Accountable Care Act

, 109

Acculturation

, 35, 49

ACLI Colf home care and domestic workers’ association

, 245–246

Adolescent mental health

, 30

Adult-as-researcher

, 143

Adulthood transitions

, 41

Age

, 20–21, 36

Age-period-cohort effects

, 36

Aging

, 34, 88–89, 106, 107, 108

adults with ASD

, 89

Alienation and bodywork, DCWs

, 228

Alternative care settings, ASD

, 114–115

Amenorrhea and thalassemia

, 192

Ancestry and Immigrant Generation

, 44

Anonymity

, 143–144

and privacy, Hepatitis C

, 130–131

Anti-leprosy treatment

, 184

Anxiety and depression

, 17

Arsenic

, 74–75

ASD. See Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

Asian American

, 37

Asian and Latinx ancestry

, 34

Assimilation

, 35

Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE)

, 229

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

, 102

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

, 88

alternative care settings

, 114–115

barriers to health

, 108–111

ability to serve, influence on

, 111

available services access

, 108–109

group and supported residential living

, 110–111

Medicaid coverage

, 109–110

characteristics

, 93

future work

, 113–115

health disparities

, 89

impacted adults and guardians

, 103–108

emergency rooms

, 106–107

family members role

, 105

PCP serving as coordinator of care/services

, 104–105

preventive health services

, 107–108

reliance on caseworkers

, 106

informant characteristics

, 92–94, 96

limitations to study

, 112–113

medical home concept for adults

, 115

patients and caregivers

, 94–103

ageism/disability, double jeopardy stigma of

, 103

clinical accommodations

, 96–99

communication practices

, 99–100

patient social/behavioral requirements

, 100–101

psychotropic medications

, 101–103, 115

physician role

, 89–90

prevalence

, 88–89

primary care providers (PCPs)

, 89–90

provider perspective and sharing best practices

, 114

research methods

, 90–92

human subject issues

, 92

participant recruitment, accommodations

, 92

sampling strategy

, 91–92

research purpose

, 90

social characteristics of

, 95

Backache

, 249–250

Balance customization

, 112

Barriers to health, ASD

, 108–111

ability to serve, influence on

, 111

available services access

, 108–109

group and supported residential living

, 110–111

Medicaid coverage

, 109–110

Bilateral family systems

, 39

Bilingual interviewers

, 57–58

Biographical narratives, thalassemic women’s

methods

, 192–193

result

, 193–199

See also Thalassemia

Biological mother/father

, 20

Biomedicine

, 190

Birth ethnicity

, 48

Black adolescents

, 25

Black American families

, 28

“Black Girl Magic” movement

, 28–29

Black home culture

, 28–29

Black individuals and families

, 73–74

Black–White differences in physical health

, 72

Block Group (BG) level data

, 19

Body mass index (BMI)

, 150–151

Buddhist teaching on Karma

, 173

Cadmium

, 74–75, 77, 80

Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ)

, 208

Care assistants

, 241

Career-focused specialists

, 214

Care work

, 227, 234–236

Care workers’ health risks

characteristics

, 230, 231

injuries

, 233

time for tasks

, 234, 235

working conditions

, 230–233

Caring labor

, 226

Case modification indices

, 21

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

, 227, 229

Child-as-researched

, 143

Childhood obesity

, 138–139, 155

Child-rearing responsibilities

, 214

Children as active agents

, 146

Children’s perspectives on health

, 138, 155

Chinese immigrant women

, 37

Chi-square tests

, 229–230

Chronic stressors

, 28–29

Church-based support groups and HCV

, 132–133

Church communities support

, 40–41

Clinical accommodations, ASD

environmental adjustments

, 97–98

pediatric providers utilization

, 98–99

sensory needs

, 97

Closeness

, 17

“Coefficient change” approach

, 78–79

Cognitive and physical abilities

, 34

Cohabitation and isolation

, 243

Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES)

, 41–42, 55

Communication

and closeness

, 17

open

, 17

and physical approach to examinations, ASD

, 94–96

Community based rehabilitation (CBR)

, 168–169

Community leaders and HCV

, 132

Community participation and leprosy

, 168

Community’s support system, hepatitis C

, 129–130

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)

