Index
Healthcare Antitrust, Settlements, and the Federal Trade Commission
ISBN: 978-1-78756-600-2, eISBN: 978-1-78756-599-9
ISSN: 0193-5895
Publication date: 29 August 2018
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2018), "Index", Healthcare Antitrust, Settlements, and the Federal Trade Commission (Research in Law and Economics, Vol. 28), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 445-464. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0193-589520180000028011
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Abbott Laboratories v. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. (TriCor)
, 4, 18n, 16, 18n18, 106–107, 111, 112, 118n, 71, 118n, 75, 118n, 78, 119n, 113, 119n120
Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA)
, 7, 19n, 31, 32, 55, 63, 94, 98–100, 106, 115–116n37
Abelson, Hal
, 202
Abex Corp. v. F. T. C.
, 137n, 14, 138n17
AB rating
, 95
Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs)
, 15
Actelion Pharm. Ltd. v. Apotex Inc.
, 19n29
Actual effects analysis
, 76n42
Adams, Chris
, 248n104
Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. United States
, 78n82
Administrative Procedure Act
, 269n, 263, 288n, 404, 292n419
Advanced Health-Care Servs., Inc. v. Radford Cmty. Hosp.
, 117n55
Advertising Substantiation Statement (1984)
, 282n363
Advocacy. See Competition and consumer advocacy
Aetna-Humana mergers
, 126–134
econometric analysis
, 132–134
history of
, 127–128
practical indicia approach to product market
, 129–132
Affordable Care Act
, 15
Aggrenox Antirust Litigation, In re
, 52, 55, 80n, 118, 80n, 137, 82n173
Agriculture Department
, 219
Airline and trucking regulation
, 246n84
Albuquerque
, 183
Allocative efficiency
, 403, 418n40
Altria
, 181
Aluminum Company of America v FTC
, 268n239
Am. Bioscience, Inc. v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
, 35
Amerco, et al.
, 19n31
American Association of Public Accountants
, 240n24
American Bar Association (ABA)
, 194, 213, 220, 226, 271n275
American Economic Association
, 319, 321, 436
American Enterprise Institute/Brookings group
, 214, 279n338
American Gas Association
, 264n, 221, 291n414
American Marketing Association
, 242n33
Am. Home Prods.
, 18n, 19, 20n41
Amicus Curiae, Am. Sales Co. v. Warner-Chilcott Co.
, 82n174
Am. Sales Co. v. Warner-Chilcott Co.
, 18n25
Anderson, Keith
, 147, 198
Antibiotics Manufacture report
, 154
Anticompetitive behavior
, 29, 30, 35, 36, 41, 42, 46–47
preponderance of the evidence
, 47–49
Anticompetitive effects, balancing efficiencies against
, 54
Antitrust
case generation and general policy analysis
, 193–194
conventional analysis
, 51–53
enforcement
, 279–280n345
expert witness work and litigation support in
, 189–193
healthcare
, 2–8, 10–12, 14–17, 19n28
industry-wide
, 176–178
injury
, 55–57
investigations, economist’s role in
, 172–176
law
, 12, 15, 25–85, 85n, 212, 91, 96, 118n70
policy discussions
, 194
transparency, 2001–2013
, 188
violations
, 3, 6, 7, 10, 19n28
Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property
, 69–70
Antitrust Modernization Commission
, 194, 214
Armour
, 152, 219
Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp.
, 102, 117n53
AstraZeneca AB v. Mutual Pharm.
, 118n69
AT&T
, 161, 402
Atl. Richfield Co. v. USA Petroleum Co.
, 80n133
Attorney-economist collaboration
, 272n278
Authorized generics
, 47, 60, 80n, 131, 82n, 164, 168
Authorized online sales
, 380–381
Baer, Bill
, 277n326
Bain, Joe
, 174
Baker-Hughes
, 179
Baker, Jonathan
, 147, 190, 226, 262n, 209, 263n, 210, 264n, 222, 266n, 234, 268–269n, 242, 292n423
Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997
, 127
Ballinger, Willis J.
, 173
Bargaining
, 349
Barnett, Thomas
, 263n215
Baye, Mike
, 185, 248n, 104, 316
Bd. of Trade of Chi. v. United States
, 74n8
Beales, Howard
, 269n, 60, 272n282
Bement v. Nat’l Harrow Co.
, 84n207
Benefit-cost analysis
, 196–197, 204, 205, 268n, 25, 269n, 260, 269–270n264
Benvignati, Anita
, 171
Bernstein, Joan
, 285n387
Bernstein, Jodie
, 195, 271n273
Bias, in Kennedy correction
, 424–427, 429
“Bible of the franchisor,”
, 391
Bioequivalent drug
, 95
Biovail Corp.
, 19n36
Blair, John M.
, 174, 242n, 35, 255n, 162, 256n, 162, 258n, 182, 266n, 238, 281–282n, 357, 284n375
Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Wisc. v. Marshfield Clinic
, 417n22
Blue Shield insurance plans
, 155
Boast, Molly
, 261n204
Bond, Ron
, 147, 267n, 243, 267n250
Borden
, 176
Brandeis, Louis
, 237n7
Breen, Denis
, 146
Bresnahan, Timothy
, 262n209
Bristol-Myers-Squibb
, 11
Brogan, Bob
, 147
Brooke Grp. Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.
, 117n55
Brookings Institution
, 156, 246n87
Brown, John Prather
, 196
Brown Shoe Co. v. U.S.
