaborative
, 148
“Ecosystem” design
, 64
Elance platform
, (see Upwork platform)
Empirical analysis
, 5
Employee
, 166
Employment
, 155
LSDs about
, 49–52
Entertainment Software Association
, 58n8
Entrepreneurial ideology
, 166, 178
Equifax
, 62
Ethnographic study
, 166, 178
Ethnography of audience analytics work
, 68, 71
Etsy
, 17, 23
European economic governance
, 147
European Trade Union Institute (ETUI)
, 150
Evaluative infrastructures
, 126
Expedia
, 23
Facebook
, 19–20, 63–64, 138
apps
, 30, 33
videos
, 30
“Facilitation” mode
, 159
Fee-for-placement model
, 74
“Fissuring of work place” process
, 15
Flappy Birds game
, 29
Flexibilization of Belgian labor market
, 150–152
“Follower-based” real-time enterprises
, 30
Ford Motor Company
, 166
Fordism
, 166
Formal employment
, 167
Fourth industrial revolution
, 153
Freelancer. com
, 26
Full-time employment
, 25
“Fun mode”
, 167, 179
Fundidora
, 168
“Gales of creative destruction”
, 2–3
Gamification
, 139
Gender
, 154–155
segregation of occupations and college majors
, 54
General Motors, window washer working for
, 17–18
Gig economy
, 18, 47
changes in labor market of monterrey
, 167–169
constitutive elements of work-games
, 171–172
different modes of playing for different players
, 178–185
factory to app
, 172–173
logging-in
, 173–178
research design
, 169–171
Gig work
, 141n1
GitHub
, 32–33
Global economy
, 146
Global labor markets
, 149
Global political economy
, 167
Global positioning system technologies
, 9
Google
, 19–20, 22, 31, 65
Google Play site
, 28
Great Recession
, 52–53, 113, 149
Greeting task
, 57n3
Grounded Theory
, 70, 97
GrubHub
, 26
Handoff problem
, 58n5
Head’s up display (HUD)
, 49
Headhunting
, 96, 113
“Heat wave”
, 166
Heterogeneity
, 5
Hidden management structure
, 177–178
High-performing crowdworkers
, 124–125
High-skill online platforms
, 122
HirePro software
, 75, 77
Hiring practices
, 97
Homogeneous group
, 5
Human resource (HR)
management
, 152
professionals
, 94, 98
recruiters
, 7
“Ideal performativity”
, 96, 112
“Imagined affordances” concept
, 71
Import substitution industrialization model (ISI model)
, 167
Import Substitution Model
, 168, 173, 181
In-person gig work
, 25
Inclusive labor market policy
, 159–160
Income
, 155
Indeed website
, 94–95, 98, 111
“Independent contracting” labor
, 3
Independent contractor
, 166
Indeterminacy
, 122
“Indirect control”
, 166
Indirect digital control
, 123
Inductive analysis
, 72
Industrial
platforms
, 17, 65
players
, 181–183
sector
, 170
InnoCentives
, 26
Insecurity culture
, 11n1
Instagram
, 32
Institutional data imperative
, 96
Intelligence augmentation (IA)
, 48
Intensification
, 155
Internet
, 32, 115, 122
Internet-based application
, 173
Internet-based forums
, 158
Internet-based independent publishing
, 28
Internet-based job searchers
, 95
Internet-based search capacities
, 7
search and recruitment
, 94–97
technologies
, 96
Interviewee characteristics
, 119–120
Job-searchers
, 171–172
“Job-searching” game
, 171–172
Job(s)
, 46–47
applications
, 6
creation
, 50
displacement
, 44
markets
, 94
search websites
, 94
Jobless future
critics
, 44
predictions
, 44
Jobless recoveries
, 113
Jornada laboral
, 173–174
Kaggle
, 26
Kiosk
, 75–76
Kiva Systems
, 36n9
Labor
, 14, 153–154
externalizing cost of social reproduction of
, 153–155
force distinctions in platform economy
, 16
platforms
, 3
social reproduction
, 160
standardized forms of labor control
, 7
Labor market
, 147
of monterrey, changes in
, 167–169
polarization
, 96–97, 112
self-regulation
, 156
Labor process
, 123, 166
theorists
, 169
theory
, 8, 127
Labor-saving devices (LSDs)
, 5, 49
about employment
, 49–52
short-run effects
, 51
Lean platforms
, 65
Learning games
, 126, 172
LinkedIn
, 32
LinkedIn
, 6, 33, 68, 94–95, 98, 149
“Living wage”
, 154
Localizer
, 169
Log-in application
, 182
Log-off application
, 182
Logging-in
, 173–178
Logistics platforms
, 17
London-based Guardian
, 28–29
Low-skill online work