, 37

Confidentiality

, 143–144

Convenience

, 150–151, 153

Cooley’s syndrome

, 192

Coordination of care

, 112

Coresidence

, 39

Critical discourse analysis

, 207–208, 218–219

Critical functionalism

, 207–208

Cubans

, 59

Cultural beliefs and attitudes

, 37

Depression

, 102

and home care workers’

, 244–245

Dietary practices

, 148

Direct care work (DCW) jobs

, 226, 234

activities of daily living (ADLs)

, 227

health risks

, 227

physical and emotional health outcomes

, 227

workplaces

, 227–228

Disposition to leprosy

, 182

Domestic and care-providing jobs

, 241

Domestic partner (DP)

, 213

Domestic workers and nurses

, 244

Dysfunctionality

, 207–208

Emergency room (ER)

, 106–107, 114–115

Emotional involvement

, 243

Employee’s working and reproductive space

, 242

Employment

, 59

English proficiency

, 59

and familism

, 39

Environmental exposure

, 72–73

Environmental toxins

, 76–77

Equally problematic and leprosy

, 168

Ethnic and immigrant-generation groups

, 48

Ethnographic observations, on-site research

, 144

Ethnopsychiatry

, 191

Exploratory research, ASD

, 91

Exposure to toxins

, 72–73

Extra-curricular activities, rural children’s health

, 155

Face-to-face emotional labor

, 242

Face-to-face interviews, HCV

, 124

Familial support and mental health service

, 34, 35

ancestry/immigrant-generation and

, 43

beliefs and behaviors in

, 37–38

familism

, 39

family expectations and networks, shifts in

, 40–41

filial piety

, 39

hypothesis 1

, 44–47

hypothesis 2

, 47

hypothesis 3

, 47

hypothesis 4

, 47–48

limitations

, 48–49

modernization

, 36–37

sex, marital status and familial support

, 43–44

socioemotional selectivity theory

, 36

variables

, 42–43

Western influences

, 39–40

Familism

, 35, 39

Familismo

, 36

Family

caregiving

, 48

closeness

, 17

cohesion

, 34

expectations and networks, shifts in

, 40–41

food rules

, 154

free time rules

, 154

metaphor

, 228–229

reputation

, 37

Family-specific codes, rural children’s health

, 153–154

food rules

, 153

size and structure

, 153–154

Family support

, 17–18, 20, 28, 35

measures of

, 30

and psychological distress

, 19

interaction effects

, 25

relationship

, 23

structural equation models (SEM)

, 22, 23–24, 25–26

Fear of shame

, 37

Femininity and weakness

, 48

Filial piety

, 35, 39

First-generation Asian Americans

, 43

First-generation immigrants

, 37

First-generation Latinx

, 43

Focused coding

, 146–147

Focus group discussion (FGD)

, 174–175, 176

Food and social identity

, 154

Foreign-born immigrants

, 40

Foreign-born parents age

, 41

Foreign-born persons

, 48

Freaky balance

, 102

Free-time activities

, 155

Full-time employment

, 36, 39–40

Games and exercises, rural children’s health

, 145–146

Gender

, 20–21, 58–59, 78

dimension and social stratification

, 169

patterning

, 39

roles in family

, 28

segregation

, 227

stratification

, 227–228

Gender inequalities

, 17, 54, 216

in health policies

, 191, 198

leprosy

, 169–172, 182–183

thalassemia

, 195

Girls of color (GOC)

, 16

anxiety and depression for

, 28

family support and

, 17–18, 28–29

health professionals assessing

, 29

mental illness among

, 16–17

psychological distress

, 19

resilience and stress handeling

, 28–29

social disadvantages

, 18, 27

GOC. See Girls of color (GOC)