, 124–126, 133, 137n, 9, 137n, 10, 137n, 11, 138n, 20, 140n90
reasonable interchangeability and enduring legacy of
, 134–136
Bulow, Jeremy
, 223, 225, 264–265n, 224, 267n, 243, 290n, 410, 292n423
Bureau of Competition (BC)
, 2–3, 18n, 11, 168, 173, 175, 189, 193, 218, 223, 237n, 10, 243n, 42, 251n, 125, 255n, 162, 256n, 164, 258n, 179, 259n, 185, 264n, 221, 284n, 376, 291n, 415, 293n, 429, 295n, 447, 313
Bureau of Consultation
, 237n10
Bureau of Consumer Protection (BCP)
, 167, 168, 171–172, 196, 199–200, 204, 211, 216–218, 229, 241n, 28, 251n, 128, 271n, 273, 271n, 274, 271n, 275, 272n, 278, 273n, 288, 290n413
Bureau of Corporations
, 148–151, 236n, 4, 237n, 12, 252n, 131, 296n, 465, 311, 321, 321
Bureau of Economics (BE)
, 143, 12
advice to individual commissioners
, 230
antitrust case generation and general policy analysis
, 193–194
antitrust cases, economist’s influence on
, 187–188
antitrust investigations, economist’s role in
, 172–176
antitrust policy discussions
, 194
antitrust transparency, 2001–2013
, 188
changes in staff and skill mix
, 318–321
competition and consumer advocacy, economist’s role in
, 207–214
component parts
, 311–318
compulsory process for general investigations and report writing
, 165–167
conferences and roundtables
, 162–164
consumer protection case generation and general policy analysis
, 207
consumer protection, economist’s role in
, 194–207
criticism of
, 219–220
Division of Consumer Protection (DCP)
, 195, 196, 217, 314
empirical analysis
, 182–183
expert witness work and litigation support, in antitrust
, 189–193
expert witness work and litigation support, in consumer protection
, 205–206
Friday Seminar Series
, 249n107
FTC legal organization’s economic support for reports
, 167–168
general investigation period
, 150–154
historical data
, 328–335
Horizontal Merger Guidelines 1967–2010
, 178–180, 195
independent voice
, 225–231
individual case reviews
, 199–203
industry-wide antitrust
, 176–178
influence on FTC
, 225–231
international technical assistance and policy coordination
, 214–218
merger investigations
, 180–181
narrow markets
, 181–182
1990s decline in economic reporting, reasons for
, 164–165
organization over time
, 310–311
pace slows and activity shifts to non-merger areas
, 185–186
resurgence and occasional declines of economic reporting
, 154–161
Summer 2007, litigation onslaught of
, 183–185
systematic data collection and reporting of financial statistics 1939–1984, rise and fall of
, 168–172
Technical Staff Report
, 441
threats to
, 221–225
trade regulation rules and guides, economist’s role in
, 196–199
vertical restraints and mergers
, 186–187
Bureau of Economics History Roundtable
, 146, 147, 173
Bureau of Economics Working Papers
, 156, 161–162
Bureau of Industrial Economics
components of
, 312–313
Bureau of Investigations. See Bureau of Competition (BC)
Bureau of Litigation
, 173, 255n, 162, 256n, 164, 295n446
Bureau of Restraint of Trade. See Bureau of Competition (BC)
Bureau of the Budget. See Office of Management and Budget
Business Opportunity Rule
, 198
Buspirone Patent Litig., In re
, 19n35
Butters, Gerard
, 205, 271n273
Butters, Jerry
, 147
Cal. Dental Ass’n v. FTC
, 79n108
Campbell, Tom
, 256n163
Cannibalization
, 91, 102, 104–107, 111–113, 114n, 1, 390
CAN-SPAM Act
, 202
Capitalist economic system
, 279n341
Cardinal Health
, 11
Cardizem CD Antitrust Litig., In re
, 76n44
Care Labeling Rule
, 197
Carolina, Inc. v. Leasco Response, Inc.
, 117n55
Case generation
antitrust
, 193–194
consumer protection
, 207
Case-specific econometric work
, 262n209
Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950
, 149, 153, 173, 255n, 161, 256n162
Census Bureau
, 169, 312
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
, 18n, 13, 137n, 8, 138n24
Central Processing Units (CPUs)
, 185–186
Chain Stores report
, 152
Chamberlain, E. H.
, 177
Child on-line safety
, 202
Cigarette advertising
, 272n276
Cigarette marketing
, 268n252
Cigarette rulemaking
, 245n68
Cigar Sales and Advertising Report
, 167
Cipro Cases I & II, In re
, 52, 80n119
Ciprofloxin Hydrochloride Antitrust Litig., In re
, 76n49
City of Atlanta versus Chattanooga Foundry & Pipeworks
, 78n89
Civil Aeronautics Board
, 271n350
Civil litigation
, 27–29
Clayton Act
, 153, 255n162
Section
, 7, 125, 240n25
Coate, Malcolm
, 188
Collier, Calvin
, 270n65
Collusion dummy variable in overcharge estimation, interpretation of
, 424–425
Colver, William B.
, 239n20
Comanor, Bill
, 258n180
Comanor, William
, 186
Comcast
, 402
Compare FTC v. Penn State Hershey Med. Ctr.
, 137n6
Competition Analysis
, 314
Competition and consumer advocacy
, 273–274n, 291, 275n297
advocacy programs, substance of
, 208–209, 277–278n, 329, 278n, 334, 278n335
economist’s role in
, 207–214
process and history
, 210–214
research and advocacy, synergy between
, 209–210
Competition in pharmaceuticals
, 4–12
barriers to
, 4
Competition law
, 378
Competition policy
, 401–419
implications for
, 412–414
input/retail product substitutability
, 407–412
safeguards against anticompetitive conduct
, 404–407
upward pricing pressure
, 407–412
Competition studies
, 155–158
Compte-rendu de jugement (CRJ)
, 355, 370n19
Concord Boat Corp. v. Brunswick Corp.
, 74n7
Concordia Pharms, Inc.
, 19n38
Conglomerate Merger Performance Report
, 253n146
Congressional Budget Office
, 241n29
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB)
, 160, 204, 209
Consumer protection
, 268n, 253, 268n, 254, 268n, 255, 269n, 256, 271n, 273, 271n, 274, 272n, 282, 272–273n284
case generation and general policy analysis
, 207, 273n288
economist’s role in
, 194–207
expert witness work and litigation support in
, 205–206, 273n, 285, 273n286
studies
, 158–160
Consumers Sue AstraZeneca over Nexium Ad Campaign
, 119n85
Consumption, pharmaceutical
, 3–12
Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc.
, 75n, 11, 83n, 176, 83n, 190, 149, 258n183
Conventional antitrust analysis
, 51–53
Coolidge, Calvin
, 219, 239n17
Copperweld Corp. v. Indep. Tube Corp.
, 76n40
Corporate Patterns Report
, 169–170
Covad Commc’ns Co. v. Bell Atl. Corp.
, 117n55
Crawford, Carol
, 200
Credit disclosures
, 276n316
Credit reporting studies
, 246n78
Cross-elasticity of the demand
, 408, 410
Cudahy
, 152, 219
Custom Accessories v. Jeffrey-Allan Indus.
, 118n68
Damages
, 57–60
Daniel, Timothy
, 269n261
Data gathering
, 250n115
Data security
, 202
Dawson Chem. Co. v. Rohm & Haas Co.
, 75n9
Deception Policy Statement (1984)
, 282n363
DeGraba, Pat
, 147
Deneric entry, timing of
, 95–96
Denis, Paul
, 179
Department of Commerce
, 148, 169, 311, 312
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
, 138n24
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
mortgage disclosure
, 160, 209, 275n306
Department of Labor
, 148, 311
Department of Transportation
, 208
Dependent variables
, 356
Descriptive statistics
, 356–358
Digital Single Market Strategy
, 377
Dingell, John
, 211, 247n93
Discredited economic theory
, 13
Dispute-related variables
, 356
Distributional arrangements
, 172
Divestitures
, 251n124
Dixon, Paul Rand
, 175
Do Not Call segment, of telemarketing sales rule
, 202
Dose of Competition, A
, 3
Dougherty, Alfred
, 178, 211
Douglas, Paul H.