, 122
Lyft app
, 10, 19, 25, 125
Macrotasks platforms
, 122, 124
community as control
, 138–139
control through reputation and ranking systems
, 135–137
direct control on crowdwork platforms
, 132–133
Management analysts
, 47
Managerial strategies
, 127
Manufacturing Consent (Burawoy)
, 172
Market for passive candidates
, 101–111
Market-competition process
, 20
Market-tipping dynamics
, 20
“Marketplace” platforms
, 124
Mass posting sites, “black hole” of
, 98–101
“Matching” mechanisms
, 133
McKinsey Global Institute
, 18, 32
Mediocrity
, 102
Micro-tasks
, 26
Microsoft Azure
, 15
Microtasks platforms
, 122, 124
community as control
, 137–138
control through reputation and ranking systems
, 133–135
direct control on crowdwork platforms
, 130–132
Middle-ground practices
, 111–112
Minimalist fashion
, 127
Mobility
, 94
Moderate beneficiaries
, 17
Monetization methods
, 30
Monster website
, 94–95, 98, 111
Monster.com
, 6, 74
Monterrey, changes in labor market of
, 167–169
Movimiento
, 175–176, 184
National economic growth
, 167
Neoliberal capitalism
, 154
Neoliberal model
, 168
Netflix
, 17
Network logics
, 115
Neutral Union of Self-Employed
, 159
New industries creation
, 50
New York City, Uber in
, 25–26
New York Times
, 30
Nike on Google
, 31–32
Non-platform organization content producers
, 31–32
Norm-backed control
, 67
Normative control
, 127
O*Net
, 46
“Objective” mediator
, 178
Occupational change, rate of
, 53–56
Occupational information
, 53
Offshoring
, 26
On demand
economy
, 17
“gig work”
, 122
work
, 141n1
One profile rule
, 6
Online gaming firms
, 30
Online labor markets
“black hole” of mass posting sites
, 98–101
data and methodology
, 97–98
implications
, 112–115
internet search and recruitment
, 94–97
interviewee characteristics
, 119–120
market for passive candidates
, 101–111
middle-ground practices
, 111–112
Online labour
, 141n1
Online marketplaces
, 23
for contingent work
, 147
Online platforms
, 123
Online retailing
, 24
Organizational actors
, 96
Organizational psychologists
, 47
Our Robots, Ourselves (Mindell)
, 48
Outsourcing
, 26
Participation economy
, 33
Passive brokers
, 8
Passive candidates, market for
, 101–111
fishing for passive talent
, 106–108
hunting for purple squirrels
, 109–111
stigma of active search
, 103–104
variation in targeted recruitment
, 104–106
wooing passive candidates
, 108–109
work of filling job openings
, 101–102
Path-dependent network effects
, 20
Patreon (crowd-funding website)
, 30
Performance regulation in crowdwork
, 122, 128–129, 133, 141
Personal assistants
, 48
Personal conversations
, 48
Physical retail
, 24
Pinterest postings
, 30
Platform capitalism
, 2–4, 63–64, 67
advocates
, 2–3
critics of
, 3
future paths for research
, 9–11
Platform economy
, (see also Sharing economy), 3, 14, 122, 155–157
analytic framework/taxonomy
, 15–19
evidence of racialization
, 9
impeded analysis
, 5
labor force distinctions in
, 16
platform-mediated content creation
, 27–33
platform-mediated work
, 23–27
work at platform firms
, 19–22
Platform firms
, 2, 15–16, 19, 148
contractors
, 21–22
employees
, 19–21
employment, revenue, and revenue per employee
, 21
work at
, 19–22
Platform workers
, 5–6
active or agentic features
, 8
Platform-based “sharing economy”
, 68
Platform-based firms
, 147, 153–155, 157
Platform-based income
, 18
Platform-created ecosystems
, 17
Platform-dependent workers
, 17
Platform-mediated content creation
, 27
consignment content producers
, 27–31
non-platform organization content producers
, 31–32
user-generated content
, 32–33
Platform-mediated work
, 23, 147
platform-mediated in-person service provision
, 24–26
platform-mediated marketplaces
, 23–24
platform-mediated remote contracting
, 26–27
Platforms
, 63, 122, 128, 134
AHP
, 63–64
application policies for 2017 Fortune 500 list
, 90–91
authoritarianism
, 7, 10, 62, 66
automated hiring becomes web platform
, 76–78
CDA
, 69–70
contemporary work platform vendors
, 83