Google Scholar

, 208

Grounded theory

, 140

coding

, 147

Guardian characteristics, ASD

, 94, 96

Healthcare provider, ASD

, 89–90, 94–96, 99, 100–101, 114

Health disparities

, 89

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, HIPPA

, 130

Health policies

gender inequalities in

, 191

gender inequality in

, 198

humanized

, 199

See also Thalassemia

Health-related assistance

, 38

Healthy obesity

, 150–151

Heavy metal toxins

, 75

Hepatitis C and support groups in rural communities

anonymity and privacy, lack of

, 130–131

community’s support system

, 129–130

data collection

, 123–124

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

, 122–123

intentional ignorance

, 128–129

location selection

, 123

low-income families

, 127–128

patients

, 127

qualitative inquiry selection

, 122

social class and social life

, 120–121

social environment

, 121–122

social structures in riverside

, 126–127

study sample, composite descriptions of

, 125–126

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

, 120

mortality

, 120

sexual promiscuity

, 120–121

Hispanic culture

, 35

Home-based workers

, 228–229, 230

Home care assistant

, 241

health issues of

, 241

in Italy

, 241–243

occupational health investigation

, 240–241

risk

, 244

wellbeing

, 250–251

work-related malaise

, 244

Home care work

assistants in Italy

, 241–243

data collection

, 245

domestic space, cohabitation in

, 251–253

emotional work and body work, compound effects of

, 249–251

focus groups

, 245–246

survey

, 246–249

workers’ health risks

, 243–245

workplace, violence in

, 253–254

Home health aid

, 229

Honour and prestige, leprosy

, 171

Illness storytelling

, 191

Immigrant

DCWs

, 227–228

populations

, 49

Immigration

, 34–35

Impacted adults and guardians, ASD

, 103–108

emergency rooms

, 106–107

family doctor

, 103

family members role

, 105

PCP serving as coordinator of care/services

, 104–105

preventive health services

, 107–108

reliance on caseworkers

, 106

Inadequate staffing

, 228

Incapacity, thalassemia

, 196

Income

, 77–78

In-depth interview (IDI)

, 174–175, 176

“Indirect effect” approach

, 78–79

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

, 76–77

Influential “clique” of people

, 126–127

Informal caregiving

, 38

Informal employment relationship

, 243

Informants

, 112

Informed consent, rural children’s health

, 147–148

Informed grounded theory

, 140–141

Initial coding

, 146–147

Insomnia, home care assistants

, 248

Institutional discrimination

, 234

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

, 122–123

Insurance coverage

, 110

Insurance programs

, 34–35

Intellectual disabilities (ID)

, 91

adults with

, 115

ASD associated with

, 88

diversity

, 91

severe

, 93

See also Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

Intentional ignorance, hepatitis C

, 128–129

Inter-church support group, HCV

, 133

Inter-occupational racial and gender stratification

, 227–228

Interpersonal prejudice

, 234

Intersectionality

, 27–28

Interview

, 144

Intimacy

, 243

IRB. See Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Job satisfaction

, 229–230

Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)

, 208

Kessler Psychological Distress Scale

, 58

Labeling theory, leprosy

, 173

Language barriers

, 41

Latino ethnicity

, 59, 60, 63

interaction term

, 56–57

Latino groups mental health

, 55–56

Latino subethnic groups

, 54

Latinx populations

, 34, 37

Lawful permanent residents (LPRs)

, 34

Lead

, 74–75, 77

Least adult role

, 143

Least possible adult

, 143

Leprosaria

, 171

Leprosy

, 166–167

adverse religious perspectives

, 173

anti-leprosy treatment

, 184

awareness level

, 183–184

Buddhist teaching on Karma

, 173

cross-sectional survey method

, 173–176

exposure

, 184

gender, community support and post-treatment re-integration

, 182–183

gender issues and its control

, 169–172

hypothesis

, 172

at India

, 170

labeling theory

, 173

negative cultural imaging

, 173

New Case Detection(NCD)

, 167, 168

permanent disability

, 166–167

problems

, 167–169

research questions

, 172

respondents, sociodemographic characteristics

, 176–179

substantive research issues

, 179–182

test of hypothesis

, 183

Leprosy Control Units of Ministry of Health

, 174–175

Leprosy Mission International (1999)

, 170

Life expectancy

, 72

Limited English proficiency (LEP)

, 38

Live-in care workers

, 247–248

Live-in domestic workers

, 244

Live-in formula

, 244

Local governments areas (LGAs)