, 268n, 252, 291n418
Drexel Chem. Co. v. Albaugh, Inc.
, 76n29
Dreyers
, 181, 191
Drug Price Competition Act of 1984. See Hatch-Waxman Act
Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984
, 114n6
Dummy variable
collusion, in overcharge estimation
, 424–425
DuPont
, 176, 239n17
Duty to deal
, 403, 413, 414, 417n, 34, 418n42
Dynamic efficiency
, 403, 412, 418n40
Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Tech. Servs.
, 75n11
Easton, Bob
, 147
Econometric analysis
, 132–134, 358–366
Economic consulting business
, 266n236
Economic Evidence
, 314
Economic reporting
competition studies
, 155–158
consumer protection studies
, 158–160
1990s decline in, reasons for
, 164–165
regulation and international trade restraints studies
, 160–161
resurgence and occasional declines of
, 154–161
Economists
influence on antitrust cases
, 187–188
role in antitrust investigations
, 172–176
role in competition and consumer advocacy
, 207–214
role in consumer protection
, 194–207
as subordinates
, 286n395
Edwards, Corwin
, 174, 255n, 162, 281n356
Effexor Antitrust Litig., In re
, 82n172
Efficient component pricing rule (ECPR)
, 405, 416n20
Electricity regulation
, 278n336
Elman, Phillip
, 175, 282n357
Elzinga, Ken
, 254n, 155, 258n, 180, 293n425
Empirical analysis
, 182–183, 347
Enforcement policy, intertemporal changes in
, 439–440
Engman, Louis
, 210, 264n221
E.R.R. Presidents’ Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.
, 19n33
Ethyl Gasoline Corp. v. United States
, 75n9
European Commission
, 390, 393, 394
European Union
, 216, 378, 379, 390
Digital Single Market Strategy
, 377
Evanston Nw. Healthcare Corp.
, 13, 20n, 58, 20n61
Evergreening. See Product hopping
Exclusion
, 404
Exclusionary behavior
, 406
Exclusivity rights
, 4
Expert witness work
in antitrust
, 189–193
in consumer protection
, 205–206
Exxon
, 177, 178, 260n197
Eyeglasses II
, 196, 205
FACTA
, 202
Fair Credit Reporting Act
, 202, 267n247
Fair Information Privacy Principles
, 202
Farrell, Joe
, 147, 179, 192, 261n, 204, 290n410
Fast-Moving Consumer Goods
, 377
Federal Aviation Administration
, 275n300
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
, 208, 209
Federal Communications Commission Act of 1934
, 167
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
, 76n29
Federal Power Act of 1935
, 152
Federal Power Commission
, 152, 264n221
Federal Register Notice
, 290n411
Federal Reserve
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
, 204
Truth-in-Lending Act forms
, 160
Federal Trade Act
Section
, 6, 276n321
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
, 2–3, 16, 18n, 11, 18n, 15, 18n, 21, 19n, 29, 19n, 30, 19n, 34, 20n, 40, 20n, 43, 20n, 48, 20n, 51, 21n, 66, 21n, 67, 21n72
Accounts Division
, 152, 312, 316
Bureau of Economics. See Bureau of Economics (BE)
changes over time
, 336–343
Division of Economic Policy Analysis (DEPA)
, 295n, 453, 296n, 457, 296n, 459, 296n, 460, 314–316
Economic Division
, 152, 222, 231–235, 255n, 159, 281n, 351, 283n, 368, 296n465, 310–312, 318
Financial Analysis Division
, 316
Financial Statistics Division
, 312
healthcare markets, special rules for
, 16–17
historical data
, 328–335
Horizontal Merger Statement
, 282n363
legal organization’s economic support for reports
, 167–168
Oversight Committees
, 277n327
pharmaceutical investment and consumption
, 3–12
provider mergers
, 12–16
Regulatory Analysis Division
, 314
Staff Technical Report
, 442
Statistics Division
, 152, 312
War Powers Board
, 152
Fee-for-service payment models
, 3
Feinstein, Richard
, 261n204
FEVAD (Federation of e-commerce and distance selling in France)
, 377, 392
Fisher, Alan
, 147
Flegel v. Christian Hosp.
, 76n42
Folsom, Mack
, 147, 242n, 35, 257n, 169, 257n, 172, 284n375
Food advertising regulation
, 245n73
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
, 32, 94, 105, 208, 245n72
Orange Book
, 7, 8, 19n31
Food labeling rule-making process
, 245n72
Food marketing
, 272–272n275
Forest Labs. v. Ivax Pharm.
, 118n69
Franchise Rule
, 197, 198
Franchising, and online sales
, 375–397
authorized online sales
, 380–381
competing with in-store sales
, 385–386
complementary to in-store sales
, 384–385
disruption
, 384
franchisees, transactional website creation by
, 388–390
franchisor, transactional website creation by
, 386–388
inevitability
, 383–384
nonauthorized online sales
, 380–381
questions
, 390–394
sharing
, 392–394
website creation
, 381
website management
, 381–382
website, as selling method
, 379–380
French Franchise Federation
, 394
French labor courts, dispute resolution in
, 345–373
French labor litigation landscape, implications of
, 349–355
French lawyers
, 351–353
Froeb, Luke
, 147
Fruehauf Trailer Co.
, 137n16
FTC Act
, 168, 236n, 4, 267n249
Section
, 5, 194
Section
, 6, 165
Section 6(a)
, 150, 221
Section 6(b)
, 150–151, 165, 166
Section 6(f)
, 151
Section 13(b)
, 11
FTC Act Amendments of 1994 (Reauthorization Act)
Section
, 11, 277n327
FTC Improvements Act
, 222
FTC v. Abbvie Inc.
, 19–20n39
FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
, 5, 6, 8, 18n, 20, 18n, 22, 18n, 24, 20n, 39, 25–85
alignment in expectations
, 40–42
anticompetitive behavior
, 46–47
Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property
, 69–70
antitrust injury
, 55–57
balancing efficiencies against anticompetitive effects
, 54
beyond IP/antitrust interface
, 70–73
conventional antitrust analysis
, 51–53
correct expectations and solution to the problem
, 49–50
damages
, 57–60
efficiencies
, 46
failure in settlement and continuing the litigation
, 43–44
first challenge, prevailing
, 43
generics to stay out of the market, bribing
, 36
Hatch-Waxman settlements
, 31–32
incorrect expectations and solution to the problem
, 51
intent evidence
, 50
intent of the brand
, 50–51
to IP/antitrust cases, applying
, 64–69
litigants’ expectations about correctness of litigation
, 37–39
merits analysis
, 30–31, 38–39
merits analysis to Hatch-Waxman settlement, applying
, 33
no-AG agreement
, 60–64
party’s believeness to brand’s strong patent
, 40
patent-splitting settlement
, 42–43
pre-Actavis analysis of Hatch-Waxman settlements
, 33–34
preponderance of the evidence
, 47–49
red flag
, 53–54
risk aversion
, 44–45
risk profiles
, 50
second challenge, facing
, 43
settlement without net reverse payment
, 51
FTC v. Advocate Health Care Network
, 2, 13, 20n, 52, 20n, 60, 20n, 62, 21n70
FTC v. Allergan plc
, 18n24
FTC v. Am. Med. Ass’n
, 2, 17n5
FTC v. Atl. Richfield Co.