data analysis
, 72–73
data collection
, 71–72
Decision Point Systems and Kiosk
, 75–76
findings
, 73
future research directions
, 83–85
increased retention
, 80
job boards and experimental software
, 74
loss prevention
, 78–79
methodology
, 69
new classified sections
, 74
reduced hiring bias
, 79
reduced hiring time
, 79–80
reducing friction, increasing fragmentation
, 80–81
reputational system
, 8
revolution in Belgium
, 9
sociology of work
, 62–63, 64–69
triangulating claimed benefits
, 78
Playing modes for different players
, 178
divergences in work-games according to employment trajectory of drivers
, 180
industrial players
, 181–183
playing game
, 185
precarious players
, 183–184
professional players
, 179, 181
students
, 184–185
Polarity
, 48
Polarization-inducing effect
, 7
Policy responses
, 53
“Polite but not talkative” type passenger
, 177
Positive disruption
, 149
Post-capitalism
, 166
Post-Fordism
, 166
PostMates
, 25–26
Power
, 123
“Pre-emption” laws
, 10
Pre-Web Bulletin Board Services
, 74
Precarious players
, 183–184
Priceline
, 23
Product platforms
, 17, 65
Professional knowledge
, 124
Professional players
, 179, 181
Professional social media websites
, 94
Profiler
, 76
Purple squirrels
, 109–111
Race
, 154–155
Raison d’être of platforms
, 63
Random surfers
, 17
Ranking systems
, 133–137
Raterhub
, 22
ReCAPTCHA service
, 33
Recruiters
, 103
Recruiting websites
, 94
Redistributive state–citizen relationship
, 167
“Regular” workers
, 149
Remote labor-sourcing
, 27
Remuneration
, 124
Répondez S’il Vous Plaît
, 101
Reputation systems
, 126
control through
, 133
macrotask platforms
, 135–137
microtask platforms
, 133–135
Reputational controls
, 7
Retail apocalypse
, 5
RingDNA
, 85
Risk society
, 11n1
“Robot exposed” industrial workers
, 45
Robots
, 45
“Rude but not talkative” type passenger
, 177
“Rule enforcers”
, 178
“Rule makers”
, 178
“Rules of game”
, 172, 183
Salesforce
, 85
lease digital services
, 65
Scandinavian systems
, 156
Secular stagnation
, 113
Self-driving vehicles
, 49
Self-employed individuals
, 153
Self-employment
, 158
Self-regulation
, 147, 156
Sensor-assisted systems
, 49
Sequencing
, 52–53
Service vouchers
, 149
Service work
, 176
Set your own Schedule and Earn Instant Money (slogan-triad of emancipatory resonance)
, 169
Shadow Work (Lambert)
, 58n4
Sharing economy
, (see also Platform economy), 2, 17, 35n1, 146, 148, 156–157, 159–160
business model of platform-based firms
, 153–155
as recent step in flexibilization of Belgian labor market
, 150–152
as strategy to activate diverse labor
, 148–150
workers equally in Belgian labor market
, 157–160
Single-site ethnographies
, 85
Siri (Apple)
, 48
Skill-biased technological change (SBTC)
, 97
Slack
, 36n14
#Slaveroo movement
, 8
SMart
, 159
Snap
, 19
Snapchat
, 32–33
Social
capital
, 83, 137
consultation
, 156
dialog
, 151
engineering
, 126–127
insurance safety net
, 155
media networks
, 138
media platforms
, 63
networking websites
, 95
partners
, 156
reproduction of labor
, 147, 153–155, 154
security contributions
, 155
stratification
, 94
Socio-demographics
, 160
Socio-economic process
, 154
Socio-ideological control
, 127
Socio-technical work system
, 123
Sociology of work
, 62–64, 85
platform studies
, 64–65
sociology of platforms at work
, 65–69
Space-bound astronauts
, 49
Specter of automation
, 44
“Speedup” hypothesis
, 53
Spotify
, 17, 19
Srnicek notes
, 65
“Standard” employment de facto
, 158
Star creators
, 29
State-driven economic model
, 167
State-led industrialization
, 167–168
Stigma of active search
, 103–104
Stock theft reduction
, 78
Structured data fields
, 74–75
“Summer agreement”
, 156
Superchat
, 30
Surveillance
, 51, 67, 125, 131
Survival mode
, 167, 179, 182–183
Talent management division
, 77
Talent poaching
, 96
“Talkative and rude” type passenger
, 177
“Talkative type” passenger
, 176–177
Task complementarity
, 48–49
Task-replacement framework
, 45–47, 58n7
task complementarity vs.