, 174, 175

Local health professionals, HCV

, 131

Logistic regression for mental health service

, 45, 46

Low-income district students

, 142

Low-income families, HCV

, 131

Low-income housing

, 73–74

Low socioeconomic status

, 17

Making Gray Gold (1995)

, 226

Male African American nurses

, 227–228

Male-dominated medical world

, 216

Manpower insufficiency

, 40

Marital status

, 58–59

and sex

, 48

Maternity and thalassemia

, 193

MAXQDA

, 147

Mediated moderation approach

, 21

Medicaid

, 94, 229

ASD

, 109–110

Medical anthropology

, 190

Medicalization

, 190–191, 193

Medicare

, 229

coverage and immigrant populations

, 38

Memo-writing

, 146–147

Mental health services, beliefs and behaviors in

, 37–38

Mexicans

, 64

Midwest Elementary School

, 153–154

Midwest Town and Midwest Elementary School

, 142–143

Migrant women

data collection

, 245

domestic space, cohabitation in

, 251–253

emotional work and body work, compound effects of

, 249–251

focus groups

, 245–246

home care assistants in Italy

, 241–243

home care workers’ health risks

, 243–245

survey

, 246–249

workplace, violence in

, 253–254

Missing at random (MAR)

, 21

Mixed-method approach, workers’ narrations

, 245

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)

, 154

Modernization

, 36–37

“Mommy track”

, 214

Morbidity and mortality

, 83

Multi-drug therapy (MDT)

, 168

Multivariable linear regression models

, 59–63

Multivariable linear regression models, subjective social status

in community

, 62–63

in U.S.

, 59–62

Naïve empiricism

, 140–141

National Comorbidity Survey: Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)

, 18

National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)

, 18, 19

sample

, 18–19

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)

, 75–76

National Home Health Aide Survey (NHHAS)

, 227, 229

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

, 18

National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS)

, 41–42, 57

National Leprosy Control Programme

, 167–168

National Nursing Assistant Study (NNAS)

, 227, 229

National Nursing Home Survey (NNHS)

, 229

National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme (NTBLCP)

, 167–168

Negative cultural imaging of leprosy

, 173

Network shifts and inconsistencies

, 41

New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)

, 208

Nigeria

, 166–167

Nigeria’s National Leprosy Control Programme

, 169

Non-Hispanic Blacks

, 75, 82

Non-Hispanic Whites

, 75, 82, 83

Non-Italian workers

, 246

Non-Latino Whites

, 54

Nonnurturant, reproductive labor

, 227

Non-specific psychological distress

, 58

Nursing assistant, surveys

, 229

Nurturant caregiving relationships

, 227

Obesity-related initiatives

, 138–139

Objective socioeconomic status (SES)

, 59

Occupational health risks

, 256

Off-label use

, 102

Open coding, hepatitis C patients

, 124

Open communication

, 17

Oral communication abilities, ASD

, 91–92

Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression

, 78

Paid employment

, 228–229

Parent

education

, 20–21

employment

, 20

marital status

, 20

self-rated mental health

, 20, 21

Parent-child relationships

, 49

Paternity and thalassemia

, 193

Patient-centered medical homes (PCMH)

, 104, 115

Patients and caregivers, ASD

, 94–103

ageism/disability, double jeopardy stigma of

, 103

clinical accommodations

, 96–99

communication practices

, 99–100

patient social/behavioral requirements

, 100–101

psychotropic medications

, 101–103, 115

Patriarchal family systems

, 39

PCMH. See Patient-centered medical homes (PCMH)

Pediatric health providers, ASD

, 98–99

Pediatric hospitals, ASD

, 98–99

Pediatric physicians, ASD

, 97

Performance as health incentive

, 154

Period effects

, 36

Personal beliefs

, 37–38

Persons affected by leprosy (PAL)

, 166–167, 176

Physical activity, rural children’s health

, 154–156

extra-curricular activities

, 155

performance as health incentive

, 154

self-exclusion from recess and P.E

, 155–156

Physical aggression

, 244–245

Physical strain

, 249–250

Physician role and ASD

, 89–90

Physicians-in-training

, 214

Policymakers, ASD

, 108

Pollution-producing facilities

, 73–74

Power imbalance, researcher and respondent

, 143

Preventative health services

, 108

Primary care providers (PCPs)