, 85n, 218, 85n220
FTC v. Butterworth Health Corp.
, 20n54
FTC v. Cardinal Health, Inc.
, 20n49
FTC v. Cephalon, Inc.
, 18n23
FTC v. Freeman Hosp.
, 20n54
FTC v. Ind. Fed’n of Dentists
, 74n, 3, 77n59
FTC v. Mallinckrodt ARD Inc.
, 20n, 45, 20n, 46, 85n223
FTC v. Mylan Labs, Inc.
, 20n47
FTC v. Penn State Hershey Medical Center
, 2, 13–14, 20n, 52, 20n, 59, 20n, 62, 20n, 63, 21n66
FTC v. Perrigo Co.
, 37
FTC v. Procter & Gamble Co.
, 137n6
FTC v. Schering-Plough Corp.
, 78n97
FTC v. Superior Ct. Trial Lawyers Ass’n
, 19n31
FTC v. Teikoku Pharma USA, Inc.
, 18n24
FTC v. Tenet Health Care Corp.
, 20n, 55, 137n6
FTC v. University Health, Inc.
, 137n6
FTC v. Watson Pharms., Inc.
, 75n, 10, 76n52
FTC v. Whole Foods Market, Inc.
, 140n90
Fuel Administration
, 210
Functional interchangeablity
, 124, 130, 131, 134, 140n, 87, 140n88
Funeral rulemakings
, 196–197, 205
Gaskins, Darius
, 178, 260n197
Gasoline monitoring
, 249–250n112
GE/Honeywell merger
, 280n346
General Accounting Office
, 241n29
General Foods
, 176, 177
General Foods Corp. v. F. T. C.
, 137n, 12, 138n, 18, 140n87
General investigations
compulsory process for
, 165–167
period
, 150–154
General Motors
, 167, 239n17
General policy analysis
antitrust
, 193–194
consumer protection
, 207
General Trade Restraints
, 256n166
Generic Drug Entry Prior to Patent Expiration
, 166
Generic drugs
, 94
Generics
authorized
, 47, 60, 80n, 131, 82n, 164, 168
to stay out of the market, bribing
, 36
Geneva Pharms. Tech. Corp. v. Barr Labs., Inc.
, 4, 18n, 16, 137n11
Geographic market
, 125
George Washington Law Review
, 237n11
Gilbert, Rich
, 290n410
Glassman, Mike
, 177, 257n, 172, 259n, 187, 260n, 190, 288n405
Golden, Bill
, 147
Goldilocks Condition
, 406
Gore, Al
, 211
Government Accountability Office
, 241n29
Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA)
, 172
Government Printing Office
, 246n87
Gramm, Wendy
, 270–271n, 270, 272n283
GrandMet
, 181
Green Guides
, 199
Greenspan, Alan
, 270n266
Gross National Product
, 153, 169
Handler, Milton
, 282n360
Harding, Warren G.
, 219
Hard switch/soft switch versus no-economic-sense test
, 111–113
Harkavy, Sara
, 147, 148
Hart-Scott-Rodino (HSR) Act
, 170, 175, 233, 252n145
Hatch-Waxman Act
, 4, 5, 7, 19n, 31, 186
FTC v. Actavis, Inc., antitrust analysis of
, 32
product hopping
, 91–94, 96, 114n, 3, 118n65
Hatch-Waxman settlements
, 30, 36
anticompetitive behavior
, 46–47
merits analysis to, applying
, 33
pre-Actavis analysis of
, 33–34
Hausmann, Jerry
, 263n210
Hay, George
, 258n180
Healthcare antitrust
, 2–8, 10–12, 14–17, 19n28
Healthcare markets, special rules for
, 16–17
Health Care Statements
, 3
Health insurance
, 123–140
Herman & MacLean v. Huddleston
, 74n7
Highland Park Hospital
, 13
Hilke, John
, 147
HIV home test kit
, 206
Hoechst Marion Roussel, et al.
, 18n17
Hoover Commission Task Force Report on Independent Regulatory Commissions
, 153, 242n30
Horizontal merger challenges, legal framework for
, 125, 261–262n206
Horizontal Merger Guidelines (1967–2010)
, 15, 21n, 66, 195, 178–180, 195, 260n, 198, 282n363
Horizontal restraints
, 172
Hosken, Dan
, 147
House Appropriations Committee
, 221
House Small Business Committee
, 222
Howell, John
, 262n209
Howrey, Jack
, 224
Humphrey, Hubert
, 249n, 111, 255n, 162, 256n164
Humphrey, William
, 219, 221, 239n, 17, 295n446
IBM Corp. v. Platform Sols., Inc.
, 84n206
ID Theft
, 202
ILC Peripherals Leasing Corp. v. IBM
, 117n55
Ill. Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
, 74n, 6, 76n, 41, 80n120
Independent Office Appropriations
, 150
Independent Office Appropriations Act of 1943
, 283n370
Individual case reviews
, 199–203
Industry analysis
, 313, 314
Industry-wide antitrust
, 176–178
Information loss
, 154
Innovations, in healthcare delivery
, 3
Input/retail product substitutability
, 407–412
In-store sales versus online sales
, 384–386
Intellectual Property Guidelines
, 74
Interchangeablity
functional
, 124, 130, 131, 134, 140n, 87, 140n88
practical indicia of
, 126
reasonable
, 124, 125–126, 129, 131, 134–136
Intergraph Corp. v. Intel Corp.
, 84n209
International Antitrust Enforcement Assistance Act of 1994
, 279n345
International Competition Network (ICN)
, 216
International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN)
, 280–281n348
International Marketing Supervision Network (IMSN). See International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN)
International Petroleum Cartel study
, 154, 221–222
International technical assistance and policy coordination
, 214–218
International Trade Commission (ITC)
, 210, 247n, 90, 276–277n322
International trade restraints
, 247n, 90, 247n91
Internet-based “behavioral advertising,”
, 202–203
Interstate Commerce Commission
, 271n350
Investment, pharmaceutical
, 3–12
IP/antitrust cases, applying FTC v. Actavis, Inc. to
, 64–69, 70–73
Ippolito, Pauline
, 147
Jaynes, Phil
, 147
Jewelry Guides
, 197, 198
Jones, Mary Gardiner
, 273n, 274, 291n418
Judgment ceiling
, 353–354
Kaiser Aluminum & Chem. Corp. v. FTC
, 137n7
K-Dur Antitrust Litigation, In re
, 18n, 20, 76n50
Kellogg
, 158, 177
Kennedy, Edward
, 281n357
Kennedy, John F.