, 48–49
unstated assumptions
, 47–48
Task-substitution method (Frey and Osborne)
, 46
Taskification
, 3
TaskRabbit
, 2, 26, 36n12, 147
Tax breaks, provision of
, 9
Tax filings
, 18
Taxis
, 169
Taylorist management
, 66
Technical control
, 66
Technology
, 66–67
technological systems
, 52
technology-based performance control
, 131
TELCEL (monopolistic telecommunication corporation in Mexico)
, 181
Thematic codes
, 69
Theoretical sampling strategies
, 98
Timing
, 52–53
Trade unions
, 156
Traditional employees
, 157
Traditional job surveys
, 18
Traditional media
, 32
Traditional organizational forms
, 166
Transformative power vis-á-vis “traditional” economy
, 3
Transportation service provider
, 169–170
TubeMogul
, 30
Tumblr
, 64
Twitch ecosystem
, 30–31
Twitch gaming network
, 27
Twitter
, 20, 30, 32, 35, 63
Uber
, 2, 6, 9–10, 19, 25, 36n8, 65, 68, 123, 146, 166
app
, 125, 176
corporation
, 178
drivers
, 169–170
model
, 166
service
, 170
Uer lacks management structure
, 173
virtualized management system
, 172–173
Uber-work game
, 179–180
“Ubercapital”
, 113, 115n3
Uncertainty
, 6, 155, 172, 183, 184
labor market
, 8
Unemployment
, 115n4, 155
UNI Global Union (2017)
, 159
Unicru
, 72, 76–78, 80
Union of Independent Entrepreneurs
, 159
Upwork platform
, 26, 125–126, 147, 150
User-generated content (UGC)
, 17, 32–33, 64
Value creation
, 14
activities
, 17
Venture labor
, 19–21
Vidcon franchise
, 36n19
Virtual work-game of earning coins
, 173
accepting rides
, 174
earning stars
, 176–177
hidden management structure
, 177–178
locating Movimiento
, 175–176
Visibility
, 138
Vitro
, 168
Waiting mode
, 179, 181–182
Web platform, automated hiring becomes
, 76–78
Welfare state insurance and services
, 155
WhatsApp
, 20, 137
“Winner take all”
labor markets
, 96, 113
principle
, 133
Word processing
, 50
Work
, 14, 17
diary
, 125
future of work
, 44, 46
games
, 166
at platform firms
, 19–22
Work platforms
, 17, 62, 147
design of
, 64
Work-games in Gig-economy
changes in labor market of Monterrey
, 167–169
constitutive elements
, 171–172
different modes of playing for different players
, 178–185
factory to app
, 172–173
logging-in
, 173–178
research design
, 169–171
Workers protection in Belgian labor market
, 157–160
Workforce science
, 63
World Wide Web
, 27, 48, 94–95, 107
Xerox copying machine
, 50
Yelp!
, 19, 32
YouTube
, 17, 27–29, 64
creators
, 30–31
videos
, 18
YouTubers, sources of income for
, 31
Zynga (Internet game firm)
, 20
- Prelims
- Introduction: Taking Stock of the Digital Revolution
- Chapter 1 Work and Value Creation in the Platform Economy
- Chapter 2 Technology-driven Task Replacement and the Future of Employment
- Chapter 3 Platforms at Work: Automated Hiring Platforms and Other New Intermediaries in the Organization of Work
- Chapter 4 Black Holes and Purple Squirrels: A Tale of Two Online Labor Markets
- Chapter 5 Brave New Digital Work? New Forms of Performance Control in Crowdwork
- Chapter 6 Labor Market Inclusion Through Predatory Capitalism? The “Sharing Economy,” Diversity, and the Crisis of Social Reproduction in the Belgian Coordinated Market Economy
- Chapter 7 Work-Games in the Gig-economy: A Case Study of Uber Drivers in the City of Monterrey, Mexico
- Index