, 94, 108

ASD, treatment and diagnosis

, 89–90

Primary sampling units (PSUs)

, 18–19

Professional incompetence

, 40

Promotions and tenure

, 214

Pseudonyms, HCV

, 123–124

Psychological disorders, live-in caregivers

, 243

Psychological distress

, 17, 19–20

differentials

descriptive statistics and preliminary analyses

, 59

Latino groups mental health

, 55–56

limitations

, 64–65

multivariable linear regression models

, 59–63

objective socioeconomic status (SES)

, 59

psychological distress

, 57–58

socio-cultural indicators

, 58–59

sociodemographic variables

, 58

statistical analyses

, 56–57

subjective SES and mental health

, 56

subjective social status (SSS)

, 58

family support and

, 19, 22, 23–24, 25–26

girls of color (GOC)

, 19

pathway

, 21

Psychological wellbeing

, 17

Psychophysical malaise index

, 249

difficulties of home care work

, 252

for live-in formula

, 252

for physical aggressions

, 254

for physical strain

, 250

for relational strain

, 251

for sexual harassment in the workplace

, 254

Psychotropic medications, ASD

, 101–103, 115

Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS)

, 19

PubMed

, 208

Qualitative childhood sociologist

, 138–139

Qualitative coding

, 147

Race and ethnicity

, 77

Race, environmental inequality and physical health

, 81–82

background variables

, 78

data

, 75–76

environmental risk and physical health

, 74–75

environmental toxins

, 76–77

hypotheses

, 75

mediation analyses

, 81

race and ethnicity

, 77

risk

, 73–74

self-rated physical health

, 77, 80

socioeconomic status

, 77–78

statistical procedures

, 78–79

supplemental analyses

, 81

toxin exposures

, 79

Race/ethnicity

, 20–21

Race inequalities

, 72

Racial discrimination

, 17

Racial/ethnic minorities

, 17–18

Racism and discrimination

, 73–74

Recruitment and consent procedures

, 18–19

“Refused to answer”, hepatitis C patients

, 124–126

Religious affiliation

, 120–121

Reproduction

thalassemia and

, 192

Reproductive

labor measures

, 229–230

Residential caregiver, ASD

, 99

Reverse causality

, 29

Root mean square of approximation (RMSEA)

, 21

Rural children’s health

access

, 156–157

data analysis

, 148–149

data collection

, 145–147

ethnographic observations

, 145

games and exercises

, 145–146

student interviews

, 146–147

difference

, 149–150

family-specific codes

, 153–154

family food rules

, 153

family size and structure

, 153–154

informed consent

, 147–148

knowledge vs. choice

, 150–153

cooking food

, 151

skinny and healthy

, 152–153

time constraints and convenience

, 150–151

methodological considerations in research

, 143–144

Midwest Town and Midwest Elementary School

, 142–143

participants

, 144–145

physical activity

, 154–156

extra-curricular activities

, 155

performance as health incentive

, 154

self-exclusion from recess and P.E

, 155–156

questions

, 157–160

significance of study

, 141–142

state of the research

, 140–141

study and research questions purpose

, 139

theoretical framework

, 139–140

Rural community, hepatitis C and support groups in

anonymity and privacy, lack of

, 130–131

community’s support system

, 129–130

data collection

, 123–124

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

, 122–123

intentional ignorance

, 128–129

location selection

, 123

low-income families

, 127–128

patients

, 127

qualitative inquiry selection

, 122

social class and social life

, 120–121

social environment

, 121–122

social structures in riverside

, 126–127

study sample, composite descriptions of

, 125–126

Rural-urban disparity

, 138–139

Scientistic reductionism

, 190

Scopus

, 208

Secondary traumatic stress

, 228–229

Second-generation Asians Americans

, 43

Second-generation Latinx

, 43

Selective coding, hepatitis C patients

, 124

Self-esteem

, 17–18

Self-image and thalassemia

, 197

Self-rated health

, 37–38, 77

Self-rated physical health

, 77, 78, 80

Self-reliance

, 37–38

Self-reported racial identification

, 20–21

Semi-structured interviews

, 145–146

Sense of helplessness

, 131–132

Sexual harassment

, 253

Sexual promiscuity

, 120–121

Sleep disturbances

, 102

Sobel test

, 78–79

Social and Economic Rehabilitation (SER)