, 231
Kennedy correction
, 425–427
bias in
, 424–427, 429
King Drug Co. of Florence Inc. v. Smithkline Beecham Corp.
, 18n, 26, 60, 61, 80n, 121, 82n, 163, 83n184
Kintner, Earl
, 255n, 162, 256n, 164, 285n, 388, 295n446
Kirkpatrick, Miles
, 258n178
Kirkpatrick I Commission
, 220
Kirkpatrick II Commission
, 247n88
Kirkpatrick II Report
, 212, 226
Klein, Joel
, 279n345
Kobayashi, Bruce
, 275n300
Kolasky, Bill
, 280n346
Kolasky, William
, 261n205
Kovacic, Bill
, 2, 146, 218
Kovacic, William E.
, 185, 218, 251n, 129, 258n, 183, 280n, 347, 281n, 357, 282n359
Kramer, Albert
, 199, 270n268
Kuneva, Meglena
, 217
Kwoka, John
, 433–443
Labeling process
, 245n, 72, 267n249
Lacko, Jim
, 147, 266n237
Lamictal Direct Purchaser Antitrust Litig., In re
, 18n25
Lane Labs
, 206
Langenfeld, Jim
, 179, 147, 264n219
Leclerc
, 377
Leibowitz, Jon
, 179, 203, 218
Lending, racial discrimination in
, 204
Lenox MacLaren Surgical Corp. v. Medtronic, Inc.
, 137n9
Lerner index
, 417n25
Levin, William
, 313
Life Insurance Cost Disclosure
, 222
Line of Business (LB) program
, 171, 312, 317
Ling extension. See Product hopping
Lipitor Antitrust Litig., In re
, 82n172
Litigants’ expectations about correctness of litigation
, 37–39
Litigation support
in antitrust
, 189–193
in consumer protection
, 205–206
Loestrin 24 FE Antitrust Litig., In re
, 60, 82n, 167, 82n, 168, 82n, 169, 82n173
Long, William
, 253n153
Loss aversion
, 79n100
Luken, Tom
, 211
Lyft
, 275n313
Lynch, Mike
, 147, 284n379
MacIntyre, Everett
, 281n356
MacLeod, William
, 204
Magnuson-Moss rulemaking law
, 149, 198
Magnuson-Moss Warranty/FTC Improvements Act
, 268n, 253, 269n263
“Mail bag” approach
, 253n152
Majoras, Deborah P.
, 217–218, 263n, 215, 276n, 319, 278n332
Malester, Ann
, 285n387
Mallinckrodt ARD Inc.
, 10
Managed care organizations (MCOs)
, 115n31
Mann, H. Michael
, 176, 241n, 28, 250n, 114, 254n, 154, 259n, 187, 319
Marketing arrangements
, 172
Marketing Food to Children and Adolescents
, 250n122
Market power analysis
, 29, 51
Markham, Jesse
, 174, 178, 238–239n, 16, 242n, 33, 244n, 64, 256n, 167, 256n, 167, 256n, 168, 258–259n, 184, 265n, 227, 282n, 360, 285n, 388, 287n402
Massey, William
, 275n305
Matter of American Brake Shoe Co.
, 140n87
McCarran-Ferguson Act
, 245n70
McChesney, Fred
, 272n282
McLaren, Richard W.
, 170
McWane, Inc. v. FTC
, 74–75n8
Meat-Packing Industry report
, 152, 219
Médiamétrie
, 392
Medicaid
, 3
Medicare
, 3, 126–127
Part A
, 126, 127
Part B
, 126, 127
Part C
, 127
Part D
, 127
Medicare Advantage, as separate product market in DOJ’s against Aetna-Humana mergers
, 123–130
Brown Shoe Co. v. U.S., reasonable interchangeability and enduring legacy of
, 134–136
econometric analysis
, 132–134
horizontal merger challenges, legal framework for
, 125
Original Medicare
, 124–127, 129–135, 138n, 24, 138n, 29, 139n57
practical indicia approach to interchangeability
, 126
practical indicia approach to product market
, 129–132, 134–136
price cross-elasticity of demand
, 126
Medicare + Choice (or M + C) program. See Medicare, Part C
Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (MIPPA)
, 127
Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA)
, 8, 76n, 37, 76n, 38, 127
Medicare Supplement
, 124
MedSupp
, 133, 135
Meijer, Inc. v. Barr Pharm., Inc.
, 115n33
Merger efficiencies analysis
, 157
Merger Guidelines
, 14
Merger investigations
, 180–181
Merger pre-notification program
, 255n162
Merger remedies
, 434, 435
Merger Remedy Study
, 9–10
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A)
, 185, 233
Merger Screening Committee
, 257n, 169, 257n172
Mergers, Merger Control, and Remedies
, 433–443
Mergers, provider
, 12–16
Mergers, Sell-offs, & Economic Efficiency
, 156
MergerStat
, 170
Merits analysis
, 30–31, 38–39
to Hatch-Waxman settlement, applying
, 33
Meta-analysis
, 434–438, 440–442, 443n14
Mihaly, Kata
, 147, 148
Miller, James
, 204, 211, 247n, 93, 291n418
Miller, Jim
, 147
Miller III, James C.
, 172, 211
Millstein, Ira
, 172
Monopolization
, 172, 403
Monopoly power
, 80n119
Moog Indus., Inc. v. FTC
, 81n152
Morris
, 152, 219
Mortgage Acts and Practices Rule (MAP). See Truth-in-Lending Act (TILA), Regulation O
Mostly Media v. U.S. W. Commc’ns
, 82n155
Mueller, Willard Fritz
, 147, 154, 170, 174, 175, 178, 195, 203–204, 224, 228, 242n, 34, 242n, 35, 243n, 40, 256n, 163, 257n, 171, 257n, 173, 257n, 174, 257n, 176, 257n, 177, 260n, 189, 268n, 251, 268n, 252, 285n, 388, 287n, 400, 288n, 402, 288n, 404, 295n, 451, 313, 319
Mulholland, Joe
, 147
Muris, Timothy
, 3, 146, 156, 251n, 129, 258n, 183, 291n418
Murphy, R. Dennis
, 147, 196, 198, 268n, 253, 268n254
Myers, Abram F.
, 239n17
Mylan Laboratories, Inc.
, 11
Mylan Pharmaceuticals v. Warner Chilcott (Doryx)
, 109–110, 112, 119n, 97, 119n, 102, 119n121
Mylan v. Celgene
, 19n29
Nader, Ralph
, 220, 262n206
NAFTA
, 216
Narrow markets
, 181–182
National Association of Attorney’s General (NAAG)
, 282n362
National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration
, 208–209
National Recovery Act
, 283n367
Natural Gas Act of 1938
, 152
NCAA v. Bd. of Regents of the Univ. of Okla
, 74n, 2, 74n, 5, 76n40
N.C. State Bd. of Dental Exam’rs v. FTC
, 17n2
Nelson, Philip
, 147, 268n255
Nelson, Steve
, 147, 256n, 166, 256n, 167, 257n, 169, 257n, 171, 258n, 178, 267n, 250, 284n, 375, 288n404
Nestle
, 181
Ne. Tel. Co. v. AT&T
, 117n55
Net reverse payment
, 32, 34, 44
Nevo, Aviv
, 132, 133
New Drug Application (NDA)
, 32
New York ex rel. Schneiderman v. Actavis PLC (Namenda)
, 110–112, 115n, 20, 115n, 33, 119n, 105, 119n, 110, 119n, 116, 119n117
Nexium (Esomeprazole) Antitrust Litigation, In Re
, 19n28, 55–56, 57, 60, 64, 73, 80n, 139, 81n, 140, 81n, 145, 81n, 146, 81n, 152, 81n, 153, 83n, 192, 84n196
900-number Rule
, 197
Nixon, Richard
, 231
No-Authorized Generic agreements (“no-AG” agreements)
, 27, 29, 53, 54, 60–64, 65, 73, 80n, 131, 82n, 173, 83n176
No-economic-sense test
versus hard switch/soft switch
, 111–113
for product hopping
, 91, 100–104, 116n, 45, 116n, 51, 117n, 56, 117n57
support for
, 102–103
virtues of
, 101–102
Noerr-Pennington doctrine
, 7
Nonauthorized online sales
, 380–381
Non-cash reverse payments
, 29
Non-merger areas, pace slows and activity shifts to
, 185–186
Non-price discrimination
, 402, 414n, 1, 415n2
Novell, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.
, 117n55
O’Brien, Dan
, 147, 248n104
Office Depot
, 262–263n, 210, 266n235
Office of Applied Research and Outreach (ARO)
, 218, 279n, 344, 316
Office of Competition and Consumer Advocacy (OCCA)
, 211, 277n329
Office of Industrial Economics
, 312
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
, 219, 222–223, 269–270n, 264, 272n, 278, 287–288n, 402, 293–294n, 430, 294n, 432, 295n, 442, 295n, 447, 318
Office of Policy Planning (OPP)
, 161, 166, 213, 238n, 14, 240n, 22, 245n, 70, 247n, 92, 250n, 114, 268n, 253, 276n, 316, 278n, 332, 279n, 337, 295n452
Office of Price Administration
, 169
Office of the General Counsel
, 166, 168
Office of the Inspector General
, 229
Ogilvie v. Fotomat Corp.
, 140n94
Oil industry
, 243n42
Oldcastle
, 181
Oligopoly theories
, 177
Oliver, Daniel
, 211, 244n, 57, 277n, 328, 288n, 406, 292n423
Online sales, franchising and
, 375–397
authorized online sales
, 380–381
competing with in-store sales
, 385–386
complementary to in-store sales
, 384–385
disruption
, 384
franchisees, transactional website creation by
, 388–390
franchisor, transactional website creation by
, 386–388
inevitability
, 383–384
nonauthorized online sales
, 380–381
questions
, 390–394
sharing
, 392–394
website, as selling method
, 379–380
website creation
, 381
website management
, 381–382
Opana ER Antitrust Litigation, In re
, 55, 80n, 135, 82n173
Orange Book
, 7, 8, 19n31
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
, 216
Consumer Protection
, 217
Original Medicare
, 124–127, 129–135, 138n, 24, 138n, 29, 139n57
Orszag, Jonathan
, 133
Overcharge estimation
collusion dummy variable in, interpretation of
, 424–425
Empirical implications of
, 428–429
Kennedy correction for
, 425–427
Pac. Bell Tel. Co. v. LinkLine Commc’ns, Inc.
, 75n12
Pacific Bell Telephone Company, et al. v. LinkLine Communications, Inc., et al.
, 418n42
Packers and Stockyards Act of 1921
, 152, 219
Palmer v. BRG of Ga., Inc.
, 78n, 82, 79n, 110, 82n158
Paragraph IV certification
, 32, 55, 75n, 24, 95, 98
Par Pharm., Inc.
, 19n38
Party’s believeness to brand’s strong patent
, 40
Party-related variables
, 358
Patent Act
, 31, 65, 79n105
Patent-splitting settlement
, 39, 42–43, 61, 84n203
Patman, Wright
, 283n172
Patrick, Dennis
, 246n, 86, 248n, 99, 275n301
Pavestone
, 181
Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission
, 183
Perry, Martin
, 288n403
Pertschuk, Michael
, 196, 204, 211, 287n397
Peterman, John L.
, 147, 179, 234, 254n, 155, 256n, 163, 261n, 200, 293n, 425, 294n431
Pfizer, Inc. v. Apotex, Inc.
, 118n69
Pharmaceutical industry behavior
, 243n49
Pharmaceutical investment and consumption
, 3–12
Philadelphia National Bank
, 125
Phoebe Putney Health System, Inc.
, 20n61
Pillsbury Mills
, 174
Pitofsky, Robert
, 165, 251n, 129, 268n250
Posner, Richard
, 175, 281n, 357, 282n357
Postal Rate Commission
, 274n295
Power Amplifier rule
, 198
Practical indicia approach
of interchangeability
, 126
to product market
, 129–132, 134–136
Premium Natural and Organic Supermarkets (PNOS)
, 183
Preponderance of the evidence
, 28, 29, 31, 43, 47–49, 57, 72
Prescription drug markets
, 95
Pretrial conciliation
, 347–348
Pretrial settlement
, 346–348, 368
Prewitt, Roy
, 222, 242n, 35, 256n, 164, 284n375
Price, and safeguards against anticompetitive conduct
, 404–405
Price-cost margin
, 404
Price cross-elasticity of demand
, 126
Price disconnect
, 94, 95, 97, 103, 104, 107, 112, 114n, 3, 114–115n, 20, 118n, 66, 118n70
Price-fixing
, 423, 424, 430n5
Price transparency
, 3
Privacy Framework
, 220
Procès verbal de conciliation (PVC)
, 349–350, 355, 358, 370n19
Procter & Gamble
, 175
Product hopping
, 89–120
Abbott Laboratories v. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. (TriCor)
, 106–107
applications of
, 104–106
definition of
, 92–93, 97
forms of
, 93
generic entry, timing of
, 95–96
Hatch-Waxman Act
, 93–94
Mylan Pharmaceuticals v. Warner Chilcott (Doryx)
, 109–110
New York ex rel. Schneiderman v. Actavis PLC (Namenda)
, 110–111
no-economic-sense test
, 91, 100–103
no-economic-sense versus hard switch/soft switch
, 111–113
outside Generic Window
, 98–99
reformulation after generic entry
, 100
safe harbors
, 97–100
state DPS laws
, 94–95
Suboxone Antitrust Litigation, In re
, 108–109
Walgreen Co. v. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals
, 107–108
Product market, practical indicia approach to
, 129–132, 134–136
Profit-sacrifice analysis
, 116n48
ProMedica Health Sys., Inc. v. FTC
, 20n52
Protected Profits Benchmark
, 405, 406, 417n21
Provider consolidation, trends in
, 3
Provider mergers
, 12–16
Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935
, 152
Qualls, David
, 161
Quarterly Financial Report (QFR)
, 153, 169, 232, 234, 312, 313, 317
Questcor Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
, 10
Racial discrimination, in lending
, 204
Radio Act of 1927
, 167
Ravenscraft, David J.