, 169

Social class and social life, Hepatitis C

, 120–121

Social desirability bias

, 143

Social integration and thalassemia

, 197

Social isolation

, 181–182

and HCV

, 120–121

Social ranking and leprosy

, 171

Social security

, 34–35

Social stratification

, 171

Social support

, 17, 28

Socio-cultural indicators

, 58–62

Sociodemographic indicators

, 56–57

Sociodemographic variables

, 58

Socioeconomic stagnation

, 39–40

Socioeconomic status (SES)

, 77–78

Socioemotional selectivity theory

, 36, 37

Sociology of Childhood

, 139, 140, 143, 146

Southeast Nigeria

, 173

Southern Illinois University School of Medicine (SIU SOM)

, 138

Spatial deference

, 242–243

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software

, 175–176

“Status sequence”

, 36

Stigma

, 120–121, 131, 133

and shame

, 37

Stratification

, 73–74

Stressors

, 49

Structural Equation Models (SEM)

, 21

family support and psychological distress

, 22, 23–24, 25–26

Structural inadequacies

, 38

Student interviews, rural children’s health

, 146–147

Subjective SES and mental health

, 56

Subjective social status (SSS)

, 20–21, 56–57, 58

in community

, 62–63

and mood dysfunction

, 56

regression models for

, 61

in U.S.

, 59–62

Supportive family setting

, 17

Symbolic violence, thalassemia

, 194

Thalassemia

, 192

amenorrhea and

, 192

gender difference

, 195

incapacity

, 196

maternity

, 193

narrating illness

, 197–198

paternity

, 193

reproduction and

, 192

self-fulfillment plans

, 197

self-image

, 197

social integration

, 197

symbolic violence

, 194

treatment

, 192

unachieved maternity

, 194

Thalassemic heterozygotic parents

, 192

Thalassemic women’s biographical trajectory

methods

, 192–193

result

, 193–199

Theoretical coding

, 146–147

Theoretical sampling

, 146–147

Time constraints

, 150–151, 153

Total household income

, 20–21

Toxicity and waste

, 72–73

Toxins

, 74

embodiment

, 75

exposures

, 78, 79

Unachieved maternity

, 194

United States National Center for Long Term Care Statistics

, 227

Unstructured interviews

, 145–146

Urbanicity

, 20–21

Urinary cadmium

, 75

Violence

counselling centers

, 256

home care assistants

, 254

in workplace

, 244, 253–254, 256

Violent behavior

, 244

Well-being and nutrition

, 138, 139, 144–145, 155

Western influences

, 39–40

White men nurses

, 227–228

Women’s health concerns

, 172, 184

See also Leprosy

Women in medicine

, 218

Women physicians and women physician researchers (WP/WPR)

amelioration, recommendations for

, 217

behavioral decisions

, 217

child-rearing and homemaking

, 218

contemporary critical discourse

, 208

data selection

, 208–209

discourse and social practices

, 207–208

gender-specific lifestyle

, 217

gender stereotype

, 218

institutional inequalities

, 208

language

, 218

lifestyle choices

, 218

limitations

, 219

medical interventions

, 217–218

medical language

, 217

practice, policy implications and recommendations

, 219–220

successful physician

, 218

theoretical and methodological considerations

, 207–208

Workers-client relationships

, 229–230

Workers’ psychological distress

, 244–245

See also Home care work

Work–life balance

causes

, 214–215

challenges

, 215–216

conflicts

, 207

defining

, 212–213

dissatisfaction with life

, 217

identified categories and themes

, 210–212

problems related to

, 213–214

tension

, 215

by women

, 207

Workplace, violence in

, 253–254

World Health Assembly (WHA)

, 166–167

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 168

Young Black Americans academic achievement

, 17–18