, 254n153
Reagan, Ronald
, 231, 253n150
RealComp
, 191
Reasonable interchangeability
, 124, 125–126, 129, 131, 134–136
“Reasonably probable” standard
, 69
Reduced-form price equation
, 424, 428, 429, 429n2
Reformulation
, 91–93, 95–109, 111–114, 114n, 3, 115n, 33, 115n, 35, 115–116n, 37, 118n, 65, 118n66
after generic entry
, 100
Regulation and international trade restraints studies
, 160–161
Regulatory Flexibility Act
, 270n264
REMS distribution restrictions
, 6
Rent-seeking incentives
, 275n297
Report of the FTC on the Radio Industry
, 167
Report on Agricultural Cooperatives, A
, 284n376
Report on Cooperation in American Export Trade
, 151–152
Report on Corporate Mergers
, 170
Report writing, compulsory process for
, 165–167
Resale price maintenance (RPM)
, 157, 158, 186, 244n64
Research and advocacy, synergy between
, 209–210
Research assistants (RAs)
, 320
“Research versus enforcement” problem
, 225
Reverse payment agreements
, 4–8, 10
Reverse Payment Fallacy
, 61
Reverse payment settlement
, 35–36, 37
Review of Industrial Organization
, 156, 264n224
Reynolds Metals Co. v. F. T. C.
, 137–138n11
Right(s)
-based approach to privacy
, 202
exclusivity
, 4
to exclude
, 28, 29, 34, 39, 43, 48, 50, 73, 75n9
Risk aversion
, 44–45, 79n100
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.
, 206, 273n287
Robinson-Patman Anti-Price Discrimination Act
, 149, 152, 240n, 22, 257n170
Robinson-Patman (RP) case enforcement
, 222, 256n, 168, 257n, 169, 257n, 170, 264n221
Rogowsky, Robert A.
, 272n282
Roosevelt, Theodore
, 311
Rosano, Bill
, 147
Rosch, Thomas
, 180
Rothery Storage & Van Co. v. Atlas Van Lines, Inc.
, 137n11
Rublee, George
, 237n7
Rule-of-reason analysis
, 28, 48, 74n, 2, 102, 149, 176, 178, 259n184
Rupture conventionnelle
, 354, 358
Safeguards against anticompetitive conduct
, 404–407
exclusion
, 404
price
, 404–405
Weisman’s synthesis
, 405–407
Safe harbors
, 97–100
Safeweb Act
, 217
Saint Alphonsus Medical Center-Nampa, Inc. v. St. Luke’s Health sys., Ltd.
, 137n6
Salinger, Michael
, 163, 226
Salop, Steve
, 249n107
Scheffman, David
, 177–178, 248n, 101, 262n, 209, 267n243
Scherer, F. M.
, 171, 196, 269n, 261, 319
Scherer, Mike
, 147, 177
Schering-Plough Corp., In re
, 33, 34, 76n, 45, 114n18
Schering-Plough Corp. v. FTC
, 18n, 20, 76n47
Schmalensee, Richard
, 177
Schmidt, Dave
, 147
Schwarz, Mae
, 147
Schwinn
, 258n183
“Scope of the patent” test
, 28
Securities Act of 1933
, 152
Securities and Exchange Act of 1934
, 152
Self-Regulation in the Alcohol Industry
, 167
Senate Select Committee on Small Business
, 241n28
Shapiro, Carl
, 179
Shelanski, Howard
, 193, 261n204
Shepherd, Geoff
, 258n180
Sherman Act
, 31, 54, 69, 75n, 23, 77n81
Section
, 1, 28
Section
, 2, 72–73, 194, 403, 413, 415n7
Silent majority fallacy
, 13, 14
Silversin, Lou
, 147, 288n404
Simpson v. Union Oil Co.
, 75n9
Single-firm exclusionary practices
, 172
Skill mix
, 318–321
Small but significant non-transitory increase in price (SSNIP)
, 133
Smaller scale case generation initiative
, 269n243
SmithKline Corp. v. Eli Lilly & Co.
, 117n55
Smooth functioning wholesale regulation
, 418n39
Social Security Act
Title XVIII of
, 126
Soft law
, 378
Southern Economic Association
, 319
Space packing (product proliferation) entry barrier theory
, 177
Sparkman, John
, 222
Spiller, Pablo
, 248n, 101, 262
Spirit Airlines v. Nw. Airlines
, 116n47
Staff mix
, 318–321
St. Alphonsus Med. Ctr.-Nampa Inc. v. St. Luke’s Health Sys.
, 17n, 1, 20n52
Standard Oil Co. (Indiana) v. United States
, 75n16
State drug product selection (DPS) laws
, 94–95, 96, 118n65
Static efficiency
, 403
Steiger, Janet
, 17, 261n, 200, 274n, 295, 278n334
Stein, Ben
, 163–164
Stigler, George
, 177, 268n255
Store-to-web strategy
, 391–392
Story Parchment Co. v. Paterson Parchment Paper Co.
, 82n154
Strenio, Andrew J., Jr.
, 276n319
Suboxone Antitrust Litigation, In re
, 108–109, 119n, 88, 119n, 91, 120n122
Summer 2007, litigation onslaught of
, 183–185
Swift
, 152, 219
Sylvania
, 258n183
Syms, Scott
, 147, 148
Systematic data
, 197
collection and reporting of financial statistics 1939–1984, rise and fall of
, 168–172
Système U
, 377
Syufy
, 179
Tamoxifen Citrate Antitrust Litig., In re
, 76n49
Tansioco, Marie
, 147
Telecommunications
, 246n86
Telecommunications Act of 1996
, 404, 413–414
Section 271(d)(6)(A)(iii)
, 415n2
Telemarketing Sales Rule (TSR)
, 197, 198
Temporary National Economic Committee (TNEC)
, 152, 153, 169, 238n16
Tenneco Inc. v. FTC
, 85n, 218, 85n220
Termination by agreement
, 354
Teva Pharm. Indus. v. Crawford
, 20n, 42, 82n160
Teva Pharm. USA, Inc. v. Abbott Labs
, 118n, 74, 118n, 76, 119n113
Thompson, Mayo J.
, 195–196
Thomson Media
, 170
Topic Index of Advisory Opinions
, 18n11
Trade regulation rules and guides
, 196–199
Trade restraints
, 274n294
Transactional website creation
by franchisor
, 386–388
Transportation Department
, 436
Truman, Harry S.
, 221
Truth-in-Lending Act (TILA)
, 268n252
forms
, 160
Regulation N
, 198
Regulation O
, 198
Turner, Donald
, 179
Uber
, 275n313
Unavailability Rule
, 167, 205
UNCTAD
, 216
Unfair methods of competition
, 237n7
Unfairness
, 148
Unfairness Policy Statement (1980/1984)
, 282n363
United Foods & Commercial Works Local 1776 v. Teikoku Pharma USA, Inc. (Lidoderm)
, 82n173
United Fruit Co.
, 137n13
United Mine Workers of America v. Pennington
, 19n33
United States of America, Appellee v. Microsoft Corporation, Appellant
, 117n, 59, 118n60
United States v. Aetna Inc.
, 20n53
United States v. Aluminum Co. of America
, 140n87
United States v. AMR Corp. (American Airlines)
, 103, 118n, 61, 118n62
United States v. Anthem Inc., and Cigna Corp.
, 20n, 53, 140n90
United States v. Baker Hughes Inc.
, 137n7
United States v. Citizens & Southern Nat’l Bank
, 137n1
United States v. Dentsply Int’l, Inc.
, 103, 118n, 63, 118n64
United States v. Falstaff Brewing Corp.
, 85n218
United States v. Gen. Elec. Co.
, 68, 75n, 9, 84n, 208, 85n, 210, 85n211
United States v. General Dynamics Corp.
, 137n3
United States v. Huck Mfr. Co.
, 84n208
United States v. Line Material Co.
, 77n64
United States v. Marine Bancorporation
, 85n, 218, 137n3
United States v. Mercy Health Servs.
, 20n55
United States v. Microsoft Corp.
, 74n, 8, 103, 415n5
United States v. Philadelphia Nat’l Bank
, 137n1
United States v. Sealy, Inc.
, 75n11
United States v. Singer Mfg. Co.
, 75n16
United States v. Topco Assocs., Inc.
, 76n, 39, 77–78n81
United States v. UnitedHealth Group Inc. and Sierra Health Services, Inc.
, 138n, 26, 138n, 44, 139n45
United States v. Visa
, 80n132
United States v. Yellow Cab Co.
, 140n94
“Unnecessary and counterproductive” recoupment analysis
, 116n51
Upward Pricing Pressure (UPP)
, 180, 407–412
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
, 215, 280n347
U.S. Chamber of Commerce
, 219, 239n21
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
, 18n14
US Department of Justice (DOJ)
, 3, 124, 128–129, 134, 136, 139n, 45, 139n, 49, 140n, 96, 158, 179, 188, 213, 215, 222, 223, 254n, 155, 258n, 180, 260n, 198, 261n, 200, 261n, 202, 261n, 205, 263n, 215, 265n, 225, 279n, 338, 280n, 345, 280n, 346, 280n, 347, 282n, 362, 282n, 363, 288n, 403, 290n, 410, 292n, 421, 402
USA SAFEWEB
, 215
U.S. Postal System (USPS)
, 191, 274n295
US Steel
, 239n17
Utility Corporations report
, 151, 152
Valley Drug Co., Inc. v. Geneva Pharms. Inc.
, 33, 76n46
Varney, Christine
, 179, 263n215
Va. State Bd. of Pharmacy v. Va. Citizens Consumer Council
, 18n15
Verizon Commc’ns Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP
, 83n, 187, 102, 103, 115n, 34, 117n, 55, 117n, 58, 417n32
Vertical distribution restraints
, 157–158
Vertical integrated provider (VIP)
, 402–414, 414n, 1, 415n, 2, 415n, 8, 415n, 9, 415n, 10, 416n, 12, 416n, 17, 416n, 19, 416n, 20, 416–417n, 21, 417n, 25, 417n, 29, 418n, 40, 418n42
Vertical integration
, 414n1
Vertical mergers
, 157–158
Vertical price fixing
, 157
Vertical restraints and mergers
, 186–187, 264n, 216, 264n, 218, 264n, 219, 282n362
Veterans Administration
, 3
Victrex plc
, 20n50
Walgreen Co. v. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals
, 107–108, 118n, 79, 119n, 86, 120n114
Walker, Francis
, 147, 169, 175, 221, 238n, 15, 312, 321–323
War Industries Board
, 210, 240n, 24, 321
War Powers Board
, 152
Watson, James Eli
, 239n21
Webb-Pomerene Export Trade Act of 1918
, 152
Website
as selling method
, 379–380
creation
, 381
management
, 381–382
Web-to-store strategy
, 391–392
Weinberger, Caspar
, 175
Weisman’s synthesis
, 405–407
Weiss, Leonard
, 171, 258n180
Welfare-enhancing settlement
, 346
Wellbutrin Antitrust Litigation, In re
, 6, 18n, 27, 78n, 93, 81n, 145, 81n, 152, 81–82n153
Wheeler, Thomas
, 288n403
Whole Foods
, 184, 191
Williamson, Oliver
, 178–179, 258n180
Willig, Bobby
, 261n200
Willig, Robert
, 179
Wilson, Woodrow
, 148, 236n, 4, 237n5
Wiser, Phillip
, 261n204
Wood, Fernando
, 221
World War II (WWII)
, 152–153
Wrigley
, 181, 191
Xerox
, 176, 259n188
Yao, Dennis
, 270n, 266, 291n418
Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research
, 82n155
- Prelims
- “To Know Where You’re Going, Look at Where You’ve Been”
- Actavis, Authorized Generics, and the Future of Antitrust Law
- Solving the Product-Hopping Conundrum through Safe Harbors and a No-Economic-Sense Test
- A Market All Its Own: Medicare Advantage as a Separate Product Market in the DOJ’s Case against the Aetna-Humana Merger
- A History of the FTC’s Bureau of Economics
- Labor Disputes and Pretrial Settlements: The French Case
- Franchisees Facing Online Sales in a European Legal Context
- Mandatory Upstream Inputs and Upward Pricing Pressure: Implications for Competition Policy
- When Is the “Kennedy Correction” Appropriate in Estimating Overcharges?
- Kwoka’s Mergers, Merger Control, and Remedies: Rejoinder to Kwoka
- Index